diff --git a/OneSignalSDK/onesignal/core/src/main/java/com/onesignal/internal/OneSignalImp.kt b/OneSignalSDK/onesignal/core/src/main/java/com/onesignal/internal/OneSignalImp.kt
index 53877bf80b..15fa601abb 100644
--- a/OneSignalSDK/onesignal/core/src/main/java/com/onesignal/internal/OneSignalImp.kt
+++ b/OneSignalSDK/onesignal/core/src/main/java/com/onesignal/internal/OneSignalImp.kt
@@ -323,12 +323,6 @@ internal class OneSignalImp : IOneSignal, IServiceProvider {
                 }
             } else {
                 Logging.debug("initWithContext: using cached user ${identityModelStore!!.model.onesignalId}")
-                operationRepo!!.enqueue(
-                    RefreshUserOperation(
-                        configModel!!.appId,
-                        identityModelStore!!.model.onesignalId,
-                    ),
-                )
             }
 
             startupService!!.start()
diff --git a/OneSignalSDK/onesignal/core/src/main/java/com/onesignal/user/UserModule.kt b/OneSignalSDK/onesignal/core/src/main/java/com/onesignal/user/UserModule.kt
index 996b37178f..f371e6d391 100644
--- a/OneSignalSDK/onesignal/core/src/main/java/com/onesignal/user/UserModule.kt
+++ b/OneSignalSDK/onesignal/core/src/main/java/com/onesignal/user/UserModule.kt
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import com.onesignal.common.modules.IModule
 import com.onesignal.common.services.ServiceBuilder
 import com.onesignal.core.internal.operations.IOperationExecutor
 import com.onesignal.core.internal.startup.IBootstrapService
+import com.onesignal.core.internal.startup.IStartableService
 import com.onesignal.user.internal.UserManager
 import com.onesignal.user.internal.backend.IIdentityBackendService
 import com.onesignal.user.internal.backend.ISubscriptionBackendService
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ import com.onesignal.user.internal.operations.impl.listeners.IdentityModelStoreL
 import com.onesignal.user.internal.operations.impl.listeners.PropertiesModelStoreListener
 import com.onesignal.user.internal.operations.impl.listeners.SubscriptionModelStoreListener
 import com.onesignal.user.internal.properties.PropertiesModelStore
+import com.onesignal.user.internal.service.UserRefreshService
 import com.onesignal.user.internal.subscriptions.ISubscriptionManager
 import com.onesignal.user.internal.subscriptions.SubscriptionModelStore
 import com.onesignal.user.internal.subscriptions.impl.SubscriptionManager
@@ -61,5 +63,7 @@ internal class UserModule : IModule {
         builder.register<LoginUserFromSubscriptionOperationExecutor>().provides<IOperationExecutor>()
         builder.register<RefreshUserOperationExecutor>().provides<IOperationExecutor>()
         builder.register<UserManager>().provides<IUserManager>()
+
+        builder.register<UserRefreshService>().provides<IStartableService>()
     }
 }
diff --git a/OneSignalSDK/onesignal/core/src/main/java/com/onesignal/user/internal/service/UserRefreshService.kt b/OneSignalSDK/onesignal/core/src/main/java/com/onesignal/user/internal/service/UserRefreshService.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b2371d3214
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OneSignalSDK/onesignal/core/src/main/java/com/onesignal/user/internal/service/UserRefreshService.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package com.onesignal.user.internal.service
+
+import com.onesignal.core.internal.application.IApplicationLifecycleHandler
+import com.onesignal.core.internal.application.IApplicationService
+import com.onesignal.core.internal.config.ConfigModelStore
+import com.onesignal.core.internal.operations.IOperationRepo
+import com.onesignal.core.internal.startup.IStartableService
+import com.onesignal.user.internal.identity.IdentityModelStore
+import com.onesignal.user.internal.operations.RefreshUserOperation
+
+// Ensure cache for the user is refreshed once per cold start when app
+// is in the foreground. This saves resources as there are a number of
+// events (such as push received or non-OneSignal events) that start
+// the app in the background but will never read/write any user
+// properties.
+class UserRefreshService(
+    private val _applicationService: IApplicationService,
+    private val _operationRepo: IOperationRepo,
+    private val _configModelStore: ConfigModelStore,
+    private val _identityModelStore: IdentityModelStore,
+) : IStartableService,
+    IApplicationLifecycleHandler {
+    private fun refreshUser() {
+        _operationRepo.enqueue(
+            RefreshUserOperation(
+                _configModelStore.model.appId,
+                _identityModelStore.model.onesignalId,
+            ),
+        )
+    }
+
+    override fun start() {
+        if (_applicationService.isInForeground) {
+            refreshUser()
+        } else {
+            _applicationService.addApplicationLifecycleHandler(this)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private var onFocusCalled: Boolean = false
+
+    override fun onFocus() {
+        if (onFocusCalled) return
+        onFocusCalled = true
+        refreshUser()
+    }
+
+    override fun onUnfocused() { }
+}
diff --git a/OneSignalSDK/onesignal/in-app-messages/src/main/java/com/onesignal/inAppMessages/internal/InAppMessagesManager.kt b/OneSignalSDK/onesignal/in-app-messages/src/main/java/com/onesignal/inAppMessages/internal/InAppMessagesManager.kt
index 2f1f46d88d..978fb6ab2a 100644
--- a/OneSignalSDK/onesignal/in-app-messages/src/main/java/com/onesignal/inAppMessages/internal/InAppMessagesManager.kt
+++ b/OneSignalSDK/onesignal/in-app-messages/src/main/java/com/onesignal/inAppMessages/internal/InAppMessagesManager.kt
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import com.onesignal.common.exceptions.BackendException
 import com.onesignal.common.modeling.ISingletonModelStoreChangeHandler
 import com.onesignal.common.modeling.ModelChangedArgs
 import com.onesignal.common.threading.suspendifyOnThread
+import com.onesignal.core.internal.application.IApplicationLifecycleHandler
 import com.onesignal.core.internal.application.IApplicationService
 import com.onesignal.core.internal.config.ConfigModel
 import com.onesignal.core.internal.config.ConfigModelStore
@@ -71,7 +72,8 @@ internal class InAppMessagesManager(
     ISingletonModelStoreChangeHandler<ConfigModel>,
     IInAppLifecycleEventHandler,
     ITriggerHandler,
-    ISessionLifecycleHandler {
+    ISessionLifecycleHandler,
+    IApplicationLifecycleHandler {
     private val lifecycleCallback = EventProducer<IInAppMessageLifecycleListener>()
     private val messageClickCallback = EventProducer<IInAppMessageClickListener>()
 
