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<a class="article-title" href="/2025/05/25/tech/linux/awk/">awk常用命令及功能</a>
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<a href="/2025/05/25/tech/linux/awk/" class="archive-article-date">
<time datetime="2025-05-25T08:08:22.000Z" itemprop="datePublished"><i class="icon-calendar icon"></i>2025-05-25</time>
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<p>AWK 是一种强大的文本处理工具，常用在 Unix/Linux 环境中处理和分析结构化数据。以下是 AWK 的常用命令和功能，简要总结：</p>
<h3 id="基本语法"><a href="#基本语法" class="headerlink" title="基本语法"></a>基本语法</h3><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">awk [选项] <span class="string">'模式 {动作}'</span> 文件</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li><strong>模式</strong>：指定匹配条件（如正则表达式或逻辑条件）。</li>
<li><strong>动作</strong>：对匹配的行执行的操作（如打印、计算）。</li>
<li><strong>文件</strong>：输入文件，若无文件，可从标准输入读取。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="常用选项"><a href="#常用选项" class="headerlink" title="常用选项"></a>常用选项</h3><ul>
<li><code>-F</code>：指定字段分隔符（默认是空格或制表符）。<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">awk -F: <span class="string">'{print $1}'</span> /etc/passwd <span class="comment"># 以冒号分隔，打印第一列</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><code>-v</code>：定义变量。<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">awk -v var=5 <span class="string">'{print $1 * var}'</span> file.txt <span class="comment"># 使用变量 var</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="常用内置变量"><a href="#常用内置变量" class="headerlink" title="常用内置变量"></a>常用内置变量</h3><ul>
<li><code>FS</code>：输入字段分隔符（默认空格）。</li>
<li><code>OFS</code>：输出字段分隔符（默认空格）。</li>
<li><code>NR</code>：当前处理的记录（行）号。</li>
<li><code>NF</code>：当前行的字段数。</li>
<li><code>$0</code>：整行内容。</li>
<li><code>$n</code>：第 n 个字段（从 1 开始）。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="常用命令和模式"><a href="#常用命令和模式" class="headerlink" title="常用命令和模式"></a>常用命令和模式</h3><ol>
<li><p><strong>打印整行或特定字段</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">awk <span class="string">'{print $0}'</span> file.txt <span class="comment"># 打印整行</span></span><br><span class="line">awk <span class="string">'{print $1, $3}'</span> file.txt <span class="comment"># 打印第 1 和第 3 字段</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p><strong>条件匹配</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">awk <span class="string">'/pattern/ {print $0}'</span> file.txt <span class="comment"># 打印包含 pattern 的行</span></span><br><span class="line">awk <span class="string">'$1 == "value" {print $2}'</span> file.txt <span class="comment"># 第一字段为 value 时打印第二字段</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p><strong>指定行号</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">awk <span class="string">'NR==5 {print $0}'</span> file.txt <span class="comment"># 打印第 5 行</span></span><br><span class="line">awk <span class="string">'NR>=2 && NR<=5 {print $0}'</span> file.txt <span class="comment"># 打印第 2 到第 5 行</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p><strong>统计行数或字段</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">awk <span class="string">'END {print NR}'</span> file.txt <span class="comment"># 统计总行数</span></span><br><span class="line">awk <span class="string">'{print NF}'</span> file.txt <span class="comment"># 每行字段数</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p><strong>计算（求和、平均值等）</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">awk <span class="string">'{sum += $1} END {print sum}'</span> file.txt <span class="comment"># 计算第一列总和</span></span><br><span class="line">awk <span class="string">'{sum += $1; count++} END {print sum/count}'</span> file.txt <span class="comment"># 计算第一列平均值</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p><strong>格式化输出</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">awk <span class="string">'{printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2}'</span> file.txt <span class="comment"># 格式化输出第 1、2 字段</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p><strong>处理多文件</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">awk <span class="string">'{print FILENAME, $0}'</span> file1.txt file2.txt <span class="comment"># 打印文件名和内容</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p><strong>BEGIN 和 END 块</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><code>BEGIN</code>：在处理文件前执行。</li>
