diff --git a/change-notes/1.23/analysis-cpp.md b/change-notes/1.23/analysis-cpp.md
index ce317236f93d..61e823eb7f3f 100644
--- a/change-notes/1.23/analysis-cpp.md
+++ b/change-notes/1.23/analysis-cpp.md
@@ -35,3 +35,7 @@ The following changes in version 1.23 affect C/C++ analysis in all applications.
 * There is now a `DataFlow::localExprFlow` predicate and a
   `TaintTracking::localExprTaint` predicate to make it easy to use the most
   common case of local data flow and taint: from one `Expr` to another.
+* The member predicates of the `FunctionInput` and `FunctionOutput` classes have been renamed for
+  clarity (e.g. `isOutReturnPointer()` to `isReturnValueDeref()`). The existing member predicates
+  have been deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Code that uses the old member
+  predicates should be updated to use the corresponding new member predicate.
diff --git a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/dataflow/internal/DataFlowUtil.qll b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/dataflow/internal/DataFlowUtil.qll
index abbb5190d463..65e5c0248916 100644
--- a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/dataflow/internal/DataFlowUtil.qll
+++ b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/dataflow/internal/DataFlowUtil.qll
@@ -574,8 +574,8 @@ private predicate exprToExprStep_nocfg(Expr fromExpr, Expr toExpr) {
       exists(DataFlowFunction f, FunctionInput inModel, FunctionOutput outModel, int iIn |
         call.getTarget() = f and
         f.hasDataFlow(inModel, outModel) and
-        outModel.isOutReturnValue() and
-        inModel.isInParameter(iIn) and
+        outModel.isReturnValue() and
+        inModel.isParameter(iIn) and
         fromExpr = call.getArgument(iIn)
       )
     )
@@ -585,12 +585,12 @@ private predicate exprToDefinitionByReferenceStep(Expr exprIn, Expr argOut) {
   exists(DataFlowFunction f, Call call, FunctionOutput outModel, int argOutIndex |
     call.getTarget() = f and
     argOut = call.getArgument(argOutIndex) and
-    outModel.isOutParameterPointer(argOutIndex) and
+    outModel.isParameterDeref(argOutIndex) and
     exists(int argInIndex, FunctionInput inModel | f.hasDataFlow(inModel, outModel) |
-      inModel.isInParameterPointer(argInIndex) and
+      inModel.isParameterDeref(argInIndex) and
       call.passesByReference(argInIndex, exprIn)
       or
-      inModel.isInParameter(argInIndex) and
+      inModel.isParameter(argInIndex) and
       exprIn = call.getArgument(argInIndex)
     )
   )
diff --git a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/dataflow/internal/TaintTrackingUtil.qll b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/dataflow/internal/TaintTrackingUtil.qll
index 2343bc7a5c30..a97d02fe15dd 100644
--- a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/dataflow/internal/TaintTrackingUtil.qll
+++ b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/dataflow/internal/TaintTrackingUtil.qll
@@ -122,11 +122,11 @@ private predicate exprToDefinitionByReferenceStep(Expr exprIn, Expr argOut) {
   exists(DataFlowFunction f, Call call, FunctionOutput outModel, int argOutIndex |
     call.getTarget() = f and
     argOut = call.getArgument(argOutIndex) and
-    outModel.isOutParameterPointer(argOutIndex) and
+    outModel.isParameterDeref(argOutIndex) and
     exists(int argInIndex, FunctionInput inModel | f.hasDataFlow(inModel, outModel) |
       // Taint flows from a pointer to a dereference, which DataFlow does not handle
       // memcpy(&dest_var, tainted_ptr, len)
-      inModel.isInParameterPointer(argInIndex) and
+      inModel.isParameterDeref(argInIndex) and
       exprIn = call.getArgument(argInIndex)
     )
   )
@@ -134,15 +134,15 @@ private predicate exprToDefinitionByReferenceStep(Expr exprIn, Expr argOut) {
   exists(TaintFunction f, Call call, FunctionOutput outModel, int argOutIndex |
     call.getTarget() = f and
     argOut = call.getArgument(argOutIndex) and
-    outModel.isOutParameterPointer(argOutIndex) and
+    outModel.isParameterDeref(argOutIndex) and
     exists(int argInIndex, FunctionInput inModel | f.hasTaintFlow(inModel, outModel) |
-      inModel.isInParameterPointer(argInIndex) and
+      inModel.isParameterDeref(argInIndex) and
       exprIn = call.getArgument(argInIndex)
       or
-      inModel.isInParameterPointer(argInIndex) and
+      inModel.isParameterDeref(argInIndex) and
       call.passesByReference(argInIndex, exprIn)
       or
-      inModel.isInParameter(argInIndex) and
+      inModel.isParameter(argInIndex) and
       exprIn = call.getArgument(argInIndex)
     )
   )
diff --git a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/IdentityFunction.qll b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/IdentityFunction.qll
index 8e36b5c72108..470041585c84 100644
--- a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/IdentityFunction.qll
+++ b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/IdentityFunction.qll
@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@ class IdentityFunction extends DataFlowFunction, SideEffectFunction, AliasFuncti
 
