diff --git a/.github/workflows/docs.yml b/.github/workflows/docs.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..19bebedb46e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/docs.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+name: Docs
+
+on:
+  push:
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - '.github/workflows/docs.yml'
+      - 'ci/docker/linux-apt-docs.dockerfile'
+      - 'ci/docker/linux-apt-python-3.dockerfile'
+      - 'ci/docker/ubuntu-20.04-cpp.dockerfile'
+      - 'ci/scripts/c_glib_build.sh'
+      - 'ci/scripts/cpp_build.sh'
+      - 'ci/scripts/docs_build.sh'
+      - 'ci/scripts/java_build.sh'
+      - 'ci/scripts/js_build.sh'
+      - 'ci/scripts/python_build.sh'
+      - 'ci/scripts/r_build.sh'
+
+env:
+  ARROW_ENABLE_TIMING_TESTS: OFF
+  DOCKER_VOLUME_PREFIX: ".docker/"
+  ARCHERY_DOCKER_USER: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USER }}
+  ARCHERY_DOCKER_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+jobs:
+
+  docker:
+    name: AMD64 Ubuntu 20.04 Complete Documentation
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: ${{ !contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'WIP') }}
+    timeout-minutes: 150
+    env:
+      UBUNTU: "20.04"
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout Arrow
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+      - name: Fetch Submodules and Tags
+        run: ci/scripts/util_checkout.sh
+      - name: Free Up Disk Space
+        run: ci/scripts/util_cleanup.sh
+      - name: Cache Docker Volumes
+        uses: actions/cache@v2
+        with:
+          path: .docker
+          key: ubuntu-docs-${{ hashFiles('cpp/**') }}
+          restore-keys: ubuntu-docs-
+      - name: Setup Python
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+        with:
+          python-version: 3.8
+      - name: Setup Archery
+        run: pip install -e dev/archery[docker]
+      - name: Execute Docker Build
+        run: archery docker run ubuntu-docs
+      - name: Docker Push
+        if: success() && github.event_name == 'push' && github.repository == 'apache/arrow'
+        continue-on-error: true
+        run: archery docker push ubuntu-docs
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ruby.yml b/.github/workflows/ruby.yml
index 2afb7532318..5e861ecf2cf 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ruby.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ruby.yml
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
     name: AMD64 Ubuntu ${{ matrix.ubuntu }} GLib & Ruby
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: ${{ !contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'WIP') }}
-    timeout-minutes: 40
+    timeout-minutes: 60
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
diff --git a/ci/conda_env_sphinx.txt b/ci/conda_env_sphinx.txt
index ca82705e73c..9f6c99b132e 100644
--- a/ci/conda_env_sphinx.txt
+++ b/ci/conda_env_sphinx.txt
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
 breathe
 doxygen
 ipython
-sphinx=4.2
+sphinx>=4.2
 pydata-sphinx-theme
-sphinx-tabs
+
+# Unable to install sphinx-tabs from conda-forge due to:
+# - package sphinx-tabs-1.2.1-py_0 requires sphinx >=2,<4, but none of the providers can be installed
+# sphinx-tabs
diff --git a/ci/docker/conda-python.dockerfile b/ci/docker/conda-python.dockerfile
index 3749372e4f4..ae7abd9c9db 100644
--- a/ci/docker/conda-python.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/conda-python.dockerfile
@@ -21,14 +21,21 @@ FROM ${repo}:${arch}-conda-cpp
 
 # install python specific packages
 ARG python=3.6
-COPY ci/conda_env_python.txt /arrow/ci/
+COPY ci/conda_env_python.txt \
+     ci/conda_env_sphinx.txt \
+     /arrow/ci/
 RUN mamba install -q \
         --file arrow/ci/conda_env_python.txt \
+        --file arrow/ci/conda_env_sphinx.txt \
         $([ "$python" == "3.6" -o "$python" == "3.7" ] && echo "pickle5") \
         python=${python} \
         nomkl && \
     mamba clean --all
 
+# unable to install from conda-forge due to sphinx version pin, see comment in
+# arrow/ci/conda_env_sphinx.txt
+RUN pip install sphinx-tabs
+
 ENV ARROW_PYTHON=ON \
     ARROW_BUILD_STATIC=OFF \
     ARROW_BUILD_TESTS=OFF \
diff --git a/ci/docker/debian-10-js.dockerfile b/ci/docker/debian-10-js.dockerfile
index 5bb31f2e32e..f994de4141d 100644
--- a/ci/docker/debian-10-js.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/debian-10-js.dockerfile
@@ -21,6 +21,12 @@ FROM ${arch}/node:${node}
 
