diff --git a/guards/github-guard/rust-guard/src/labels/helpers.rs b/guards/github-guard/rust-guard/src/labels/helpers.rs
index 7a924a60..45fcf892 100644
--- a/guards/github-guard/rust-guard/src/labels/helpers.rs
+++ b/guards/github-guard/rust-guard/src/labels/helpers.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,21 @@ use serde_json::Value;
 
 use super::constants::{field_names, label_constants};
 
+/// Extract a resource number from a JSON item, returning the number as a string.
+/// Returns "unknown" (with a log warning) if the number field is missing or invalid.
+pub(crate) fn extract_resource_number(item: &Value, resource_type: &str, repo: &str) -> String {
+    match item.get("number").and_then(|v| v.as_u64()) {
+        Some(n) => n.to_string(),
+        None => {
+            crate::log_warn(&format!(
+                "{}:{} — missing or invalid 'number' field, using 'unknown'",
+                resource_type, repo
+            ));
+            "unknown".to_string()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum ScopeKind {
     All,
diff --git a/guards/github-guard/rust-guard/src/labels/response_items.rs b/guards/github-guard/rust-guard/src/labels/response_items.rs
index 6676bef2..24cea931 100644
--- a/guards/github-guard/rust-guard/src/labels/response_items.rs
+++ b/guards/github-guard/rust-guard/src/labels/response_items.rs
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ pub fn label_response_items(
                 };
 
                 for item in items_to_process.iter() {
-                    let number = item.get("number").and_then(|v| v.as_i64()).unwrap_or(0);
+                    let number = extract_resource_number(item, "pr", &arg_repo_full);
 
                     // Get repo info from the PR's base or head
                     let repo_full_name = item
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ pub fn label_response_items(
 
                 let repo_private = repo_visibility_private_for_repo_id(&repo_full_name)
                     .unwrap_or(default_repo_private);
-                let number = item.get("number").and_then(|v| v.as_i64()).unwrap_or(0);
+                let number = extract_resource_number(item, "issue", &repo_full_name);
                 let integrity = issue_integrity(
                     item,
                     &repo_full_name,
diff --git a/guards/github-guard/rust-guard/src/labels/response_paths.rs b/guards/github-guard/rust-guard/src/labels/response_paths.rs
index ed927b32..b65b7df2 100644
--- a/guards/github-guard/rust-guard/src/labels/response_paths.rs
+++ b/guards/github-guard/rust-guard/src/labels/response_paths.rs
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ pub fn label_response_paths(
                     let item_repo_private = repo_visibility_private_for_repo_id(repo_for_labels)
                         .unwrap_or(default_repo_private);
 
-                    let pr_number = item.get("number").and_then(|v| v.as_u64()).unwrap_or(0);
+                    let pr_number = extract_resource_number(item, "pr", repo_for_labels);
                     let integrity =
                         pr_integrity(item, repo_for_labels, item_repo_private, is_forked, ctx);
                     let path = make_item_path(items_path, i);
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ pub fn label_response_paths(
                     let item_repo_private = repo_visibility_private_for_repo_id(repo_for_labels)
                         .unwrap_or(default_repo_private);
 
-                    let issue_number = item.get("number").and_then(|v| v.as_u64()).unwrap_or(0);
+                    let issue_number = extract_resource_number(item, "issue", repo_for_labels);
                     let integrity = issue_integrity(
                         item,
                         repo_for_labels,
diff --git a/internal/difc/evaluator.go b/internal/difc/evaluator.go
index 4fbd5329..e7ba75d6 100644
--- a/internal/difc/evaluator.go
+++ b/internal/difc/evaluator.go
@@ -155,6 +155,70 @@ func (e *Evaluator) GetMode() EnforcementMode {
 	return e.mode
 }
 