   override predicate hasDataFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
     // These functions simply return the argument value.
-    input.isInParameter(0) and output.isOutReturnValue()
+    input.isParameter(0) and output.isReturnValue()
   }
 }
diff --git a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Inet.qll b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Inet.qll
index a62ed77ebf2c..f9b35b8907bd 100644
--- a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Inet.qll
+++ b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Inet.qll
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ class InetNtoa extends TaintFunction {
   InetNtoa() { hasGlobalName("inet_ntoa") }
 
   override predicate hasTaintFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
-    input.isInParameter(0) and
-    output.isOutReturnPointer()
+    input.isParameter(0) and
+    output.isReturnValueDeref()
   }
 }
 
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ class InetAton extends TaintFunction, ArrayFunction {
   InetAton() { hasGlobalName("inet_aton") }
 
   override predicate hasTaintFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
-    input.isInParameterPointer(0) and
-    output.isOutParameterPointer(1)
+    input.isParameterDeref(0) and
+    output.isParameterDeref(1)
   }
 
   override predicate hasArrayInput(int bufParam) { bufParam = 0 }
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ class InetAddr extends TaintFunction, ArrayFunction {
   InetAddr() { hasGlobalName("inet_addr") }
 
   override predicate hasTaintFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
-    input.isInParameterPointer(0) and
-    output.isOutReturnValue()
+    input.isParameterDeref(0) and
+    output.isReturnValue()
   }
 
   override predicate hasArrayInput(int bufParam) { bufParam = 0 }
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ class InetNetwork extends TaintFunction, ArrayFunction {
   InetNetwork() { hasGlobalName("inet_network") }
 
   override predicate hasTaintFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
-    input.isInParameterPointer(1) and
-    output.isOutReturnValue()
+    input.isParameterDeref(1) and
+    output.isReturnValue()
   }
 
   override predicate hasArrayInput(int bufParam) { bufParam = 0 }
@@ -61,10 +61,10 @@ class InetMakeaddr extends TaintFunction {
 
   override predicate hasTaintFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
     (
-      input.isInParameter(0) or
-      input.isInParameter(1)
+      input.isParameter(0) or
+      input.isParameter(1)
     ) and
-    output.isOutReturnValue()
+    output.isReturnValue()
   }
 }
 
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ class InetLnaof extends TaintFunction {
   InetLnaof() { hasGlobalName("inet_lnaof") }
 
   override predicate hasTaintFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
-    input.isInParameter(0) and
-    output.isOutReturnValue()
+    input.isParameter(0) and
+    output.isReturnValue()
   }
 }
 
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ class InetNetof extends TaintFunction {
   InetNetof() { hasGlobalName("inet_netof") }
 
   override predicate hasTaintFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
-    input.isInParameter(0) and
-    output.isOutReturnValue()
+    input.isParameter(0) and
+    output.isReturnValue()
   }
 }
 