<li><code>END</code>：在处理文件后执行。<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">awk <span class="string">'BEGIN {print "Start"} {print $1} END {print "End"}'</span> file.txt</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="常用示例"><a href="#常用示例" class="headerlink" title="常用示例"></a>常用示例</h3><ol>
<li><p><strong>提取日志中特定列</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">awk -F<span class="string">' '</span> <span class="string">'{print $1, $3}'</span> access.log <span class="comment"># 提取日志第 1 和第 3 列</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p><strong>统计文件中某值出现次数</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">awk <span class="string">'$1 == "error" {count++} END {print count}'</span> log.txt <span class="comment"># 统计 error 出现次数</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p><strong>替换字段</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">awk <span class="string">'{sub("old", "new", $1); print $0}'</span> file.txt <span class="comment"># 将第一字段中的 old 替换为 new</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p><strong>处理 CSV 文件</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">awk -F<span class="string">','</span> <span class="string">'{print $1, $2}'</span> data.csv <span class="comment"># 处理逗号分隔的 CSV 文件</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ol>
<h3 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="headerlink" title="注意事项"></a>注意事项</h3><ul>
<li>AWK 脚本可以保存为文件，使用 <code>-f</code> 选项调用：<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">awk -f script.awk file.txt</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li>AWK 支持正则表达式、循环、条件语句，适合复杂数据处理。</li>
<li>对于大数据量，AWK 比 sed 或 grep 更高效，尤其在字段操作上。</li>
</ul>
<p>如果需要更详细的 AWK 教程或特定用例，请告诉我！</p>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2024/05/29/tech/env/istio/">istio 配置</a>
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<p>Istio 服务网格<br>Istio 使用功能强大的 Envoy 服务代理扩展了 Kubernetes，以建立一个可编程的、可感知的应用程序网络。 Istio 与 Kubernetes 和传统工作负载一起使用，为复杂的部署带来了标准的通用流量管理、遥测和安全性。</p>
<h2 id="安装"><a href="#安装" class="headerlink" title="安装"></a>安装</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">curl -L https://istio.io/downloadIstio | sh -</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="真实-ip-转发"><a href="#真实-ip-转发" class="headerlink" title="真实 ip 转发"></a>真实 ip 转发</h2><h3 id="生成环境不建议"><a href="#生成环境不建议" class="headerlink" title="生成环境不建议"></a>生成环境不建议</h3><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">kubectl patch svc istio-ingressgateway -n istio-system -p <span class="string">'{"spec":{"externalTrafficPolicy":"Local"}}'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="HTTP-HTTPS-负载均衡"><a href="#HTTP-HTTPS-负载均衡" class="headerlink" title="HTTP/HTTPS 负载均衡"></a>HTTP/HTTPS 负载均衡</h3><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">apiVersion: install.istio.io/v1alpha1</span><br><span class="line">kind: IstioOperator</span><br><span class="line">spec:</span><br><span class="line"> meshConfig:</span><br><span class="line"> defaultConfig:</span><br><span class="line"> gatewayTopology:</span><br><span class="line"> numTrustedProxies: 2</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>通过负载均衡器, 添加 ip 转发头<br>以 nginx 为例</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">map <span class="variable">$http_upgrade</span> <span class="variable">$connection_upgrade</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> default upgrade;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">''</span> close;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">server {</span><br><span class="line"> listen 80 default_server;</span><br><span class="line"> listen [::]:80 default_server;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> server_name _;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> location / {</span><br><span class="line"> proxy_http_version 1.1;</span><br><span class="line"> proxy_set_header Upgrade <span class="variable">$http_upgrade</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> proxy_set_header Connection <span class="string">"upgrade"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> proxy_set_header Host <span class="variable">$host</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For <span class="variable">$proxy_add_x_forwarded_for</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> proxy_set_header X-Real-IP <span class="variable">$remote_addr</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> proxy_pass http://192.168.3.161;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2024/05/29/tech/env/k8s_join/">k8s 节点控制</a>
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<p>在 Kubernetes 中，节点分为两种， 一种是普通节点，一种是控制平面（control-plane）节点</p>
<ul>
<li>控制平面组件包括 kube-apiserver、kube-controller-manager、kube-scheduler、etcd，是由来支撑平台运行的组件，在集群部署完成时即运行在所有的控制节点上。</li>
<li>node 节点组件在每个节点上运行，维护运行的 Pod 并提供 Kubernetes 运行环境，</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="etcd"><a href="#etcd" class="headerlink" title="etcd"></a>etcd</h2><ul>
<li>etcd 是兼具一致性和高可用性的键值数据库，是用来保存 Kubernetes 所有集群数据的后台数据库。在生产环境中，为了保证高可用性，一般将 etcd 部署在多个节点上组成集群。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="kube-apiserver"><a href="#kube-apiserver" class="headerlink" title="kube-apiserver"></a>kube-apiserver</h2><ul>
<li>apiserver 是控制面的前端，对所有资源的操作都要经过 apiserver，apiserver 是无状态的，可以横型扩展，用 Haproxy 或者负载均衡器让多个 apiserver 协同工作。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="kube-scheduler"><a href="#kube-scheduler" class="headerlink" title="kube-scheduler"></a>kube-scheduler</h2><ul>
<li>scheduler 负责监视新创建的、未指定运行节点（node）的 Pods，选择节点让 Pod 在上面运行。调度决策考虑的因素包括单个 Pod 和 Pod 集合的资源需求、硬件/软件/策略约束、亲和性和反亲和性规范、数据位置、工作负载间的干扰和最后时限。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="kube-controller-manager"><a href="#kube-controller-manager" class="headerlink" title="kube-controller-manager"></a>kube-controller-manager</h2><ul>
<li>controller-manager 是一系列控制器的集合，这些控制器在逻辑上属于不同的进程，但为了降低复杂性将这些控制器编译在了同一个可执行文件中，控制器包括：</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>节点控制器（Node Controller）: 负责在节点出现故障时进行通知和响应</li>
<li>任务控制器（Job controller）: 监测代表一次性任务的 Job 对象，然后创建 Pods 来运行这些任务直至完成</li>
<li>端点控制器（Endpoints Controller）: 填充端点(Endpoints)对象(即加入 Service 与 Pod)</li>
<li>服务帐户和令牌控制器（Service Account & Token Controllers）: 为新的命名空间创建默认帐户和 API 访问令牌</li>
<li>以及其他比如 Pod 管理的 Replication 控制器、Deployment 控制器等数十种类型 API 对象的控制器。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="kube-proxy"><a href="#kube-proxy" class="headerlink" title="kube-proxy"></a>kube-proxy</h2><ul>
<li>kube-proxy 是集群中每个节点上运行的网络代理， 是实现 Kubernetes 服务（Service） 概念的一部分。</li>
<li>kube-proxy 维护节点上的网络规则。这些网络规则允许从集群内部或外部的网络会话与 Pod 进行网络通信。</li>
<li>kube-proxy 有两种模式实现流量转发，分别是 iptables 模式和 ipvs(IP Virtual Server)模式，默认是 iptables 模式，是通过每个节点的 iptables 规则实现的，但随着 service 数量增大，iptables 模式由于线性查找匹配、全量更新等特点，性能会显著下降，因此从 Kubernetes 的 1.8 版本开始引入了 ipvs 模式，ipvs 和 iptables 都是基于 netfilter，但 ipvs 使用 hash 表并且运行在内核态，可以显著提升性能。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="kubelet"><a href="#kubelet" class="headerlink" title="kubelet"></a>kubelet</h2><ul>
<li>kubelet 是一个在集群中每个节点（node）上运行的代理，负责接收并处理控制节点发来的指令，以及管理当前 node 上 pod 对象的容器，它保证容器（containers）都 运行在 Pod 中。</li>
<li>kubelet 接收一组通过各类机制提供给它的 PodSpecs，确保这些 PodSpecs 中描述的容器处于运行状态且健康。</li>
<li>kubelet 不会管理不是由 Kubernetes 创建的容器。</li>
