diff --git a/impeller/compiler/shader_lib/impeller/texture.glsl b/impeller/compiler/shader_lib/impeller/texture.glsl
index c973dd2971699..51f1418586734 100644
--- a/impeller/compiler/shader_lib/impeller/texture.glsl
+++ b/impeller/compiler/shader_lib/impeller/texture.glsl
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ f16vec4 IPHalfSampleWithTileMode(f16sampler2D tex,
     return f16vec4(0.0hf);
   }
 
-  return texture(tex, coords, kDefaultMipBiasHalf);
+  return f16vec4(texture(tex, coords, kDefaultMipBiasHalf));
 }
 
 /// Sample a texture, emulating a specific tile mode.
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ f16vec4 IPHalfSampleDecal(f16sampler2D texture_sampler, vec2 coords) {
       any(greaterThanEqual(coords, vec2(1)))) {
     return f16vec4(0.0);
   }
-  return texture(texture_sampler, coords, kDefaultMipBiasHalf);
+  return f16vec4(texture(texture_sampler, coords, kDefaultMipBiasHalf));
 }
 
 /// Sample a texture, emulating a specific tile mode.
diff --git a/impeller/compiler/shader_lib/impeller/types.glsl b/impeller/compiler/shader_lib/impeller/types.glsl
index b0ce4188d08ee..766f45beaef6a 100644
--- a/impeller/compiler/shader_lib/impeller/types.glsl
+++ b/impeller/compiler/shader_lib/impeller/types.glsl
@@ -7,7 +7,13 @@
 
 #extension GL_AMD_gpu_shader_half_float : enable
 #extension GL_AMD_gpu_shader_half_float_fetch : enable
+#extension GL_EXT_shader_explicit_arithmetic_types_int8 : enable
+#extension GL_EXT_shader_explicit_arithmetic_types_int16 : enable
+#extension GL_EXT_shader_explicit_arithmetic_types_int32 : enable
+#extension GL_EXT_shader_explicit_arithmetic_types_int64 : enable
 #extension GL_EXT_shader_explicit_arithmetic_types_float16 : enable
+#extension GL_EXT_shader_explicit_arithmetic_types_float32 : enable
+#extension GL_EXT_shader_explicit_arithmetic_types_float64 : enable
 
 #ifdef IMPELLER_TARGET_OPENGLES
 #define IMPELLER_MAYBE_FLAT
@@ -15,18 +21,81 @@
 #define IMPELLER_MAYBE_FLAT flat
 #endif
 
-#ifndef IMPELLER_TARGET_METAL_IOS
+#if defined(IMPELLER_TARGET_OPENGLES) || defined(IMPELLER_TARGET_MOLTENVK)
+
+// OpenGLES 2 targets GLSL ES 1.0, which doesn't support explicit arithmetic
+// types on individual declarations. So for GLES, we provide macros for 16 bit
+// types to keep writing cross API shaders easy.
+//
+// By default, OpenGLES sets the floating point precision to `highp` for vertex
+// shaders and `mediump` for fragment shaders. Fragment shader samplers are set
+// to `lowp` by default. Individual shaders may explicitly declare the
+// precision for all declarations in the shader.
+//
+// For example:
+//  precision mediump sampler2D;
+//  precision mediump float;
 
 precision mediump sampler2D;
 
 #define float16_t float
+#define float32_t float
+#define float64_t float
+
 #define f16vec2 vec2
+#define f32vec2 vec2
+#define f64vec2 vec2
+
 #define f16vec3 vec3
+#define f32vec3 vec3
+#define f64vec3 vec3
+
 #define f16vec4 vec4
+#define f32vec4 vec4
+#define f64vec4 vec4
+
 #define f16mat4 mat4
+#define f32mat4 mat4
+#define f64mat4 mat4
+
 #define f16sampler2D sampler2D
+#define f32sampler2D sampler2D
+#define f64sampler2D sampler2D
+
+#define uint8_t uint
+#define uint16_t uint
+#define uint32_t uint
+#define uint64_t uint
+
+#define u8vec2 vec2
+#define u16vec2 vec2
+#define u32vec2 vec2
+#define u64vec2 vec2
+
+#define u8vec3 vec3
+#define u16vec3 vec3
+#define u32vec3 vec3
+#define u64vec3 vec3
 
-#endif  // IMPELLER_TARGET_METAL
+#define u8vec4 vec4
+#define u16vec4 vec4
+#define u32vec4 vec4
+#define u64vec4 vec4
+
+#define u8mat4 mat4
+#define u16mat4 mat4
+#define u32mat4 mat4
+#define u64mat4 mat4
+
+#elif defined(IMPELLER_TARGET_VULKAN)
+
+precision mediump sampler2D;
+
+// Vulkan does not support 16 bit floating point samplers.
+// https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.1-extensions/html/vkspec.html#VUID-StandaloneSpirv-OpTypeImage-04656
+#define f16sampler2D sampler2D
+
+#endif
 
