diff --git a/sentry-php/1999/README.md b/sentry-php/1999/README.md
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+# Reproduction for sentry-php#1999
+
+**Issue:** https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-php/issues/1999
+
+## Description
+
+The SDK incorrectly uses the `sentry-sample_rate` value from the baggage header to make a sampling decision when the `sentry-trace` header is missing. Without a `sentry-trace` header, the SDK should treat this as a new trace head and use the locally configured `traces_sample_rate` instead.
+
+## Steps to Reproduce
+
+1. Install dependencies:
+   ```bash
+   composer install
+   ```
+
+2. Run the reproduction:
+   ```bash
+   php reproduce.php
+   ```
+
+## Expected Behavior
+
+When there is no `sentry-trace` header, the SDK should make an independent sampling decision using the configured `traces_sample_rate` (0.0 in this case). The transaction should NOT be sampled.
+
+## Actual Behavior
+
+The SDK extracts the sample rate from the incoming baggage header (`sentry-sample_rate=1.0`) and uses it to determine whether to sample the transaction. The transaction IS sampled despite `traces_sample_rate=0.0`.
+
+## Why This Matters
+
+- The baggage sample rate reflects the sampling decision of an upstream service that may have different sampling configuration
+- Without `sentry-trace`, there's no parent span to continue, so the local SDK should be the trace head
+- This can lead to unexpected sampling behavior where traces are sampled at rates not configured locally
+
+## Environment
+
+- PHP: 8.x
+- sentry/sentry: ^4.0
diff --git a/sentry-php/1999/composer.json b/sentry-php/1999/composer.json
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+++ b/sentry-php/1999/composer.json
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+{
+    "require": {
+        "sentry/sentry": "^4.0"
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sentry-php/1999/reproduce.php b/sentry-php/1999/reproduce.php
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+++ b/sentry-php/1999/reproduce.php
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+<?php
+
+require_once __DIR__ . '/vendor/autoload.php';
+
+use Sentry\SentrySdk;
+use Sentry\Tracing\TransactionContext;
+
+// Initialize Sentry with a low sample rate to demonstrate the bug
+\Sentry\init([
+    'dsn' => getenv('SENTRY_DSN') ?: null,
+    'traces_sample_rate' => 0.0, // Local config: 0% sampling - should NEVER sample
+]);
+
+// Simulate incoming request with baggage header but NO sentry-trace header
+// This represents a scenario where:
+// - An upstream service sent baggage with sample_rate=1.0 (100% sampling)
+// - But the sentry-trace header is missing (e.g., stripped by a proxy)
+$_SERVER['HTTP_BAGGAGE'] = 'sentry-sample_rate=1.0,sentry-sampled=true,sentry-trace_id=12345678901234567890123456789012,sentry-public_key=abc123';
+
+// Note: HTTP_SENTRY_TRACE is intentionally NOT set
+
+$hub = SentrySdk::getCurrentHub();
+$client = $hub->getClient();
+
+// Create a transaction context from the incoming headers
+// Since there's no sentry-trace header, this should be treated as a new trace head
+$context = TransactionContext::fromHeaders(
+    $_SERVER['HTTP_SENTRY_TRACE'] ?? '',
+    $_SERVER['HTTP_BAGGAGE'] ?? ''
+);
+
+$context->setName('test-transaction');
+$context->setOp('http.server');
+
+$transaction = $hub->startTransaction($context);
+
+echo "=== Reproduction for sentry-php#1999 ===\n\n";
+echo "Configuration:\n";
+echo "  traces_sample_rate: 0.0 (0% - should never sample)\n\n";
+
+echo "Incoming Headers:\n";
+echo "  sentry-trace: (not present)\n";
+echo "  baggage: sentry-sample_rate=1.0,sentry-sampled=true,...\n\n";
+
+echo "Result:\n";
+echo "  Transaction sampled: " . ($transaction->getSampled() ? 'YES' : 'NO') . "\n\n";
+
+if ($transaction->getSampled()) {
+    echo "BUG CONFIRMED: Transaction was sampled despite traces_sample_rate=0.0\n";
+    echo "The SDK incorrectly used the baggage sample_rate (1.0) instead of the local config.\n";
+} else {
+    echo "Expected behavior: Transaction was not sampled (respecting local config).\n";
+}
+
+$transaction->finish();