@@ -91,10 +91,10 @@ class InetPton extends TaintFunction, ArrayFunction {
 
   override predicate hasTaintFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
     (
-      input.isInParameter(0) or
-      input.isInParameterPointer(1)
+      input.isParameter(0) or
+      input.isParameterDeref(1)
     ) and
-    output.isOutParameterPointer(2)
+    output.isParameterDeref(2)
   }
 
   override predicate hasArrayInput(int bufParam) { bufParam = 1 }
@@ -110,8 +110,8 @@ class Gethostbyname extends TaintFunction, ArrayFunction {
   Gethostbyname() { hasGlobalName("gethostbyname") }
 
   override predicate hasTaintFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
-    input.isInParameterPointer(0) and
-    output.isOutReturnPointer()
+    input.isParameterDeref(0) and
+    output.isReturnValueDeref()
   }
 
   override predicate hasArrayInput(int bufParam) { bufParam = 0 }
@@ -124,11 +124,11 @@ class Gethostbyaddr extends TaintFunction, ArrayFunction {
 
   override predicate hasTaintFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
     (
-      input.isInParameterPointer(0) or
-      input.isInParameter(1) or
-      input.isInParameter(2)
+      input.isParameterDeref(0) or
+      input.isParameter(1) or
+      input.isParameter(2)
     ) and
-    output.isOutReturnPointer()
+    output.isReturnValueDeref()
   }
 
   override predicate hasArrayInput(int bufParam) { bufParam = 0 }
diff --git a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Memcpy.qll b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Memcpy.qll
index 19fe6225cda2..8fb0a61ea95c 100644
--- a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Memcpy.qll
+++ b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Memcpy.qll
@@ -19,22 +19,22 @@ class MemcpyFunction extends ArrayFunction, DataFlowFunction, TaintFunction {
   override predicate hasArrayOutput(int bufParam) { bufParam = 0 }
 
   override predicate hasDataFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
-    input.isInParameterPointer(1) and
-    output.isOutParameterPointer(0)
+    input.isParameterDeref(1) and
+    output.isParameterDeref(0)
     or
-    input.isInParameterPointer(1) and
-    output.isOutReturnPointer()
+    input.isParameterDeref(1) and
+    output.isReturnValueDeref()
     or
-    input.isInParameter(0) and
-    output.isOutReturnValue()
+    input.isParameter(0) and
+    output.isReturnValue()
   }
 
   override predicate hasTaintFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
-    input.isInParameter(2) and
-    output.isOutParameterPointer(0)
+    input.isParameter(2) and
+    output.isParameterDeref(0)
     or
-    input.isInParameter(2) and
-    output.isOutReturnPointer()
+    input.isParameter(2) and
+    output.isReturnValueDeref()
   }
 
   override predicate hasArrayWithVariableSize(int bufParam, int countParam) {
diff --git a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Pure.qll b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Pure.qll
index c723e55718bf..5a7bda6012f5 100644
--- a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Pure.qll
+++ b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Pure.qll
@@ -41,17 +41,17 @@ class PureStrFunction extends AliasFunction, ArrayFunction, TaintFunction, SideE
 
   override predicate hasTaintFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
     exists(ParameterIndex i |
-      input.isInParameter(i) and
+      input.isParameter(i) and
       exists(getParameter(i))
       or
-      input.isInParameterPointer(i) and
+      input.isParameterDeref(i) and
       getParameter(i).getUnspecifiedType() instanceof PointerType
     ) and
     (
-      output.isOutReturnPointer() and
+      output.isReturnValueDeref() and
       getUnspecifiedType() instanceof PointerType
       or
-      output.isOutReturnValue()
+      output.isReturnValue()
     )
   }
 
@@ -85,10 +85,10 @@ class PureFunction extends TaintFunction, SideEffectFunction {
 
   override predicate hasTaintFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
     exists(ParameterIndex i |
-      input.isInParameter(i) and
+      input.isParameter(i) and
       exists(getParameter(i))
     ) and
-    output.isOutReturnValue()
+    output.isReturnValue()
   }
 
   override predicate neverReadsMemory() { any() }
diff --git a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Strcat.qll b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Strcat.qll
index 36d61086631d..d56ebf10bbca 100644
--- a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Strcat.qll
+++ b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Strcat.qll
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ class StrcatFunction extends TaintFunction, DataFlowFunction, ArrayFunction {
   }
 
   override predicate hasDataFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
-    input.isInParameter(0) and
-    output.isOutReturnValue()
+    input.isParameter(0) and
+    output.isReturnValue()
   }
 