+// formatIntegrityLevel converts a list of integrity tags into a human-readable
+// integrity level description (e.g., "approved" instead of "[unapproved:all approved:all]").
+func formatIntegrityLevel(tags []Tag) string {
+	if len(tags) == 0 {
+		return "none"
+	}
+	// Find the highest integrity level mentioned in the tags
+	highest := ""
+	for _, tag := range tags {
+		s := string(tag)
+		// Strip scope suffix (e.g., "approved:all" → "approved")
+		if idx := strings.Index(s, ":"); idx > 0 {
+			s = s[:idx]
+		}
+		switch s {
+		case "merged":
+			return "\"merged\""
+		case "approved":
+			highest = "\"approved\""
+		case "unapproved":
+			if highest == "" {
+				highest = "\"unapproved\""
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if highest != "" {
+		return highest
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v", tags)
+}
+
+// formatSecrecyLevel converts a list of secrecy tags into a human-readable
+// secrecy scope description (e.g., "private (org/repo)" instead of "[private:org/repo]").
+func formatSecrecyLevel(tags []Tag) string {
+	if len(tags) == 0 {
+		return "public"
+	}
+
+	bestScope := ""
+	hasPrivate := false
+
+	for _, tag := range tags {
+		s := string(tag)
+		if strings.HasPrefix(s, "private:") {
+			scope := strings.TrimPrefix(s, "private:")
+			if scope != "" && len(scope) > len(bestScope) {
+				bestScope = scope
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		if s == "private" {
+			hasPrivate = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	if bestScope != "" {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("private (%s)", bestScope)
+	}
+	if hasPrivate {
+		return "private"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v", tags)
+}
+
 // newEmptyEvaluationResult creates a new EvaluationResult with default initialization.
 // This helper centralizes the common pattern of creating an empty result with AccessAllow decision
 // and empty tag slices, reducing duplication across evaluation functions.
@@ -249,8 +313,8 @@ func (e *Evaluator) evaluateRead(
 		result.Decision = AccessDeny
 		result.IntegrityToDrop = integrityMissingTags
 		result.Reason = fmt.Sprintf("Resource '%s' has lower integrity than agent requires. "+
-			"Agent would need to drop integrity tags %v to trust this resource.",
-			resource.Description, integrityMissingTags)
+			"The agent cannot read data with integrity below %s.",
+			resource.Description, formatIntegrityLevel(integrityMissingTags))
 		return result
 	}
 
@@ -259,8 +323,8 @@ func (e *Evaluator) evaluateRead(
 		result.Decision = AccessDeny
 		result.SecrecyToAdd = secrecyExtraTags
 		result.Reason = fmt.Sprintf("Resource '%s' has secrecy requirements that agent doesn't meet. "+
-			"Agent would need to add secrecy tags %v to read this resource.",
-			resource.Description, secrecyExtraTags)
+			"The agent is not authorized to access %s-scoped data.",
+			resource.Description, formatSecrecyLevel(secrecyExtraTags))
 		return result
 	}
 
@@ -287,8 +351,8 @@ func (e *Evaluator) evaluateWrite(
 		result.Decision = AccessDeny
 		result.IntegrityToDrop = missingTags
 		result.Reason = fmt.Sprintf("Agent lacks required integrity to write to '%s'. "+
-			"Resource requires integrity tags %v that agent doesn't have.",
-			resource.Description, missingTags)
+			"The agent's integrity level is insufficient; it needs %s integrity.",
+			resource.Description, formatIntegrityLevel(missingTags))
 		return result
 	}
 
