diff --git a/src/EFCore/Query/Internal/NavigationExpandingExpressionVisitor.ExpressionVisitors.cs b/src/EFCore/Query/Internal/NavigationExpandingExpressionVisitor.ExpressionVisitors.cs
index 8ce5687a98e..1ad9922a7e5 100644
--- a/src/EFCore/Query/Internal/NavigationExpandingExpressionVisitor.ExpressionVisitors.cs
+++ b/src/EFCore/Query/Internal/NavigationExpandingExpressionVisitor.ExpressionVisitors.cs
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ namespace Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Query.Internal;
 
 public partial class NavigationExpandingExpressionVisitor
 {
+    private static readonly bool UseOldBehavior37478 =
+        AppContext.TryGetSwitch("Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Issue37478", out var enabled) && enabled;
+
     /// <summary>
     ///     Expands navigations in the given tree for given source.
     ///     Optionally also expands navigations for includes.
@@ -123,6 +126,16 @@ protected override Expression VisitMethodCall(MethodCallExpression methodCallExp
 
             if (structuralType is not null)
             {
+                if (!UseOldBehavior37478 && entityReference is not null && convertedType is not null)
+                {
+                    structuralType = entityReference.EntityType.GetAllBaseTypes().Concat(entityReference.EntityType.GetDerivedTypesInclusive())
+                        .FirstOrDefault(et => et.ClrType == convertedType);
+                    if (structuralType == null)
+                    {
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                }
+
                 var complexProperty = memberIdentity.MemberInfo != null
                     ? structuralType.FindComplexProperty(memberIdentity.MemberInfo)
                     : memberIdentity.Name is not null
diff --git a/test/EFCore.Cosmos.FunctionalTests/Query/NonSharedPrimitiveCollectionsQueryCosmosTest.cs b/test/EFCore.Cosmos.FunctionalTests/Query/NonSharedPrimitiveCollectionsQueryCosmosTest.cs
index 0051b5c31ee..8532978a832 100644
--- a/test/EFCore.Cosmos.FunctionalTests/Query/NonSharedPrimitiveCollectionsQueryCosmosTest.cs
+++ b/test/EFCore.Cosmos.FunctionalTests/Query/NonSharedPrimitiveCollectionsQueryCosmosTest.cs
@@ -362,6 +362,18 @@ FROM root c
 """);
     }
 
+    public override async Task Subquery_over_primitive_collection_on_inheritance_derived_type()
+    {
+        await base.Subquery_over_primitive_collection_on_inheritance_derived_type();
+
+        AssertSql(
+            """
+SELECT VALUE c
+FROM root c
+WHERE ((c["$type"] = "SubType") AND (ARRAY_LENGTH(c["Ints"]) > 0))
+""");
+    }
+
     [ConditionalFact]
     public virtual void Check_all_tests_overridden()
         => TestHelpers.AssertAllMethodsOverridden(GetType());
diff --git a/test/EFCore.Specification.Tests/Query/NonSharedPrimitiveCollectionsQueryTestBase.cs b/test/EFCore.Specification.Tests/Query/NonSharedPrimitiveCollectionsQueryTestBase.cs
index 0fe3f76ce6e..7c82cb164db 100644
--- a/test/EFCore.Specification.Tests/Query/NonSharedPrimitiveCollectionsQueryTestBase.cs
+++ b/test/EFCore.Specification.Tests/Query/NonSharedPrimitiveCollectionsQueryTestBase.cs
@@ -256,6 +256,33 @@ private class Owned
         public int Foo { get; set; }
     }
 
+    [ConditionalFact] // #37478
+    public virtual async Task Subquery_over_primitive_collection_on_inheritance_derived_type()
+    {
+        var contextFactory = await InitializeAsync<TestContext>(
+            onModelCreating: mb =>
+            {
+                mb.Entity<BaseType>();
+                mb.Entity<SubType>();
+            });
+
+        await using var context = contextFactory.CreateContext();
+
+        _ = await context.Set<BaseType>()
+            .Where(x => ((SubType)x).Ints.Any())
+            .ToListAsync();
+    }
+
+    public abstract class BaseType
+    {
+        public int Id { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    public class SubType : BaseType
+    {
+        public required int[] Ints { get; set; }
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     ///     A utility that allows easy testing of querying out arbitrary element types from a primitive collection, provided two distinct
     ///     element values.
diff --git a/test/EFCore.SqlServer.FunctionalTests/Query/NonSharedPrimitiveCollectionsQuerySqlServerTest.cs b/test/EFCore.SqlServer.FunctionalTests/Query/NonSharedPrimitiveCollectionsQuerySqlServerTest.cs
index abb3d8dc890..71a755d1e22 100644
--- a/test/EFCore.SqlServer.FunctionalTests/Query/NonSharedPrimitiveCollectionsQuerySqlServerTest.cs
+++ b/test/EFCore.SqlServer.FunctionalTests/Query/NonSharedPrimitiveCollectionsQuerySqlServerTest.cs
@@ -1026,6 +1026,20 @@ WHERE [t].[Id] IN (@ints1, @ints2, @ints3, @ints4, @ints5, @ints6, @ints7, @ints
 """);
     }
 
+    public override async Task Subquery_over_primitive_collection_on_inheritance_derived_type()
+    {
+        await base.Subquery_over_primitive_collection_on_inheritance_derived_type();
+
+        AssertSql(
+            """
+SELECT [b].[Id], [b].[Discriminator], [b].[Ints]
+FROM [BaseType] AS [b]
+WHERE EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1
+    FROM OPENJSON([b].[Ints]) AS [i])
+""");
+    }
+
     [ConditionalFact]
     public virtual async Task Same_parameter_with_different_type_mappings()
     {