diff --git a/r/src/table.cpp b/r/src/table.cpp
index 3e8adf59750..997d8f137cb 100644
--- a/r/src/table.cpp
+++ b/r/src/table.cpp
@@ -150,6 +150,21 @@ std::shared_ptr<arrow::Table> Table__SelectColumns(
 namespace arrow {
 namespace r {
 
+arrow::Status check_consistent_column_length(
+    const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<arrow::ChunkedArray>>& columns) {
+  if (columns.size()) {
+    int64_t num_rows = columns[0]->length();
+
+    for (const auto& column : columns) {
+      if (column->length() != num_rows) {
+        return arrow::Status::Invalid("All columns must have the same length");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return arrow::Status::OK();
+}
+
 arrow::Status InferSchemaFromDots(SEXP lst, SEXP schema_sxp, int num_fields,
                                   std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema>& schema) {
   // maybe a schema was given
@@ -327,6 +342,8 @@ std::shared_ptr<arrow::Table> Table__from_dots(SEXP lst, SEXP schema_sxp) {
   StopIfNotOk(
       arrow::r::CollectTableColumns(lst, schema, num_fields, infer_schema, columns));
 
+  StopIfNotOk(arrow::r::check_consistent_column_length(columns));
+
   return arrow::Table::Make(schema, columns);
 }
 
diff --git a/r/tests/testthat/test-RecordBatch.R b/r/tests/testthat/test-RecordBatch.R
index a017823ce34..96abceb2994 100644
--- a/r/tests/testthat/test-RecordBatch.R
+++ b/r/tests/testthat/test-RecordBatch.R
@@ -465,3 +465,9 @@ test_that("RecordBatch name assignment", {
   expect_error(names(rb) <- NULL)
   expect_error(names(rb) <- c(TRUE, FALSE))
 })
+
+test_that("record_batch() with different length arrays", {
+  msg <- "All arrays must have the same length"
+  expect_error(record_batch(a=1:5, b = 42), msg)
+  expect_error(record_batch(a=1:5, b = 1:6), msg)
+})
diff --git a/r/tests/testthat/test-Table.R b/r/tests/testthat/test-Table.R
index 8e0f8eebef5..7a0b8bd6c02 100644
--- a/r/tests/testthat/test-Table.R
+++ b/r/tests/testthat/test-Table.R
@@ -469,3 +469,9 @@ test_that("Table name assignment", {
   expect_error(names(tab) <- NULL)
   expect_error(names(tab) <- c(TRUE, FALSE))
 })
+
+test_that("Table$create() with different length columns", {
+  msg <- "All columns must have the same length"
+  expect_error(Table$create(a=1:5, b = 42), msg)
+  expect_error(Table$create(a=1:5, b = 1:6), msg)
+})