   override predicate hasTaintFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
@@ -31,19 +31,19 @@ class StrcatFunction extends TaintFunction, DataFlowFunction, ArrayFunction {
         name = "_mbsncat" or
         name = "_mbsncat_l"
       ) and
-      input.isInParameter(2) and
-      output.isOutParameterPointer(0)
+      input.isParameter(2) and
+      output.isParameterDeref(0)
       or
       name = "_mbsncat_l" and
-      input.isInParameter(3) and
-      output.isOutParameterPointer(0)
+      input.isParameter(3) and
+      output.isParameterDeref(0)
     )
     or
-    input.isInParameterPointer(0) and
-    output.isOutParameterPointer(0)
+    input.isParameterDeref(0) and
+    output.isParameterDeref(0)
     or
-    input.isInParameter(1) and
-    output.isOutParameterPointer(0)
+    input.isParameter(1) and
+    output.isParameterDeref(0)
   }
 
   override predicate hasArrayInput(int param) {
diff --git a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Strcpy.qll b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Strcpy.qll
index 4ba9151e69bc..d309d32df542 100644
--- a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Strcpy.qll
+++ b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Strcpy.qll
@@ -55,15 +55,15 @@ class StrcpyFunction extends ArrayFunction, DataFlowFunction, TaintFunction {
       this.hasName("wcscpy")
     ) and
     (
-      input.isInParameterPointer(1) and
-      output.isOutParameterPointer(0)
+      input.isParameterDeref(1) and
+      output.isParameterDeref(0)
       or
-      input.isInParameterPointer(1) and
-      output.isOutReturnPointer()
+      input.isParameterDeref(1) and
+      output.isReturnValueDeref()
     )
     or
-    input.isInParameter(0) and
-    output.isOutReturnValue()
+    input.isParameter(0) and
+    output.isReturnValue()
   }
 
   override predicate hasTaintFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
@@ -78,12 +78,12 @@ class StrcpyFunction extends ArrayFunction, DataFlowFunction, TaintFunction {
       this.hasName("_wcsncpy_l")
     ) and
     (
-      input.isInParameter(2) or
-      input.isInParameterPointer(1)
+      input.isParameter(2) or
+      input.isParameterDeref(1)
     ) and
     (
-      output.isOutParameterPointer(0) or
-      output.isOutReturnPointer()
+      output.isParameterDeref(0) or
+      output.isReturnValueDeref()
     )
   }
 }
diff --git a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Strftime.qll b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Strftime.qll
index 3987f8ac66de..b4c7f69bde4f 100644
--- a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Strftime.qll
+++ b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Strftime.qll
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ class Strftime extends TaintFunction, ArrayFunction {
 
   override predicate hasTaintFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
     (
-      input.isInParameter(1) or
-      input.isInParameterPointer(2) or
-      input.isInParameterPointer(3)
+      input.isParameter(1) or
+      input.isParameterDeref(2) or
+      input.isParameterDeref(3)
     ) and
     (
-      output.isOutParameterPointer(0) or
-      output.isOutReturnValue()
+      output.isParameterDeref(0) or
+      output.isReturnValue()
     )
   }
 
diff --git a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Swap.qll b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Swap.qll
index 1c1e54a64200..a7474501ad74 100644
--- a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Swap.qll
+++ b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/implementations/Swap.qll
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ class Swap extends DataFlowFunction {
   Swap() { this.hasQualifiedName("std", "swap") }
 
   override predicate hasDataFlow(FunctionInput input, FunctionOutput output) {
-    input.isInParameterPointer(0) and
-    output.isOutParameterPointer(1)
+    input.isParameterDeref(0) and
+    output.isParameterDeref(1)
     or
-    input.isInParameterPointer(1) and
-    output.isOutParameterPointer(0)
+    input.isParameterDeref(1) and
+    output.isParameterDeref(0)
   }
 }
diff --git a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/interfaces/FunctionInputsAndOutputs.qll b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/interfaces/FunctionInputsAndOutputs.qll
index 924051a6045a..f9b88f7a6bf1 100644
--- a/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/interfaces/FunctionInputsAndOutputs.qll
+++ b/cpp/ql/src/semmle/code/cpp/models/interfaces/FunctionInputsAndOutputs.qll
@@ -13,19 +13,106 @@ class ParameterIndex extends int {
   ParameterIndex() { exists(Parameter p | this = p.getIndex()) }
 }
 