 ENV NODE_NO_WARNINGS=1
 
+# install rsync for copying the generated documentation
+RUN apt-get update -y -q && \
+    apt-get install -y -q --no-install-recommends rsync && \
+    apt-get clean && \
+    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
 # TODO(kszucs):
 # 1. add the files required to install the dependencies to .dockerignore
 # 2. copy these files to their appropriate path
diff --git a/ci/docker/debian-11-js.dockerfile b/ci/docker/debian-11-js.dockerfile
index 5bb31f2e32e..f994de4141d 100644
--- a/ci/docker/debian-11-js.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/debian-11-js.dockerfile
@@ -21,6 +21,12 @@ FROM ${arch}/node:${node}
 
 ENV NODE_NO_WARNINGS=1
 
+# install rsync for copying the generated documentation
+RUN apt-get update -y -q && \
+    apt-get install -y -q --no-install-recommends rsync && \
+    apt-get clean && \
+    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
 # TODO(kszucs):
 # 1. add the files required to install the dependencies to .dockerignore
 # 2. copy these files to their appropriate path
diff --git a/ci/docker/linux-apt-docs.dockerfile b/ci/docker/linux-apt-docs.dockerfile
index eac59dffb3e..3cd62a23d7d 100644
--- a/ci/docker/linux-apt-docs.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/linux-apt-docs.dockerfile
@@ -74,15 +74,13 @@ RUN wget -q -O - https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_${node}.x | bash - && \
     rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* && \
     npm install -g yarn
 
-# ARROW-13353: breathe >= 4.29.1 tries to parse template arguments,
-# but Sphinx can't parse constructs like `typename...`.
 RUN pip install \
-        meson \
-        breathe==4.29.0 \
+        breathe \
         ipython \
+        meson \
         pydata-sphinx-theme \
-        sphinx \
-        sphinx-tabs
+        sphinx-tabs \
+        sphinx>=4.2
 
 COPY c_glib/Gemfile /arrow/c_glib/
 RUN gem install --no-document bundler && \
@@ -107,4 +105,4 @@ ENV ARROW_FLIGHT=ON \
     ARROW_BUILD_TESTS=OFF \
     ARROW_BUILD_UTILITIES=OFF \
     ARROW_USE_GLOG=OFF \
-    CMAKE_UNITY_BUILD=ON \
+    CMAKE_UNITY_BUILD=ON
diff --git a/ci/docker/ubuntu-18.04-cpp.dockerfile b/ci/docker/ubuntu-18.04-cpp.dockerfile
index 0c05ac4ee6b..d3023f33794 100644
--- a/ci/docker/ubuntu-18.04-cpp.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/ubuntu-18.04-cpp.dockerfile
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ RUN apt-get update -y -q && \
         pkg-config \
         protobuf-compiler \
         rapidjson-dev \
+        rsync \
         tzdata && \
     apt-get clean && \
     rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists*
diff --git a/ci/docker/ubuntu-20.04-cpp.dockerfile b/ci/docker/ubuntu-20.04-cpp.dockerfile
index c50f71bc913..55d7e86cd97 100644
--- a/ci/docker/ubuntu-20.04-cpp.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/ubuntu-20.04-cpp.dockerfile
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ RUN apt-get update -y -q && \
         python3-rados \
         rados-objclass-dev \
         rapidjson-dev \
+        rsync \
         tzdata \
         wget && \
     apt-get clean && \
diff --git a/ci/docker/ubuntu-21.04-cpp.dockerfile b/ci/docker/ubuntu-21.04-cpp.dockerfile
index 2017d26b5bd..0fa145f5d97 100644
--- a/ci/docker/ubuntu-21.04-cpp.dockerfile
+++ b/ci/docker/ubuntu-21.04-cpp.dockerfile
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ RUN apt-get update -y -q && \
         protobuf-compiler-grpc \
         python3-pip \
         rapidjson-dev \
+        rsync \
         tzdata \
         wget && \
     apt-get clean && \
diff --git a/ci/scripts/c_glib_build.sh b/ci/scripts/c_glib_build.sh
index ce3cea18e71..e0baf7f3d13 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/c_glib_build.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/c_glib_build.sh
@@ -21,8 +21,11 @@ set -ex
 
 source_dir=${1}/c_glib
 build_dir=${2}/c_glib
-: ${ARROW_GLIB_GTK_DOC:=false}
+build_root=${2}
+
 : ${ARROW_GLIB_DEVELOPMENT_MODE:=false}
+: ${BUILD_DOCS_C_GLIB:=OFF}
+with_gtk_doc=$([ "${BUILD_DOCS_C_GLIB}" == "ON" ] && echo "true" || echo "false")
 
 export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=${ARROW_HOME}/lib/pkgconfig
 
