diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_nested.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_nested.cc
index ab583bbbe8c..cc36c510363 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_nested.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_nested.cc
@@ -150,6 +150,84 @@ void AddListCast(CastFunction* func) {
   DCHECK_OK(func->AddKernel(SrcType::type_id, std::move(kernel)));
 }
 
+struct CastStruct {
+  static Status Exec(KernelContext* ctx, const ExecBatch& batch, Datum* out) {
+    const CastOptions& options = CastState::Get(ctx);
+    const StructType& in_type = checked_cast<const StructType&>(*batch[0].type());
+    const StructType& out_type = checked_cast<const StructType&>(*out->type());
+    const auto in_field_count = in_type.num_fields();
+
+    if (in_field_count != out_type.num_fields()) {
+      return Status::TypeError("struct field sizes do not match: ", in_type.ToString(),
+                               " ", out_type.ToString());
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < in_field_count; ++i) {
+      const auto in_field = in_type.field(i);
+      const auto out_field = out_type.field(i);
+      if (in_field->name() != out_field->name()) {
+        return Status::TypeError("struct field names do not match: ", in_type.ToString(),
+                                 " ", out_type.ToString());
+      }
+
+      if (in_field->nullable() && !out_field->nullable()) {
+        return Status::TypeError("cannot cast nullable struct to non-nullable struct: ",
+                                 in_type.ToString(), " ", out_type.ToString());
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (out->kind() == Datum::SCALAR) {
+      const auto& in_scalar = checked_cast<const StructScalar&>(*batch[0].scalar());
+      auto out_scalar = checked_cast<StructScalar*>(out->scalar().get());
+
+      DCHECK(!out_scalar->is_valid);
+      if (in_scalar.is_valid) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < in_field_count; i++) {
+          auto values = in_scalar.value[i];
+          auto target_type = out->type()->field(i)->type();
+          ARROW_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(Datum cast_values,
+                                Cast(values, target_type, options, ctx->exec_context()));
+          DCHECK_EQ(Datum::SCALAR, cast_values.kind());
+          out_scalar->value.push_back(cast_values.scalar());
+        }
+        out_scalar->is_valid = true;
+      }
+      return Status::OK();
+    }
+
+    const ArrayData& in_array = *batch[0].array();
+    ArrayData* out_array = out->mutable_array();
+
+    if (in_array.buffers[0]) {
+      ARROW_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(out_array->buffers[0],
+                            CopyBitmap(ctx->memory_pool(), in_array.buffers[0]->data(),
+                                       in_array.offset, in_array.length));
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < in_field_count; ++i) {
+      auto values = in_array.child_data[i]->Slice(in_array.offset, in_array.length);
+      auto target_type = out->type()->field(i)->type();
+
+      ARROW_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(Datum cast_values,
+                            Cast(values, target_type, options, ctx->exec_context()));
+
+      DCHECK_EQ(Datum::ARRAY, cast_values.kind());
+      out_array->child_data.push_back(cast_values.array());
+    }
+
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+};
+
+void AddStructToStructCast(CastFunction* func) {
+  ScalarKernel kernel;
+  kernel.exec = CastStruct::Exec;
+  kernel.signature =
+      KernelSignature::Make({InputType(StructType::type_id)}, kOutputTargetType);
+  kernel.null_handling = NullHandling::COMPUTED_NO_PREALLOCATE;
+  DCHECK_OK(func->AddKernel(StructType::type_id, std::move(kernel)));
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 
 std::vector<std::shared_ptr<CastFunction>> GetNestedCasts() {
@@ -174,6 +252,7 @@ std::vector<std::shared_ptr<CastFunction>> GetNestedCasts() {
   // So is struct
   auto cast_struct = std::make_shared<CastFunction>("cast_struct", Type::STRUCT);
   AddCommonCasts(Type::STRUCT, kOutputTargetType, cast_struct.get());
+  AddStructToStructCast(cast_struct.get());
 
   // So is dictionary
   auto cast_dictionary =
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_test.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_test.cc
index cb2eb62f6f2..8a4f2c69456 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_test.cc
@@ -2218,6 +2218,117 @@ TEST(Cast, ListToListOptionsPassthru) {
   }
 }
 