-newtype TFunctionInput =
+private newtype TFunctionInput =
   TInParameter(ParameterIndex i) or
-  TInParameterPointer(ParameterIndex i) or
-  TInQualifier()
+  TInParameterDeref(ParameterIndex i) or
+  TInQualifierObject() or
+  TInQualifierAddress()
 
+/**
+ * An input to a function. This can be:
+ * - The value of one of the function's parameters
+ * - The value pointed to by one of function's pointer or reference parameters
+ * - The value of the function's `this` pointer
+ * - The value pointed to by the function's `this` pointer
+ */
 class FunctionInput extends TFunctionInput {
   abstract string toString();
 
-  predicate isInParameter(ParameterIndex index) { none() }
-
-  predicate isInParameterPointer(ParameterIndex index) { none() }
-
-  predicate isInQualifier() { none() }
+  /**
+   * Holds if this is the input value of the parameter with index `index`.
+   *
+   * Example:
+   * ```
+   * void func(int n, char* p, float& r);
+   * ```
+   * - `isParameter(0)` holds for the `FunctionInput` that represents the value of `n` (with type
+   *   `int`) on entry to the function.
+   * - `isParameter(1)` holds for the `FunctionInput` that represents the value of `p` (with type
+   *   `char*`) on entry to the function.
+   * - `isParameter(2)` holds for the `FunctionInput` that represents the "value" of the reference
+   *   `r` (with type `float&`) on entry to the function, _not_ the value of the referred-to
+   *   `float`.
+   */
+  predicate isParameter(ParameterIndex index) { none() }
+
+  /**
+   * Holds if this is the input value of the parameter with index `index`.
+   * DEPRECATED: Use `isParameter(index)` instead.
+   */
+  deprecated final predicate isInParameter(ParameterIndex index) { isParameter(index) }
+
+  /**
+   * Holds if this is the input value pointed to by a pointer parameter to a function, or the input
+   * value referred to by a reference parameter to a function, where the parameter has index
+   * `index`.
+   *
+   * Example:
+   * ```
+   * void func(int n, char* p, float& r);
+   * ```
+   * - `isParameterDeref(1)` holds for the `FunctionInput` that represents the value of `*p` (with
+   *   type `char`) on entry to the function.
+   * - `isParameterDeref(2)` holds for the `FunctionInput` that represents the value of `r` (with type
+   *   `float`) on entry to the function.
+   * - There is no `FunctionInput` for which `isParameterDeref(0)` holds, because `n` is neither a
+   *   pointer nor a reference.
+   */
+  predicate isParameterDeref(ParameterIndex index) { none() }
+
+  /**
+   * Holds if this is the input value pointed to by a pointer parameter to a function, or the input
+   * value referred to by a reference parameter to a function, where the parameter has index
+   * `index`.
+   * DEPRECATED: Use `isParameterDeref(index)` instead.
+   */
+  deprecated final predicate isInParameterPointer(ParameterIndex index) { isParameterDeref(index) }
+
+  /**
+   * Holds if this is the input value pointed to by the `this` pointer of an instance member
+   * function.
+   *
+   * Example:
+   * ```
+   * struct C {
+   *   void mfunc(int n, char* p, float& r) const;
+   * };
+   * ```
+   * - `isQualifierObject()` holds for the `FunctionInput` that represents the value of `*this`
+   *   (with type `C const`) on entry to the function.
+   */
+  predicate isQualifierObject() { none() }
+
+  /**
+   * Holds if this is the input value pointed to by the `this` pointer of an instance member
+   * function.
+   * DEPRECATED: Use `isQualifierObject()` instead.
+   */
+  deprecated final predicate isInQualifier() { isQualifierObject() }
+
+  /**
+   * Holds if this is the input value of the `this` pointer of an instance member function.
+   *
+   * Example:
+   * ```
+   * struct C {
+   *   void mfunc(int n, char* p, float& r) const;
+   * };
+   * ```
+   * - `isQualifierAddress()` holds for the `FunctionInput` that represents the value of `this`
+   *   (with type `C const *`) on entry to the function.
+   */
+  predicate isQualifierAddress() { none() }
 }
 
 class InParameter extends FunctionInput, TInParameter {
@@ -35,73 +122,182 @@ class InParameter extends FunctionInput, TInParameter {
 
   override string toString() { result = "InParameter " + index.toString() }
 
+  /** Gets the zero-based index of the parameter. */
   ParameterIndex getIndex() { result = index }
 