@@ -35,7 +38,7 @@ mkdir -p ${build_dir}
 meson --prefix=$ARROW_HOME \
       --libdir=lib \
       -Ddevelopment_mode=${ARROW_GLIB_DEVELOPMENT_MODE} \
-      -Dgtk_doc=${ARROW_GLIB_GTK_DOC} \
+      -Dgtk_doc=${with_gtk_doc} \
       ${build_dir} \
       ${source_dir}
 
@@ -43,3 +46,8 @@ pushd ${build_dir}
 ninja
 ninja install
 popd
+
+if [ "${BUILD_DOCS_C_GLIB}" == "ON" ]; then
+  mkdir -p ${build_root}/docs/c_glib
+  rsync -a ${ARROW_HOME}/share/gtk-doc/html/ ${build_root}/docs/c_glib
+fi
diff --git a/ci/scripts/cpp_build.sh b/ci/scripts/cpp_build.sh
index 0ea9b1b89dc..f791ddd5645 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/cpp_build.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/cpp_build.sh
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ set -ex
 
 source_dir=${1}/cpp
 build_dir=${2}/cpp
-with_docs=${3:-false}
 
 : ${ARROW_USE_CCACHE:=OFF}
+: ${BUILD_DOCS_CPP:=OFF}
 
 # TODO(kszucs): consider to move these to CMake
 if [ ! -z "${CONDA_PREFIX}" ]; then
@@ -49,97 +49,98 @@ fi
 mkdir -p ${build_dir}
 pushd ${build_dir}
 
