diff --git a/src/EFCore.Relational/Extensions/RelationalForeignKeyExtensions.cs b/src/EFCore.Relational/Extensions/RelationalForeignKeyExtensions.cs
index 640804bfa23..1523f039d66 100644
--- a/src/EFCore.Relational/Extensions/RelationalForeignKeyExtensions.cs
+++ b/src/EFCore.Relational/Extensions/RelationalForeignKeyExtensions.cs
@@ -295,7 +295,9 @@ static bool IsMapped(IReadOnlyForeignKey foreignKey, StoreObjectIdentifier store
     /// <param name="foreignKey">The foreign key.</param>
     /// <returns><see langword="true" /> if the foreign key constraint is excluded from migrations.</returns>
     public static bool IsExcludedFromMigrations(this IReadOnlyForeignKey foreignKey)
-        => (bool?)foreignKey[RelationalAnnotationNames.IsForeignKeyExcludedFromMigrations] ?? false;
+        => foreignKey is RuntimeForeignKey
+            ? throw new InvalidOperationException(CoreStrings.RuntimeModelMissingData)
+            : (bool?)foreignKey[RelationalAnnotationNames.IsForeignKeyExcludedFromMigrations] ?? false;
 
     /// <summary>
     ///     Sets a value indicating whether the foreign key constraint is excluded from migrations.
diff --git a/test/EFCore.Relational.Specification.Tests/Scaffolding/CompiledModelRelationalTestBase.cs b/test/EFCore.Relational.Specification.Tests/Scaffolding/CompiledModelRelationalTestBase.cs
index 04688580cbc..156566decb9 100644
--- a/test/EFCore.Relational.Specification.Tests/Scaffolding/CompiledModelRelationalTestBase.cs
+++ b/test/EFCore.Relational.Specification.Tests/Scaffolding/CompiledModelRelationalTestBase.cs
@@ -217,7 +217,10 @@ protected override void AssertBigModel(IModel model, bool jsonColumns)
 
         var dependentNavigation = principalDerived.GetDeclaredNavigations().First();
         var dependentForeignKey = dependentNavigation.ForeignKey;
-        Assert.False(dependentForeignKey.IsExcludedFromMigrations());
+        Assert.Null(dependentForeignKey[RelationalAnnotationNames.IsForeignKeyExcludedFromMigrations]);
+        Assert.Equal(
+            CoreStrings.RuntimeModelMissingData,
+            Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => dependentForeignKey.IsExcludedFromMigrations()).Message);
 
         var referenceOwnedNavigation = principalBase.GetNavigations().Single();
         var referenceOwnedType = referenceOwnedNavigation.TargetEntityType;