@@ -133,6 +135,7 @@ internal class InAppMessagesManager(
         _lifecycle.subscribe(this)
         _triggerController.subscribe(this)
         _sessionService.subscribe(this)
+        _applicationService.addApplicationLifecycleHandler(this)
 
         suspendifyOnThread {
             _repository.cleanCachedInAppMessages()
@@ -225,6 +228,14 @@ internal class InAppMessagesManager(
 
     // called when a new push subscription is added, or the app id is updated, or a new session starts
     private suspend fun fetchMessages() {
+        // We only want to fetch IAMs if we know the app is in the
+        // foreground, as we don't want to do this for background
+        // events (such as push received), wasting resources for
+        // IAMs that are never shown.
+        if (!_applicationService.isInForeground) {
+            return
+        }
+
         val appId = _configModelStore.model.appId
         val subscriptionId = _subscriptionManager.subscriptions.push.id
 
@@ -869,4 +880,16 @@ internal class InAppMessagesManager(
             .setPositiveButton(android.R.string.ok) { _, _ -> suspendifyOnThread { showMultiplePrompts(inAppMessage, prompts) } }
             .show()
     }
+
+    private var onFocusCalled: Boolean = false
+
+    override fun onFocus() {
+        if (onFocusCalled) return
+        onFocusCalled = true
+        suspendifyOnThread {
+            fetchMessages()
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun onUnfocused() { }
 }