-cmake -G "${CMAKE_GENERATOR:-Ninja}" \
-      -DARROW_BOOST_USE_SHARED=${ARROW_BOOST_USE_SHARED:-ON} \
-      -DARROW_BUILD_BENCHMARKS=${ARROW_BUILD_BENCHMARKS:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_BUILD_BENCHMARKS_REFERENCE=${ARROW_BUILD_BENCHMARKS:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_BUILD_EXAMPLES=${ARROW_BUILD_EXAMPLES:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_BUILD_INTEGRATION=${ARROW_BUILD_INTEGRATION:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_BUILD_SHARED=${ARROW_BUILD_SHARED:-ON} \
-      -DARROW_BUILD_STATIC=${ARROW_BUILD_STATIC:-ON} \
-      -DARROW_BUILD_TESTS=${ARROW_BUILD_TESTS:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_BUILD_UTILITIES=${ARROW_BUILD_UTILITIES:-ON} \
-      -DARROW_COMPUTE=${ARROW_COMPUTE:-ON} \
-      -DARROW_CSV=${ARROW_CSV:-ON} \
-      -DARROW_CUDA=${ARROW_CUDA:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_CXXFLAGS=${ARROW_CXXFLAGS:-} \
-      -DARROW_DATASET=${ARROW_DATASET:-ON} \
-      -DARROW_ENGINE=${ARROW_ENGINE:-ON} \
-      -DARROW_DEPENDENCY_SOURCE=${ARROW_DEPENDENCY_SOURCE:-AUTO} \
-      -DARROW_EXTRA_ERROR_CONTEXT=${ARROW_EXTRA_ERROR_CONTEXT:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_ENABLE_TIMING_TESTS=${ARROW_ENABLE_TIMING_TESTS:-ON} \
-      -DARROW_FILESYSTEM=${ARROW_FILESYSTEM:-ON} \
-      -DARROW_FLIGHT=${ARROW_FLIGHT:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_FUZZING=${ARROW_FUZZING:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_GANDIVA_JAVA=${ARROW_GANDIVA_JAVA:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_GANDIVA_PC_CXX_FLAGS=${ARROW_GANDIVA_PC_CXX_FLAGS:-} \
-      -DARROW_GANDIVA=${ARROW_GANDIVA:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_GCS=${ARROW_GCS:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_HDFS=${ARROW_HDFS:-ON} \
-      -DARROW_HIVESERVER2=${ARROW_HIVESERVER2:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_INSTALL_NAME_RPATH=${ARROW_INSTALL_NAME_RPATH:-ON} \
-      -DARROW_JEMALLOC=${ARROW_JEMALLOC:-ON} \
-      -DARROW_JNI=${ARROW_JNI:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_JSON=${ARROW_JSON:-ON} \
-      -DARROW_LARGE_MEMORY_TESTS=${ARROW_LARGE_MEMORY_TESTS:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_MIMALLOC=${ARROW_MIMALLOC:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_NO_DEPRECATED_API=${ARROW_NO_DEPRECATED_API:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_ORC=${ARROW_ORC:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_PARQUET=${ARROW_PARQUET:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_PLASMA_JAVA_CLIENT=${ARROW_PLASMA_JAVA_CLIENT:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_PLASMA=${ARROW_PLASMA:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_PYTHON=${ARROW_PYTHON:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_RUNTIME_SIMD_LEVEL=${ARROW_RUNTIME_SIMD_LEVEL:-MAX} \
-      -DARROW_S3=${ARROW_S3:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_SKYHOOK=${ARROW_SKYHOOK:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_TEST_LINKAGE=${ARROW_TEST_LINKAGE:-shared} \
-      -DARROW_TEST_MEMCHECK=${ARROW_TEST_MEMCHECK:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_USE_ASAN=${ARROW_USE_ASAN:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_USE_CCACHE=${ARROW_USE_CCACHE:-ON} \
-      -DARROW_USE_GLOG=${ARROW_USE_GLOG:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_USE_LD_GOLD=${ARROW_USE_LD_GOLD:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_USE_PRECOMPILED_HEADERS=${ARROW_USE_PRECOMPILED_HEADERS:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_USE_STATIC_CRT=${ARROW_USE_STATIC_CRT:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_USE_TSAN=${ARROW_USE_TSAN:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_USE_UBSAN=${ARROW_USE_UBSAN:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_VERBOSE_THIRDPARTY_BUILD=${ARROW_VERBOSE_THIRDPARTY_BUILD:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_WITH_BROTLI=${ARROW_WITH_BROTLI:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_WITH_BZ2=${ARROW_WITH_BZ2:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_WITH_LZ4=${ARROW_WITH_LZ4:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_WITH_SNAPPY=${ARROW_WITH_SNAPPY:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_WITH_UTF8PROC=${ARROW_WITH_UTF8PROC:-ON} \
-      -DARROW_WITH_ZLIB=${ARROW_WITH_ZLIB:-OFF} \
-      -DARROW_WITH_ZSTD=${ARROW_WITH_ZSTD:-OFF} \
-      -DAWSSDK_SOURCE=${AWSSDK_SOURCE:-} \
-      -Dbenchmark_SOURCE=${benchmark_SOURCE:-} \
-      -DBOOST_SOURCE=${BOOST_SOURCE:-} \
-      -DBrotli_SOURCE=${Brotli_SOURCE:-} \
-      -DBUILD_WARNING_LEVEL=${BUILD_WARNING_LEVEL:-CHECKIN} \
-      -Dc-ares_SOURCE=${cares_SOURCE:-} \
-      -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${ARROW_BUILD_TYPE:-debug} \
-      -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="${CFLAGS:-}" \
-      -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="${CXXFLAGS:-}" \
-      -DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR:-lib} \
-      -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:-${ARROW_HOME}} \
-      -DCMAKE_UNITY_BUILD=${CMAKE_UNITY_BUILD:-OFF} \
-      -Dgflags_SOURCE=${gflags_SOURCE:-} \
-      -Dgoogle_cloud_cpp_storage_SOURCE=${google_cloud_cpp_storage_SOURCE:-} \
-      -DgRPC_SOURCE=${gRPC_SOURCE:-} \
-      -DGTest_SOURCE=${GTest_SOURCE:-} \
-      -DLz4_SOURCE=${Lz4_SOURCE:-} \
-      -DORC_SOURCE=${ORC_SOURCE:-} \
-      -DPARQUET_BUILD_EXECUTABLES=${PARQUET_BUILD_EXECUTABLES:-OFF} \
-      -DPARQUET_BUILD_EXAMPLES=${PARQUET_BUILD_EXAMPLES:-OFF} \
-      -DPARQUET_REQUIRE_ENCRYPTION=${PARQUET_REQUIRE_ENCRYPTION:-ON} \
-      -DProtobuf_SOURCE=${Protobuf_SOURCE:-} \
-      -DRapidJSON_SOURCE=${RapidJSON_SOURCE:-} \
-      -Dre2_SOURCE=${re2_SOURCE:-} \
-      -DSnappy_SOURCE=${Snappy_SOURCE:-} \
-      -DThrift_SOURCE=${Thrift_SOURCE:-} \
-      -Dutf8proc_SOURCE=${utf8proc_SOURCE:-} \