-  override predicate isInParameter(ParameterIndex i) { i = index }
+  override predicate isParameter(ParameterIndex i) { i = index }
 }
 
-class InParameterPointer extends FunctionInput, TInParameterPointer {
+class InParameterDeref extends FunctionInput, TInParameterDeref {
   ParameterIndex index;
 
-  InParameterPointer() { this = TInParameterPointer(index) }
+  InParameterDeref() { this = TInParameterDeref(index) }
 
-  override string toString() { result = "InParameterPointer " + index.toString() }
+  override string toString() { result = "InParameterDeref " + index.toString() }
 
+  /** Gets the zero-based index of the parameter. */
   ParameterIndex getIndex() { result = index }
 
-  override predicate isInParameterPointer(ParameterIndex i) { i = index }
+  override predicate isParameterDeref(ParameterIndex i) { i = index }
+}
+
+class InQualifierObject extends FunctionInput, TInQualifierObject {
+  override string toString() { result = "InQualifierObject" }
+
+  override predicate isQualifierObject() { any() }
 }
 
-class InQualifier extends FunctionInput, TInQualifier {
-  override string toString() { result = "InQualifier" }
+class InQualifierAddress extends FunctionInput, TInQualifierAddress {
+  override string toString() { result = "InQualifierAddress" }
 
-  override predicate isInQualifier() { any() }
+  override predicate isQualifierAddress() { any() }
 }
 
-newtype TFunctionOutput =
-  TOutParameterPointer(ParameterIndex i) or
-  TOutQualifier() or
+private newtype TFunctionOutput =
+  TOutParameterDeref(ParameterIndex i) or
+  TOutQualifierObject() or
   TOutReturnValue() or
-  TOutReturnPointer()
+  TOutReturnValueDeref()
 
+/**
+ * An output from a function. This can be:
+ * - The value pointed to by one of function's pointer or reference parameters
+ * - The value pointed to by the function's `this` pointer
+ * - The function's return value
+ * - The value pointed to by the function's return value, if the return value is a pointer or
+ *   reference
+ */
 class FunctionOutput extends TFunctionOutput {
   abstract string toString();
 