 #define BoolF float
 #define BoolV2 vec2
diff --git a/impeller/entity/shaders/blending/advanced_blend.glsl b/impeller/entity/shaders/blending/advanced_blend.glsl
index c2e26d59bf7b3..7d54f870d0b00 100644
--- a/impeller/entity/shaders/blending/advanced_blend.glsl
+++ b/impeller/entity/shaders/blending/advanced_blend.glsl
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ out f16vec4 frag_color;
 f16vec4 Sample(f16sampler2D texture_sampler, vec2 texture_coords) {
 // gles 2.0 is the only backend without native decal support.
 #ifdef IMPELLER_TARGET_OPENGLES
-  return IPSampleDecal(texture_sampler, texture_coords);
+  return IPHalfSampleDecal(texture_sampler, texture_coords);
 #else
-  return texture(texture_sampler, texture_coords);
+  return f16vec4(texture(texture_sampler, texture_coords));
 #endif
 }
 
diff --git a/impeller/entity/shaders/blending/blend.frag b/impeller/entity/shaders/blending/blend.frag
index d8eb5b806f894..d2cb8a9810d55 100644
--- a/impeller/entity/shaders/blending/blend.frag
+++ b/impeller/entity/shaders/blending/blend.frag
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ in vec2 v_texture_coords;
 out f16vec4 frag_color;
 
 void main() {
-  frag_color =
-      texture(texture_sampler_src, v_texture_coords) * frag_info.input_alpha;
+  frag_color = f16vec4(texture(texture_sampler_src, v_texture_coords)) *
+               frag_info.input_alpha;
 }
diff --git a/impeller/entity/shaders/blending/porter_duff_blend.frag b/impeller/entity/shaders/blending/porter_duff_blend.frag
index 01ba70310f193..354f35c89e2da 100644
--- a/impeller/entity/shaders/blending/porter_duff_blend.frag
+++ b/impeller/entity/shaders/blending/porter_duff_blend.frag
@@ -29,15 +29,15 @@ out f16vec4 frag_color;
 f16vec4 Sample(f16sampler2D texture_sampler, vec2 texture_coords) {
 // gles 2.0 is the only backend without native decal support.
 #ifdef IMPELLER_TARGET_OPENGLES
-  return IPSampleDecal(texture_sampler, texture_coords);
+  return IPHalfSampleDecal(texture_sampler, texture_coords);
 #else
-  return texture(texture_sampler, texture_coords);
+  return f16vec4(texture(texture_sampler, texture_coords));
 #endif
 }
 
 void main() {
-  f16vec4 dst =
-      texture(texture_sampler_dst, v_texture_coords) * frag_info.input_alpha;
+  f16vec4 dst = f16vec4(texture(texture_sampler_dst, v_texture_coords)) *
+                frag_info.input_alpha;
   f16vec4 src = frag_info.color;
   frag_color =
       src * (frag_info.src_coeff + dst.a * frag_info.src_coeff_dst_alpha) +
diff --git a/impeller/entity/shaders/border_mask_blur.frag b/impeller/entity/shaders/border_mask_blur.frag
index 55247604ad953..c3972bcb3ce1b 100644
--- a/impeller/entity/shaders/border_mask_blur.frag
+++ b/impeller/entity/shaders/border_mask_blur.frag
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ float16_t BoxBlurMask(f16vec2 uv) {
 }
 
 void main() {
-  f16vec4 image_color = texture(texture_sampler, v_texture_coords);
+  f16vec4 image_color = f16vec4(texture(texture_sampler, v_texture_coords));
   float16_t blur_factor = BoxBlurMask(f16vec2(v_texture_coords));
 
   float16_t within_bounds =
diff --git a/impeller/entity/shaders/color_matrix_color_filter.frag b/impeller/entity/shaders/color_matrix_color_filter.frag
index b8f2da6b1961b..aaf094bce333d 100644
--- a/impeller/entity/shaders/color_matrix_color_filter.frag
+++ b/impeller/entity/shaders/color_matrix_color_filter.frag
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ out f16vec4 frag_color;
 
 void main() {
   f16vec4 input_color =
-      texture(input_texture, v_texture_coords) * frag_info.input_alpha;
+      f16vec4(texture(input_texture, v_texture_coords)) * frag_info.input_alpha;
 