-      -Dzstd_SOURCE=${zstd_SOURCE:-} \
-      ${CMAKE_ARGS} \
-      ${source_dir}
+cmake \
+  -DARROW_BOOST_USE_SHARED=${ARROW_BOOST_USE_SHARED:-ON} \
+  -DARROW_BUILD_BENCHMARKS_REFERENCE=${ARROW_BUILD_BENCHMARKS:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_BUILD_BENCHMARKS=${ARROW_BUILD_BENCHMARKS:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_BUILD_EXAMPLES=${ARROW_BUILD_EXAMPLES:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_BUILD_INTEGRATION=${ARROW_BUILD_INTEGRATION:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_BUILD_SHARED=${ARROW_BUILD_SHARED:-ON} \
+  -DARROW_BUILD_STATIC=${ARROW_BUILD_STATIC:-ON} \
+  -DARROW_BUILD_TESTS=${ARROW_BUILD_TESTS:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_BUILD_UTILITIES=${ARROW_BUILD_UTILITIES:-ON} \
+  -DARROW_COMPUTE=${ARROW_COMPUTE:-ON} \
+  -DARROW_CSV=${ARROW_CSV:-ON} \
+  -DARROW_CUDA=${ARROW_CUDA:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_CXXFLAGS=${ARROW_CXXFLAGS:-} \
+  -DARROW_DATASET=${ARROW_DATASET:-ON} \
+  -DARROW_DEPENDENCY_SOURCE=${ARROW_DEPENDENCY_SOURCE:-AUTO} \
+  -DARROW_ENABLE_TIMING_TESTS=${ARROW_ENABLE_TIMING_TESTS:-ON} \
+  -DARROW_ENGINE=${ARROW_ENGINE:-ON} \
+  -DARROW_EXTRA_ERROR_CONTEXT=${ARROW_EXTRA_ERROR_CONTEXT:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_FILESYSTEM=${ARROW_FILESYSTEM:-ON} \
+  -DARROW_FLIGHT=${ARROW_FLIGHT:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_FUZZING=${ARROW_FUZZING:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_GANDIVA_JAVA=${ARROW_GANDIVA_JAVA:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_GANDIVA_PC_CXX_FLAGS=${ARROW_GANDIVA_PC_CXX_FLAGS:-} \
+  -DARROW_GANDIVA=${ARROW_GANDIVA:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_GCS=${ARROW_GCS:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_HDFS=${ARROW_HDFS:-ON} \
+  -DARROW_HIVESERVER2=${ARROW_HIVESERVER2:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_INSTALL_NAME_RPATH=${ARROW_INSTALL_NAME_RPATH:-ON} \
+  -DARROW_JEMALLOC=${ARROW_JEMALLOC:-ON} \
+  -DARROW_JNI=${ARROW_JNI:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_JSON=${ARROW_JSON:-ON} \
+  -DARROW_LARGE_MEMORY_TESTS=${ARROW_LARGE_MEMORY_TESTS:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_MIMALLOC=${ARROW_MIMALLOC:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_NO_DEPRECATED_API=${ARROW_NO_DEPRECATED_API:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_ORC=${ARROW_ORC:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_PARQUET=${ARROW_PARQUET:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_PLASMA_JAVA_CLIENT=${ARROW_PLASMA_JAVA_CLIENT:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_PLASMA=${ARROW_PLASMA:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_PYTHON=${ARROW_PYTHON:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_RUNTIME_SIMD_LEVEL=${ARROW_RUNTIME_SIMD_LEVEL:-MAX} \
+  -DARROW_S3=${ARROW_S3:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_SKYHOOK=${ARROW_SKYHOOK:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_TEST_LINKAGE=${ARROW_TEST_LINKAGE:-shared} \
+  -DARROW_TEST_MEMCHECK=${ARROW_TEST_MEMCHECK:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_USE_ASAN=${ARROW_USE_ASAN:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_USE_CCACHE=${ARROW_USE_CCACHE:-ON} \
+  -DARROW_USE_GLOG=${ARROW_USE_GLOG:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_USE_LD_GOLD=${ARROW_USE_LD_GOLD:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_USE_PRECOMPILED_HEADERS=${ARROW_USE_PRECOMPILED_HEADERS:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_USE_STATIC_CRT=${ARROW_USE_STATIC_CRT:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_USE_TSAN=${ARROW_USE_TSAN:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_USE_UBSAN=${ARROW_USE_UBSAN:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_VERBOSE_THIRDPARTY_BUILD=${ARROW_VERBOSE_THIRDPARTY_BUILD:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_WITH_BROTLI=${ARROW_WITH_BROTLI:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_WITH_BZ2=${ARROW_WITH_BZ2:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_WITH_LZ4=${ARROW_WITH_LZ4:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_WITH_SNAPPY=${ARROW_WITH_SNAPPY:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_WITH_UTF8PROC=${ARROW_WITH_UTF8PROC:-ON} \
+  -DARROW_WITH_ZLIB=${ARROW_WITH_ZLIB:-OFF} \
+  -DARROW_WITH_ZSTD=${ARROW_WITH_ZSTD:-OFF} \
+  -DAWSSDK_SOURCE=${AWSSDK_SOURCE:-} \
+  -Dbenchmark_SOURCE=${benchmark_SOURCE:-} \
+  -DBOOST_SOURCE=${BOOST_SOURCE:-} \
+  -DBrotli_SOURCE=${Brotli_SOURCE:-} \
+  -DBUILD_WARNING_LEVEL=${BUILD_WARNING_LEVEL:-CHECKIN} \
+  -Dc-ares_SOURCE=${cares_SOURCE:-} \
+  -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${ARROW_BUILD_TYPE:-debug} \
+  -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="${CFLAGS:-}" \
+  -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="${CXXFLAGS:-}" \
+  -DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR:-lib} \
+  -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:-${ARROW_HOME}} \
+  -DCMAKE_UNITY_BUILD=${CMAKE_UNITY_BUILD:-OFF} \
+  -Dgflags_SOURCE=${gflags_SOURCE:-} \
+  -Dgoogle_cloud_cpp_storage_SOURCE=${google_cloud_cpp_storage_SOURCE:-} \
+  -DgRPC_SOURCE=${gRPC_SOURCE:-} \
+  -DGTest_SOURCE=${GTest_SOURCE:-} \
+  -DLz4_SOURCE=${Lz4_SOURCE:-} \
+  -DORC_SOURCE=${ORC_SOURCE:-} \
+  -DPARQUET_BUILD_EXAMPLES=${PARQUET_BUILD_EXAMPLES:-OFF} \
+  -DPARQUET_BUILD_EXECUTABLES=${PARQUET_BUILD_EXECUTABLES:-OFF} \
+  -DPARQUET_REQUIRE_ENCRYPTION=${PARQUET_REQUIRE_ENCRYPTION:-ON} \
+  -DProtobuf_SOURCE=${Protobuf_SOURCE:-} \
+  -DRapidJSON_SOURCE=${RapidJSON_SOURCE:-} \
+  -Dre2_SOURCE=${re2_SOURCE:-} \
+  -DSnappy_SOURCE=${Snappy_SOURCE:-} \
+  -DThrift_SOURCE=${Thrift_SOURCE:-} \
+  -Dutf8proc_SOURCE=${utf8proc_SOURCE:-} \
+  -Dzstd_SOURCE=${zstd_SOURCE:-} \
+  -G "${CMAKE_GENERATOR:-Ninja}" \
+  ${CMAKE_ARGS} \
+  ${source_dir}
 
