diff --git a/dpdata/data_type.py b/dpdata/data_type.py
index c0bd944fb..b5141a4e0 100644
--- a/dpdata/data_type.py
+++ b/dpdata/data_type.py
@@ -19,6 +19,13 @@ class Axis(Enum):
     NBONDS = "nbonds"
 
 
+class AnyInt(int):
+    """AnyInt equals to any other integer."""
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+
 class DataError(Exception):
     """Data is not correct."""
 
@@ -64,6 +71,8 @@ def real_shape(self, system: "System") -> Tuple[int]:
             elif ii is Axis.NBONDS:
                 # BondOrderSystem
                 shape.append(system.get_nbonds())
+            elif ii == -1:
+                shape.append(AnyInt(-1))
             elif isinstance(ii, int):
                 shape.append(ii)
             else:
diff --git a/dpdata/deepmd/comp.py b/dpdata/deepmd/comp.py
index 9d63e1dd4..7b909b162 100644
--- a/dpdata/deepmd/comp.py
+++ b/dpdata/deepmd/comp.py
@@ -87,8 +87,10 @@ def to_system_data(folder, type_map=None, labels=True):
                     f"Shape of {dtype.name} is not (nframes, ...), but {dtype.shape}. This type of data will not converted from deepmd/npy format."
                 )
                 continue
+            natoms = data["coords"].shape[1]
             shape = [
-                -1 if xx == dpdata.system.Axis.NATOMS else xx for xx in dtype.shape[1:]
+                natoms if xx == dpdata.system.Axis.NATOMS else xx
+                for xx in dtype.shape[1:]
             ]
             all_data = []
             for ii in sets:
diff --git a/dpdata/deepmd/raw.py b/dpdata/deepmd/raw.py
index fdb2fc649..c7a64ec47 100644
--- a/dpdata/deepmd/raw.py
+++ b/dpdata/deepmd/raw.py
@@ -86,8 +86,9 @@ def to_system_data(folder, type_map=None, labels=True):
                         f"Shape of {dtype.name} is not (nframes, ...), but {dtype.shape}. This type of data will not converted from deepmd/raw format."
                     )
                     continue
+                natoms = data["coords"].shape[1]
                 shape = [
-                    -1 if xx == dpdata.system.Axis.NATOMS else xx
+                    natoms if xx == dpdata.system.Axis.NATOMS else xx
                     for xx in dtype.shape[1:]
                 ]
                 if os.path.exists(os.path.join(folder, f"{dtype.name}.raw")):
diff --git a/tests/plugin/dpdata_plugin_test/__init__.py b/tests/plugin/dpdata_plugin_test/__init__.py
index 29911b5f1..b3821cb34 100644
--- a/tests/plugin/dpdata_plugin_test/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/plugin/dpdata_plugin_test/__init__.py
@@ -8,4 +8,9 @@
     DataType("foo", np.ndarray, (Axis.NFRAMES, 2, 4), required=False), labeled=True
 )
 
+register_data_type(
+    DataType("bar", np.ndarray, (Axis.NFRAMES, Axis.NATOMS, -1), required=False),
+    labeled=True,
+)
+
 ep = None
diff --git a/tests/test_custom_data_type.py b/tests/test_custom_data_type.py
index 49c99586f..5a0e2bab9 100644
--- a/tests/test_custom_data_type.py
+++ b/tests/test_custom_data_type.py
@@ -43,3 +43,42 @@ def test_from_deepmd_hdf5(self):
         self.system.to_deepmd_hdf5("data_foo.h5")
         x = dpdata.LabeledSystem("data_foo.h5", fmt="deepmd/hdf5")
         np.testing.assert_allclose(x.data["foo"], self.foo)
+
+
+class TestDeepmdLoadDumpCompAny(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.system = dpdata.LabeledSystem("poscars/OUTCAR.h2o.md", fmt="vasp/outcar")
+        self.bar = np.ones((len(self.system), self.system.get_natoms(), 2))
+        self.system.data["bar"] = self.bar
+        self.system.check_data()
+
+    def test_to_deepmd_raw(self):
+        self.system.to_deepmd_raw("data_bar")
+        bar = np.loadtxt("data_bar/bar.raw")
+        np.testing.assert_allclose(bar.reshape(self.bar.shape), self.bar)
+
+    def test_from_deepmd_raw(self):
+        self.system.to_deepmd_raw("data_bar")
+        x = dpdata.LabeledSystem("data_bar", fmt="deepmd/raw")
+        np.testing.assert_allclose(x.data["bar"], self.bar)
+
+    def test_to_deepmd_npy(self):
+        self.system.to_deepmd_npy("data_bar")
+        bar = np.load("data_bar/set.000/bar.npy")
+        np.testing.assert_allclose(bar.reshape(self.bar.shape), self.bar)
+
+    def test_from_deepmd_npy(self):
+        self.system.to_deepmd_npy("data_bar")
+        x = dpdata.LabeledSystem("data_bar", fmt="deepmd/npy")
+        np.testing.assert_allclose(x.data["bar"], self.bar)
+
+    def test_to_deepmd_hdf5(self):
+        self.system.to_deepmd_hdf5("data_bar.h5")
+        with h5py.File("data_bar.h5") as f:
+            bar = f["set.000/bar.npy"][:]
+        np.testing.assert_allclose(bar.reshape(self.bar.shape), self.bar)
+
+    def test_from_deepmd_hdf5(self):
+        self.system.to_deepmd_hdf5("data_bar.h5")
+        x = dpdata.LabeledSystem("data_bar.h5", fmt="deepmd/hdf5")
+        np.testing.assert_allclose(x.data["bar"], self.bar)