+static void CheckStructToStruct(
+    const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<DataType>>& value_types) {
+  for (const auto& src_value_type : value_types) {
+    for (const auto& dest_value_type : value_types) {
+      std::vector<std::string> field_names = {"a", "b"};
+      std::shared_ptr<Array> a1, b1, a2, b2;
+      a1 = ArrayFromJSON(src_value_type, "[1, 2, 3, 4, null]");
+      b1 = ArrayFromJSON(src_value_type, "[null, 7, 8, 9, 0]");
+      a2 = ArrayFromJSON(dest_value_type, "[1, 2, 3, 4, null]");
+      b2 = ArrayFromJSON(dest_value_type, "[null, 7, 8, 9, 0]");
+      ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto src, StructArray::Make({a1, b1}, field_names));
+      ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto dest, StructArray::Make({a2, b2}, field_names));
+
+      CheckCast(src, dest);
+
+      std::shared_ptr<Buffer> null_bitmap;
+      BitmapFromVector<int>({0, 1, 0, 1, 0}, &null_bitmap);
+
+      ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto src_nulls,
+                           StructArray::Make({a1, b1}, field_names, null_bitmap));
+      ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto dest_nulls,
+                           StructArray::Make({a2, b2}, field_names, null_bitmap));
+      CheckCast(src_nulls, dest_nulls);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(Cast, StructToSameSizedAndNamedStruct) {
+  CheckStructToStruct({int32(), float32(), int64()});
+}
+
+TEST(Cast, StructToSameSizedButDifferentNamedStruct) {
+  std::vector<std::string> field_names = {"a", "b"};
+  std::shared_ptr<Array> a, b;
+  a = ArrayFromJSON(int8(), "[1, 2]");
+  b = ArrayFromJSON(int8(), "[3, 4]");
+  ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto src, StructArray::Make({a, b}, field_names));
+
+  const auto dest = arrow::struct_(
+      {std::make_shared<Field>("c", int8()), std::make_shared<Field>("d", int8())});
+  const auto options = CastOptions::Safe(dest);
+
+  EXPECT_RAISES_WITH_MESSAGE_THAT(
+      TypeError,
+      ::testing::HasSubstr("Type error: struct field names do not match: struct<a: int8, "
+                           "b: int8> struct<c: int8, d: int8>"),
+      Cast(src, options));
+}
+
+TEST(Cast, StructToDifferentSizeStruct) {
+  std::vector<std::string> field_names = {"a", "b"};
+  std::shared_ptr<Array> a, b;
+  a = ArrayFromJSON(int8(), "[1, 2]");
+  b = ArrayFromJSON(int8(), "[3, 4]");
+  ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto src, StructArray::Make({a, b}, field_names));
+
+  const auto dest = arrow::struct_({std::make_shared<Field>("a", int8()),
+                                    std::make_shared<Field>("b", int8()),
+                                    std::make_shared<Field>("c", int8())});
+  const auto options = CastOptions::Safe(dest);
+
+  EXPECT_RAISES_WITH_MESSAGE_THAT(
+      TypeError,
+      ::testing::HasSubstr("Type error: struct field sizes do not match: struct<a: int8, "
+                           "b: int8> struct<a: int8, b: int8, c: int8>"),
+      Cast(src, options));
+}
+
+TEST(Cast, StructToSameSizedButDifferentNullabilityStruct) {
+  // OK to go from not-nullable to nullable...
+  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Field>> fields1 = {
+      std::make_shared<Field>("a", int8(), false),
+      std::make_shared<Field>("b", int8(), false)};
+  std::shared_ptr<Array> a1, b1;
+  a1 = ArrayFromJSON(int8(), "[1, 2]");
+  b1 = ArrayFromJSON(int8(), "[3, 4]");
+  ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto src1, StructArray::Make({a1, b1}, fields1));
+
+  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Field>> fields2 = {
+      std::make_shared<Field>("a", int8(), true),
+      std::make_shared<Field>("b", int8(), true)};
+  std::shared_ptr<Array> a2, b2;
+  a2 = ArrayFromJSON(int8(), "[1, 2]");
+  b2 = ArrayFromJSON(int8(), "[3, 4]");
+  ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto dest1, StructArray::Make({a2, b2}, fields2));
+
+  CheckCast(src1, dest1);
+
+  // But not the other way around
+  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Field>> fields3 = {
+      std::make_shared<Field>("a", int8(), true),
+      std::make_shared<Field>("b", int8(), true)};
+  std::shared_ptr<Array> a3, b3;
+  a3 = ArrayFromJSON(int8(), "[1, null]");
+  b3 = ArrayFromJSON(int8(), "[3, 4]");
+  ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto src2, StructArray::Make({a3, b3}, fields3));
+
+  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Field>> fields4 = {
+      std::make_shared<Field>("a", int8(), false),
+      std::make_shared<Field>("b", int8(), false)};
+  const auto dest2 = arrow::struct_(fields4);
+  const auto options = CastOptions::Safe(dest2);
+
+  EXPECT_RAISES_WITH_MESSAGE_THAT(
+      TypeError,
+      ::testing::HasSubstr(
+          "Type error: cannot cast nullable struct to non-nullable "
+          "struct: struct<a: int8, b: int8> struct<a: int8 not null, b: int8 not null>"),
+      Cast(src2, options));
+}
+
 TEST(Cast, IdentityCasts) {
   // ARROW-4102
   auto CheckIdentityCast = [](std::shared_ptr<DataType> type, const std::string& json) {
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/dataset/scanner_test.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/dataset/scanner_test.cc
index e62c626d9f8..c37b0666bbb 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/dataset/scanner_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/dataset/scanner_test.cc
@@ -1626,9 +1626,7 @@ TEST(ScanNode, MaterializationOfNestedVirtualColumn) {
 
   // TODO(ARROW-1888): allow scanner to "patch up" structs with casts
   EXPECT_FINISHES_AND_RAISES_WITH_MESSAGE_THAT(
-      NotImplemented,
-      ::testing::HasSubstr("Unsupported cast from struct<e: int64> to struct"),
-      plan.Run());
+      TypeError, ::testing::HasSubstr("struct field sizes do not match"), plan.Run());
 }
 
 TEST(ScanNode, MinimalEndToEnd) {