 if [ ! -z "${CPP_MAKE_PARALLELISM}" ]; then
   time cmake --build . --target install -- -j${CPP_MAKE_PARALLELISM}
@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ if [ "${ARROW_USE_CCACHE}" == "ON" ]; then
     ccache -s
 fi
 
-if [ "${with_docs}" == "true" ]; then
+if [ "${DOCS_BUILD_CPP}" == "ON" ]; then
   pushd ${source_dir}/apidoc
   doxygen
   popd
diff --git a/ci/scripts/docs_build.sh b/ci/scripts/docs_build.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index e6ee768ee87..00000000000
--- a/ci/scripts/docs_build.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-#
-# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
-# contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
-# this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
-# The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
-# (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
-# the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-#
-
-set -ex
-
-arrow_dir=${1}
-build_dir=${2}/docs
-
-export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${ARROW_HOME}/lib:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}
-export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=${ARROW_HOME}/lib/pkgconfig:${PKG_CONFIG_PATH}
-export GI_TYPELIB_PATH=${ARROW_HOME}/lib/girepository-1.0
-export CFLAGS="-DARROW_NO_DEPRECATED_API"
-export CXXFLAGS="-DARROW_NO_DEPRECATED_API"
-
-ncpus=$(python3 -c "import os; print(os.cpu_count())")
-
-# Sphinx docs
-sphinx-build -b html -j ${ncpus} ${arrow_dir}/docs/source ${build_dir}
-
-# C++ - original doxygen
-# rsync -a ${arrow_dir}/cpp/apidoc/ ${build_dir}/cpp
-
-# R
-rsync -a ${arrow_dir}/r/docs/ ${build_dir}/r
-
-# C GLib
-rsync -a ${ARROW_HOME}/share/gtk-doc/html/ ${build_dir}/c_glib
-
-# Java
-rsync -a ${arrow_dir}/java/target/site/apidocs/ ${build_dir}/java/reference
-
-# Javascript
-rsync -a ${arrow_dir}/js/doc/ ${build_dir}/js
diff --git a/ci/scripts/java_build.sh b/ci/scripts/java_build.sh
index 1ba37606d3c..7693bd883a1 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/java_build.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/java_build.sh
@@ -20,9 +20,11 @@ set -ex
 