-  predicate isOutParameterPointer(ParameterIndex i) { none() }
-
-  predicate isOutQualifier() { none() }
-
-  predicate isOutReturnValue() { none() }
-
-  predicate isOutReturnPointer() { none() }
+  /**
+   * Holds if this is the output value pointed to by a pointer parameter to a function, or the
+   * output value referred to by a reference parameter to a function, where the parameter has
+   * index `index`.
+   *
+   * Example:
+   * ```
+   * void func(int n, char* p, float& r);
+   * ```
+   * - `isParameterDeref(1)` holds for the `FunctionOutput` that represents the value of `*p` (with
+   *   type `char`) on return from the function.
+   * - `isParameterDeref(2)` holds for the `FunctionOutput` that represents the value of `r` (with
+   *   type `float`) on return from the function.
+   * - There is no `FunctionOutput` for which `isParameterDeref(0)` holds, because `n` is neither a
+   *   pointer nor a reference.
+   */
+  predicate isParameterDeref(ParameterIndex i) { none() }
+
+  /**
+   * Holds if this is the output value pointed to by a pointer parameter to a function, or the
+   * output value referred to by a reference parameter to a function, where the parameter has
+   * index `index`.
+   * DEPRECATED: Use `isParameterDeref(index)` instead.
+   */
+  deprecated final predicate isOutParameterPointer(ParameterIndex index) { isParameterDeref(index) }
+
+  /**
+   * Holds if this is the output value pointed to by the `this` pointer of an instance member
+   *   function.
+   *
+   * Example:
+   * ```
+   * struct C {
+   *   void mfunc(int n, char* p, float& r);
+   * };
+   * ```
+   * - `isQualifierObject()` holds for the `FunctionOutput` that represents the value of `*this`
+   *   (with type `C`) on return from the function.
+   */
+  predicate isQualifierObject() { none() }
+
+  /**
+   * Holds if this is the output value pointed to by the `this` pointer of an instance member
+   * function.
+   * DEPRECATED: Use `isQualifierObject()` instead.
+   */
+  deprecated final predicate isOutQualifier() { isQualifierObject() }
+
+  /**
+   * Holds if this is the value returned by a function.
+   *
+   * Example:
+   * ```
+   * int getInt();
+   * char* getPointer();
+   * float& getReference();
+   * ```
+   * - `isReturnValue()` holds for the `FunctionOutput` that represents the value returned by
+   *   `getInt()` (with type `int`).
+   * - `isReturnValue()` holds for the `FunctionOutput` that represents the value returned by
+   *   `getPointer()` (with type `char*`).
+   * - `isReturnValue()` holds for the `FunctionOutput` that represents the "value" of the reference
+   *   returned by `getReference()` (with type `float&`), _not_ the value of the referred-to
+   *   `float`.
+   */
+  predicate isReturnValue() { none() }
+
+  /**
+   * Holds if this is the value returned by a function.
+   * DEPRECATED: Use `isReturnValue()` instead.
+   */
+  deprecated final predicate isOutReturnValue() { isReturnValue() }
+
+  /**
+   * Holds if this is the output value pointed to by the return value of a function, if the function
+   * returns a pointer, or the output value referred to by the return value of a function, if the
+   * function returns a reference.
+   *
+   * Example:
+   * ```
+   * char* getPointer();
+   * float& getReference();
+   * int getInt();
+   * ```
+   * - `isReturnValueDeref()` holds for the `FunctionOutput` that represents the value of
+   *   `*getPointer()` (with type `char`).
+   * - `isReturnValueDeref()` holds for the `FunctionOutput` that represents the value of
+   *   `getReference()` (with type `float`).
+   * - There is no `FunctionOutput` of `getInt()` for which `isReturnValueDeref()` holds because the
+   *   return type of `getInt()` is neither a pointer nor a reference.
+   */
+  predicate isReturnValueDeref() { none() }
+
+  /**
+   * Holds if this is the output value pointed to by the return value of a function, if the function
+   * returns a pointer, or the output value referred to by the return value of a function, if the
+   * function returns a reference.
+   * DEPRECATED: Use `isReturnValueDeref()` instead.
+   */
+  deprecated final predicate isOutReturnPointer() { isReturnValueDeref() }
 }
 
-class OutParameterPointer extends FunctionOutput, TOutParameterPointer {
+class OutParameterDeref extends FunctionOutput, TOutParameterDeref {
   ParameterIndex index;
 
-  OutParameterPointer() { this = TOutParameterPointer(index) }
+  OutParameterDeref() { this = TOutParameterDeref(index) }
 
-  override string toString() { result = "OutParameterPointer " + index.toString() }
+  override string toString() { result = "OutParameterDeref " + index.toString() }
 
   ParameterIndex getIndex() { result = index }
 
-  override predicate isOutParameterPointer(ParameterIndex i) { i = index }
+  override predicate isParameterDeref(ParameterIndex i) { i = index }
 }
 
-class OutQualifier extends FunctionOutput, TOutQualifier {
-  override string toString() { result = "OutQualifier" }
+class OutQualifierObject extends FunctionOutput, TOutQualifierObject {
+  override string toString() { result = "OutQualifierObject" }
 
-  override predicate isOutQualifier() { any() }
+  override predicate isQualifierObject() { any() }
 }
 
 class OutReturnValue extends FunctionOutput, TOutReturnValue {
   override string toString() { result = "OutReturnValue" }
 
-  override predicate isOutReturnValue() { any() }
+  override predicate isReturnValue() { any() }
 }
 
-class OutReturnPointer extends FunctionOutput, TOutReturnPointer {
-  override string toString() { result = "OutReturnPointer" }
+class OutReturnValueDeref extends FunctionOutput, TOutReturnValueDeref {
+  override string toString() { result = "OutReturnValueDeref" }
 
-  override predicate isOutReturnPointer() { any() }
+  override predicate isReturnValueDeref() { any() }
 }