<li>kubelet 支持从 API server 以配置清单形式接收资源定义，或者从指定的目录加载静态 pod 配置清单，通过容器运行时创建、启动和监事容器。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="普通节点加入"><a href="#普通节点加入" class="headerlink" title="普通节点加入"></a>普通节点加入</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">kubeadm <span class="built_in">join</span> <master-ip>:<master-port> --token <your-token> --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:<your-hash></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="控制平面节点加入"><a href="#控制平面节点加入" class="headerlink" title="控制平面节点加入"></a>控制平面节点加入</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">kubeadm <span class="built_in">join</span> <master-ip>:<master-port> --token <your-token> --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:<your-hash> --control-plane --certificate-key <your-certificate-key></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="获取-token"><a href="#获取-token" class="headerlink" title="获取 token"></a>获取 token</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">kubeadm token list</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">## 获取hash</span></span><br><span class="line">openssl x509 -pubkey -<span class="keyword">in</span> /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt | openssl rsa -pubin -outform der 2>/dev/null | openssl dgst -sha256 -hex | sed <span class="string">'s/^.* //'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">## 生成新的证书</span></span><br><span class="line">kubeadm init phase upload-certs --upload-certs</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 完整命令打印</span></span><br><span class="line">sudo kubeadm token create --print-join-command --certificate-key $(kubeadm certs certificate-key) <span class="comment"># 如果无效，请使用上述命令重新上传证书</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2024/05/13/tech/env/dns/">dns 私有服务器</a>
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<p>DNS 服务器是(Domain Name System 或者 Domain Name Service)域名系统或者域名服务,域名系统为 Internet 上的主机分配域名地址和 IP 地址。<br>公司内部通过域名访问内部服务器，但是域名解析又无法访问到内网， 所以内部 dns 解析服务是最好的解决方案</p>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2024/05/11/tech/env/seafile/">SeaFile 网盘</a>
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<p>Seafile 是一款开源的企业云盘，注重可靠性和性能，支持全平台客户端。Seafile 内置协同文档 SeaDoc ，让协作撰写、管理和发布文档更便捷。<br>Seafile 提供全面的网盘功能，用户可以在 Seafile 中存储、管理和共享文件。支持多种文件类型。支持全平台客户端，包括 Windows、Mac、Linux、iOS、Android 多种操作系统以及移动设备，可以在任何设备上轻松访问和管理文件，体验更为统一。<br>Seafile 的协作功能超越了简单的文件共享。它支持多人协同在线编辑、文档编辑锁定，同时提供权限管理、版本控制和事件通知等功能，使得团队协作更加流畅、可控和高效。</p>
<p>(官网)[<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.seafile.com/]">https://www.seafile.com/]</a></p>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2024/05/10/tech/env/golang_repo/">golang 私有包</a>
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<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">RUN go <span class="built_in">env</span> -w GOPRIVATE=<span class="string">"gitlabIp"</span></span><br><span class="line">RUN go <span class="built_in">env</span> -w GONOPROXY=<span class="string">"gitlabIp"</span></span><br><span class="line">RUN go <span class="built_in">env</span> -w GOINSECURE=<span class="string">"gitlabIp"</span></span><br><span class="line">RUN go <span class="built_in">env</span> -w GONOSUMDB=<span class="string">"gitlabIp"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<p>我们平时使用 npm publish 进行发布时，上传的仓库默认地址是 npm，公司内部包的管理并不希望发布到公网去，所以需要发布到自己的私有仓库， 之前都是用的 cnpmjs, 由于没有维护了，太老了，所以改用 Verdaccio。 通过 Verdaccio 工具在本地新建一个仓库地址，再把本地的默认上传仓库地址切换到本地仓库地址即可。当 npm install 时没有找到本地的仓库，则 Verdaccio 默认配置中会从 npm 中央仓库下载。</p>
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<p>Chrony 是一个开源自由的网络时间协议 NTP 的客户端和服务器软软件。它能让计算机保持系统时钟与时钟服务器（NTP）同步，因此让你的计算机保持精确的时间，Chrony 也可以作为服务端软件为其他计算机提供时间同步服务。</p>
<p>Chrony 由两个程序组成，分别是 chronyd 和 chronyc</p>
<p>chronyd 是一个后台运行的守护进程，用于调整内核中运行的系统时钟和时钟服务器同步。它确定计算机增减时间的比率，并对此进行补偿。<br>chronyc 提供了一个用户界面，用于监控性能并进行多样化的配置。它可以在 chronyd 实例控制的计算机上工作，也可以在一台不同的远程计算机上工作。</p>
<p>NTP 是网络时间协议（Network Time Protocol）的简称，通过 udp 123 端口进行网络时钟同步。<br>RHEL7 中默认使用 chrony 作为时间服务器，也支持 NTP，需要额外安装。<br>NTP 与 chrony 不能同时存在，只能用其中一个，并将另一个 mask 掉。</p>
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