 arrow_dir=${1}
 source_dir=${1}/java
-cpp_build_dir=${2}/cpp/${ARROW_BUILD_TYPE:-debug}
-cdata_dist_dir=${2}/java/c
-with_docs=${3:-false}
+build_dir=${2}
+cpp_build_dir=${build_dir}/cpp/${ARROW_BUILD_TYPE:-debug}
+cdata_dist_dir=${build_dir}/java/c
+
+: ${BUILD_DOCS_JAVA:=OFF}
 
 if [[ "$(uname -s)" == "Linux" ]] && [[ "$(uname -m)" == "s390x" ]]; then
   # Since some files for s390_64 are not available at maven central,
@@ -99,9 +101,11 @@ if [ "${ARROW_PLASMA}" = "ON" ]; then
   popd
 fi
 
-if [ "${with_docs}" == "true" ]; then
+if [ "${BUILD_DOCS_JAVA}" == "ON" ]; then
   # HTTP pooling is turned of to avoid download issues https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-11633
+  mkdir -p ${build_dir}/docs/java/reference
   ${mvn} -Dcheckstyle.skip=true -Dhttp.keepAlive=false -Dmaven.wagon.http.pool=false install site
+  rsync -a ${arrow_dir}/java/target/site/apidocs/ ${build_dir}/docs/java/reference
 fi
 
 popd
diff --git a/ci/scripts/js_build.sh b/ci/scripts/js_build.sh
index 12f58d54bb8..333c9cf441e 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/js_build.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/js_build.sh
@@ -19,17 +19,19 @@
 
 set -ex
 
-source_dir=${1}/js
-with_docs=${2:-false}
+arrow_dir=${1}
+source_dir=${arrow_dir}/js
+build_dir=${2}
+
+: ${BUILD_DOCS_JS:=OFF}
 
 pushd ${source_dir}
 
 yarn --frozen-lockfile
-# TODO(kszucs): linting should be moved to archery
 yarn lint:ci
 yarn build
 
-if [ "${with_docs}" == "true" ]; then
+if [ "${BUILD_DOCS_JS}" == "ON" ]; then
   if [ "$(git config --get remote.origin.url)" == "https://github.com/apache/arrow.git" ]; then
     yarn doc
   elif [ "$(git config --get remote.upstream.url)" == "https://github.com/apache/arrow.git" ]; then
@@ -40,6 +42,8 @@ if [ "${with_docs}" == "true" ]; then
     echo "Failed to build docs because the remote is not set correctly. Please set the origin or upstream remote to https://github.com/apache/arrow.git or the apache remote to git@github.com:apache/arrow.git."
     exit 0
   fi
+  mkdir -p ${build_dir}/docs/js
+  rsync -a ${arrow_dir}/js/doc/ ${build_dir}/docs/js
 fi
 
 popd
diff --git a/ci/scripts/python_build.sh b/ci/scripts/python_build.sh
index ec6d723b2a7..ccf068078d5 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/python_build.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/python_build.sh
@@ -19,9 +19,12 @@
 
 set -ex
 
-source_dir=${1}/python
+arrow_dir=${1}
+source_dir=${arrow_dir}/python
 build_dir=${2}/python
 
+: ${BUILD_DOCS_PYTHON:=OFF}
+
 if [ ! -z "${CONDA_PREFIX}" ]; then
   echo -e "===\n=== Conda environment for build\n==="
   conda list
@@ -52,3 +55,8 @@ ${PYTHON:-python} \
                    --record $relative_build_dir/record.txt
 
 popd
+
+if [ "${BUILD_DOCS_PYTHON}" == "ON" ]; then
+  ncpus=$(python -c "import os; print(os.cpu_count())")
+  sphinx-build -b html -j ${ncpus} ${arrow_dir}/docs/source ${build_dir}/docs
+fi
diff --git a/ci/scripts/r_build.sh b/ci/scripts/r_build.sh
index 2a2b9d7d161..a435b04317d 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/r_build.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/r_build.sh
@@ -20,14 +20,17 @@ set -ex
 
 : ${R_BIN:=R}
 source_dir=${1}/r
-with_docs=${2:-false}
+build_dir=${2}
+
+: ${BUILD_DOCS_R:=OFF}
 
 pushd ${source_dir}
 
 ${R_BIN} CMD INSTALL ${INSTALL_ARGS} .
 