   // unpremultiply first, as filter inputs are premultiplied.
   f16vec4 color = IPHalfUnpremultiply(input_color);
diff --git a/impeller/entity/shaders/gaussian_blur/gaussian_blur.glsl b/impeller/entity/shaders/gaussian_blur/gaussian_blur.glsl
index 61724020d4445..6099aabaec064 100644
--- a/impeller/entity/shaders/gaussian_blur/gaussian_blur.glsl
+++ b/impeller/entity/shaders/gaussian_blur/gaussian_blur.glsl
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ f16vec4 Sample(f16sampler2D tex, vec2 coords) {
 #if ENABLE_DECAL_SPECIALIZATION
   return IPHalfSampleDecal(tex, coords);
 #else
-  return texture(tex, coords);
+  return f16vec4(texture(tex, coords));
 #endif
 }
 
diff --git a/impeller/entity/shaders/glyph_atlas.frag b/impeller/entity/shaders/glyph_atlas.frag
index 9a9b71780dd33..b98a0035be65d 100644
--- a/impeller/entity/shaders/glyph_atlas.frag
+++ b/impeller/entity/shaders/glyph_atlas.frag
@@ -15,6 +15,6 @@ IMPELLER_MAYBE_FLAT in f16vec4 v_text_color;
 out f16vec4 frag_color;
 
 void main() {
-  f16vec4 value = texture(glyph_atlas_sampler, v_uv);
+  f16vec4 value = f16vec4(texture(glyph_atlas_sampler, v_uv));
   frag_color = value.aaaa * v_text_color;
 }
diff --git a/impeller/entity/shaders/glyph_atlas_color.frag b/impeller/entity/shaders/glyph_atlas_color.frag
index 293329b764fca..802cb559f89b8 100644
--- a/impeller/entity/shaders/glyph_atlas_color.frag
+++ b/impeller/entity/shaders/glyph_atlas_color.frag
@@ -15,6 +15,6 @@ IMPELLER_MAYBE_FLAT in f16vec4 v_text_color;
 out f16vec4 frag_color;
 
 void main() {
-  f16vec4 value = texture(glyph_atlas_sampler, v_uv);
+  f16vec4 value = f16vec4(texture(glyph_atlas_sampler, v_uv));
   frag_color = value * v_text_color.aaaa;
 }
diff --git a/impeller/entity/shaders/linear_to_srgb_filter.frag b/impeller/entity/shaders/linear_to_srgb_filter.frag
index d1f9e82930230..682e39d7d08a1 100644
--- a/impeller/entity/shaders/linear_to_srgb_filter.frag
+++ b/impeller/entity/shaders/linear_to_srgb_filter.frag
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ out f16vec4 frag_color;
 
 void main() {
   f16vec4 input_color =
-      texture(input_texture, v_texture_coords) * frag_info.input_alpha;
+      f16vec4(texture(input_texture, v_texture_coords)) * frag_info.input_alpha;
 
   f16vec4 color = IPHalfUnpremultiply(input_color);
   for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
diff --git a/impeller/entity/shaders/morphology_filter.frag b/impeller/entity/shaders/morphology_filter.frag
index 8f2d01f98ee0d..86f08fc15fb0b 100644
--- a/impeller/entity/shaders/morphology_filter.frag
+++ b/impeller/entity/shaders/morphology_filter.frag
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ void main() {
 #ifdef IMPELLER_TARGET_OPENGLES
     f16vec4 color = IPHalfSampleDecal(texture_sampler, texture_coords);
 #else
-    f16vec4 color = texture(texture_sampler, texture_coords);
+    f16vec4 color = f16vec4(texture(texture_sampler, texture_coords));
 #endif
 
     if (frag_info.morph_type == kMorphTypeDilate) {
diff --git a/impeller/entity/shaders/srgb_to_linear_filter.frag b/impeller/entity/shaders/srgb_to_linear_filter.frag
index 67736e2185563..66b8458af26fa 100644
--- a/impeller/entity/shaders/srgb_to_linear_filter.frag
+++ b/impeller/entity/shaders/srgb_to_linear_filter.frag
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ out f16vec4 frag_color;
 
 void main() {
   f16vec4 input_color =
-      texture(input_texture, v_texture_coords) * frag_info.input_alpha;
+      f16vec4(texture(input_texture, v_texture_coords)) * frag_info.input_alpha;
 
   f16vec4 color = IPHalfUnpremultiply(input_color);
   for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
diff --git a/impeller/entity/shaders/texture_fill.frag b/impeller/entity/shaders/texture_fill.frag
index c520b4701ce8d..a5fe9221d3151 100644
--- a/impeller/entity/shaders/texture_fill.frag
+++ b/impeller/entity/shaders/texture_fill.frag
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ out f16vec4 frag_color;
 
 void main() {
   f16vec4 sampled =
-      texture(texture_sampler, v_texture_coords, kDefaultMipBiasHalf);
+      f16vec4(texture(texture_sampler, v_texture_coords, kDefaultMipBiasHalf));
   frag_color = sampled * v_alpha;
 }
diff --git a/impeller/entity/shaders/yuv_to_rgb_filter.frag b/impeller/entity/shaders/yuv_to_rgb_filter.frag
index 6d8db224a5a6b..3e46ec445f49c 100644
--- a/impeller/entity/shaders/yuv_to_rgb_filter.frag
+++ b/impeller/entity/shaders/yuv_to_rgb_filter.frag
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ void main() {
     yuv_offset.x = 16.0hf / 255.0hf;
   }
 
