diff --git a/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/writer.cc b/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/writer.cc
index cf174dc61c8..1c4eb5dbfc6 100644
--- a/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/writer.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/writer.cc
@@ -331,6 +331,15 @@ class FileWriterImpl : public FileWriter {
       chunk_size = this->properties().max_row_group_length();
     }
 
+    // Cannot write with duplicate field names
+    std::unordered_set<std::string> s;
+    for (auto field : table.fields()) {
+      if (s.count(field->name()) > 0) {
+        return Status::Invalid("Cannot write parquet table with duplicate field names: ", field->name());
+      }
+      s.insert(field->name());
+    }
+
     auto WriteRowGroup = [&](int64_t offset, int64_t size) {
       RETURN_NOT_OK(NewRowGroup(size));
       for (int i = 0; i < table.num_columns(); i++) {
diff --git a/python/pyarrow/tests/test_dataset.py b/python/pyarrow/tests/test_dataset.py
index 3dc9c3beb6e..31af68397da 100644
--- a/python/pyarrow/tests/test_dataset.py
+++ b/python/pyarrow/tests/test_dataset.py
@@ -4182,6 +4182,17 @@ def file_visitor(written_file):
         assert pathlib.Path(visited_path) in expected_paths
 
 
+def test_write_table_duplicate_fields(tempdir):
+    table = pa.table([
+        pa.array(range(5)),
+        pa.array(range(5)),
+    ], names=['a', 'a'])
+
+    match = "Cannot write parquet table with duplicate field names: a"
+    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid, match=match):
+        pq.write_table(table, tempdir / 'file.parquet')
+
+
 def test_write_table_multiple_fragments(tempdir):
     table = pa.table([
         pa.array(range(10)), pa.array(np.random.randn(10)),