-if [ "${with_docs}" == "true" ]; then
+if [ "${BUILD_DOCS_R}" == "ON" ]; then
   ${R_BIN} -e "pkgdown::build_site(install = FALSE)"
+  rsync -a ${source_dir}/docs/ ${build_dir}/docs/r
 fi
 
-popd
\ No newline at end of file
+popd
diff --git a/docker-compose.yml b/docker-compose.yml
index a38210cc5e0..9bf5bd0841d 100644
--- a/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/docker-compose.yml
@@ -236,11 +236,12 @@ services:
       ARROW_MIMALLOC: "ON"
       ARROW_USE_LD_GOLD: "ON"
       ARROW_USE_PRECOMPILED_HEADERS: "ON"
+      BUILD_DOCS_PYTHON: "ON"
     volumes: &conda-volumes
       - .:/arrow:delegated
       - ${DOCKER_VOLUME_PREFIX}conda-ccache:/ccache:delegated
     command:
-      ["/arrow/ci/scripts/cpp_build.sh /arrow /build true &&
+      ["/arrow/ci/scripts/cpp_build.sh /arrow /build &&
         /arrow/ci/scripts/cpp_test.sh /arrow /build"]
 
   conda-cpp-valgrind:
@@ -513,7 +514,7 @@ services:
     ulimits: *ulimits
     environment:
       <<: *ccache
-      ARROW_GLIB_GTK_DOC: "true"
+      BUILD_DOCS_C_GLIB: "ON"
     volumes: *debian-volumes
     command: &c-glib-command >
       /bin/bash -c "
@@ -541,7 +542,6 @@ services:
     ulimits: *ulimits
     environment:
       <<: *ccache
-      ARROW_GLIB_GTK_DOC: "true"
     volumes: *ubuntu-volumes
     command: *c-glib-command
 
@@ -572,6 +572,7 @@ services:
     ulimits: *ulimits
     environment:
       <<: *ccache
+      BUILD_DOCS_C_GLIB: "ON"
     volumes: *debian-volumes
     command: &ruby-command >
       /bin/bash -c "
@@ -939,8 +940,12 @@ services:
     shm_size: *shm-size
     environment:
       <<: *ccache
+      BUILD_DOCS_PYTHON: "ON"
     volumes: *conda-volumes
-    command: *python-conda-command
+    command:
+      ["/arrow/ci/scripts/cpp_build.sh /arrow /build &&
+        /arrow/ci/scripts/python_build.sh /arrow /build &&
+        /arrow/ci/scripts/python_test.sh /arrow"]
 
   conda-python-dask:
     # Possible $DASK parameters:
@@ -1288,8 +1293,6 @@ services:
     command: >
       /bin/bash -c "/arrow/ci/scripts/r_revdepcheck.sh /arrow"
 
-
-
   ################################# Go ########################################
 
   debian-go:
@@ -1365,9 +1368,11 @@ services:
         node: ${NODE}
     shm_size: *shm-size
     volumes: *debian-volumes
+    environment:
+      BUILD_DOCS_JS: "ON"
     command: &js-command >
       /bin/bash -c "
-        /arrow/ci/scripts/js_build.sh /arrow &&
+        /arrow/ci/scripts/js_build.sh /arrow /build &&
         /arrow/ci/scripts/js_test.sh /arrow"
 
   #################################### C# #####################################
@@ -1506,18 +1511,22 @@ services:
     environment:
       <<: *ccache
       ARROW_CUDA: "ON"
-      ARROW_GLIB_GTK_DOC: "true"
+      BUILD_DOCS_C_GLIB: "ON"
+      BUILD_DOCS_CPP: "ON"
+      BUILD_DOCS_JAVA: "ON"
+      BUILD_DOCS_JS: "ON"
+      BUILD_DOCS_PYTHON: "ON"
+      BUILD_DOCS_R: "ON"
       Protobuf_SOURCE: "BUNDLED"  # Need Protobuf >= 3.15
     volumes: *ubuntu-volumes
     command: &docs-command >
       /bin/bash -c "
-        /arrow/ci/scripts/cpp_build.sh /arrow /build true &&
+        /arrow/ci/scripts/cpp_build.sh /arrow /build &&
         /arrow/ci/scripts/c_glib_build.sh /arrow /build &&
         /arrow/ci/scripts/python_build.sh /arrow /build &&
-        /arrow/ci/scripts/java_build.sh /arrow /build true &&
-        /arrow/ci/scripts/js_build.sh /arrow true &&
-        /arrow/ci/scripts/r_build.sh /arrow true &&
-        /arrow/ci/scripts/docs_build.sh /arrow /build"
+        /arrow/ci/scripts/r_build.sh /arrow /build &&
+        /arrow/ci/scripts/js_build.sh /arrow /build &&
+        /arrow/ci/scripts/java_build.sh /arrow /build"
 
   ################################# Tools #####################################