-  yuv.x = texture(y_texture, v_texture_coords).r;
-  yuv.yz = texture(uv_texture, v_texture_coords).rg;
+  yuv.x = float16_t(texture(y_texture, v_texture_coords).r);
+  yuv.yz = f16vec2(texture(uv_texture, v_texture_coords).rg);
   frag_color = f16mat4(frag_info.matrix) * f16vec4(yuv - yuv_offset, 1.0hf);
 }
diff --git a/impeller/geometry/half.h b/impeller/geometry/half.h
index ed81e16a110f4..5659b9d02fe71 100644
--- a/impeller/geometry/half.h
+++ b/impeller/geometry/half.h
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 #include "impeller/geometry/scalar.h"
 #include "impeller/geometry/vector.h"
 
-#ifdef FML_OS_WIN
+#if defined(FML_OS_WIN)
 using InternalHalf = uint16_t;
 #else
 using InternalHalf = _Float16;
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ namespace impeller {
 /// @brief Convert a scalar to a half precision float.
 ///
 /// See also: https://clang.llvm.org/docs/LanguageExtensions.html
-/// This is not currently supported on Windows toolchains.
+/// This is not currently supported on Windows on some Android toolchains.
 inline constexpr InternalHalf ScalarToHalf(Scalar f) {
-#ifdef FML_OS_WIN
-  return static_cast<InternalHalf>(0);
+#if defined(FML_OS_WIN)
+  return static_cast<InternalHalf>(f);
 #else
   return static_cast<InternalHalf>(f);
 #endif
diff --git a/impeller/renderer/backend/vulkan/capabilities_vk.cc b/impeller/renderer/backend/vulkan/capabilities_vk.cc
index 78e6c0d0ff46f..1161892155634 100644
--- a/impeller/renderer/backend/vulkan/capabilities_vk.cc
+++ b/impeller/renderer/backend/vulkan/capabilities_vk.cc
@@ -145,6 +145,14 @@ CapabilitiesVK::GetEnabledInstanceExtensions() const {
     }
   }
 
+  // Vulkan 1.1 core extensions for 16 bit buffer access.
+  if (!HasExtension("VK_KHR_get_physical_device_properties2")) {
+    VALIDATION_LOG << "Instance does not support the "
+                      "VK_KHR_get_physical_device_properties2 extension.";
+    return std::nullopt;
+  }
+  required.push_back("VK_KHR_get_physical_device_properties2");
+
   return required;
 }
 
diff --git a/impeller/renderer/backend/vulkan/test/mock_vulkan.cc b/impeller/renderer/backend/vulkan/test/mock_vulkan.cc
index a6f3d08e16dc1..0389d6adef392 100644
--- a/impeller/renderer/backend/vulkan/test/mock_vulkan.cc
+++ b/impeller/renderer/backend/vulkan/test/mock_vulkan.cc
@@ -36,13 +36,16 @@ VkResult vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(
     uint32_t* pPropertyCount,
     VkExtensionProperties* pProperties) {
   if (!pProperties) {
-    *pPropertyCount = 2;
+    *pPropertyCount = 3;
 
   } else {
     strcpy(pProperties[0].extensionName, "VK_KHR_surface");
     pProperties[0].specVersion = 0;
     strcpy(pProperties[1].extensionName, "VK_MVK_macos_surface");
     pProperties[1].specVersion = 0;
+    strcpy(pProperties[2].extensionName,
+           "VK_KHR_get_physical_device_properties2");
+    pProperties[2].specVersion = 0;
   }
   return VK_SUCCESS;
 }
diff --git a/impeller/tools/impeller.gni b/impeller/tools/impeller.gni
index 2c20acf26d590..8b22cf118d397 100644
--- a/impeller/tools/impeller.gni
+++ b/impeller/tools/impeller.gni
@@ -596,6 +596,12 @@ template("_impeller_shaders_vk") {
     shader_target_flag = "--vulkan"
 
     defines = [ "IMPELLER_TARGET_VULKAN" ]
+
+    # If we're compiling on a macOS host, then we're targeting MoltenVK which
+    # has additional constraints.
+    if (is_mac) {
+      defines += [ "IMPELLER_TARGET_MOLTENVK" ]
+    }
   }
 
   vk_shaders =