@@ -300,9 +364,9 @@ func (e *Evaluator) evaluateWrite(
 		logEvaluator.Printf("Write denied: secrecy check failed, extraTags=%v", extraTags)
 		result.Decision = AccessDeny
 		result.SecrecyToAdd = extraTags
-		result.Reason = fmt.Sprintf("Agent has secrecy tags %v that cannot flow to '%s'. "+
-			"Resource would need these secrecy requirements to accept the write.",
-			extraTags, resource.Description)
+		result.Reason = fmt.Sprintf("Agent carries %s-scoped data that cannot be written to '%s' due to secrecy constraints. "+
+			"The target resource is not authorized to receive this sensitive data.",
+			formatSecrecyLevel(extraTags), resource.Description)
 		return result
 	}
 
diff --git a/internal/difc/labels.go b/internal/difc/labels.go
index 2a11ffdd..8d5ac740 100644
--- a/internal/difc/labels.go
+++ b/internal/difc/labels.go
@@ -373,21 +373,18 @@ func (e *ViolationError) Error() string {
 	if e.Type == SecrecyViolation {
 		msg = fmt.Sprintf("Secrecy violation for resource '%s': ", e.Resource)
 		if len(e.ExtraTags) > 0 {
-			msg += fmt.Sprintf("agent has secrecy tags %v that cannot flow to resource. ", e.ExtraTags)
-			msg += "Remediation: remove these tags from agent's secrecy label or add them to the resource's secrecy requirements."
+			msg += fmt.Sprintf("the agent is not authorized to access data with secrecy level %s.", formatSecrecyLevel(e.ExtraTags))
 		}
 	} else {
 		if e.IsWrite {
 			msg = fmt.Sprintf("Integrity violation for write to resource '%s': ", e.Resource)
 			if len(e.MissingTags) > 0 {
-				msg += fmt.Sprintf("agent is missing required integrity tags %v. ", e.MissingTags)
-				msg += fmt.Sprintf("Remediation: agent must gain integrity tags %v to write to this resource.", e.MissingTags)
+				msg += fmt.Sprintf("the agent's integrity level is insufficient; it needs %s integrity.", formatIntegrityLevel(e.MissingTags))
 			}
 		} else {
 			msg = fmt.Sprintf("Integrity violation for read from resource '%s': ", e.Resource)
 			if len(e.MissingTags) > 0 {
-				msg += fmt.Sprintf("resource is missing integrity tags %v that agent requires. ", e.MissingTags)
-				msg += fmt.Sprintf("Remediation: agent should drop integrity tags %v to trust this resource, or verify resource has higher integrity.", e.MissingTags)
+				msg += fmt.Sprintf("the agent cannot read data with integrity below %s.", formatIntegrityLevel(e.MissingTags))
 			}
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/internal/difc/labels_test.go b/internal/difc/labels_test.go
index f9fd2ed4..d3968d4b 100644
--- a/internal/difc/labels_test.go
+++ b/internal/difc/labels_test.go
@@ -507,9 +507,7 @@ func TestViolationError_Error(t *testing.T) {
 			wantContains: []string{
 				"Secrecy violation",
 				"classified-doc",
-				"[secret top-secret]",
-				"cannot flow to resource",
-				"Remediation:",
+				"not authorized to access",
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -523,8 +521,8 @@ func TestViolationError_Error(t *testing.T) {
 				"Secrecy violation",
 				"public-endpoint",
 			},
-			// No tag list or remediation when ExtraTags is empty
-			wantAbsent: []string{"cannot flow to resource"},
+			// No tag list when ExtraTags is empty
+			wantAbsent: []string{"not authorized"},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "integrity write violation with missing tags",
@@ -537,8 +535,7 @@ func TestViolationError_Error(t *testing.T) {
 			wantContains: []string{
 				"Integrity violation for write",
 				"prod-db",
-				"missing required integrity tags",
-				"Remediation:",
+				"integrity level is insufficient",
 				"production",
 				"verified",
 			},
@@ -555,7 +552,7 @@ func TestViolationError_Error(t *testing.T) {
 				"Integrity violation for write",
 				"prod-db",
 			},
-			wantAbsent: []string{"missing required integrity tags"},
+			wantAbsent: []string{"integrity level is insufficient"},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "integrity read violation with missing tags",
@@ -568,8 +565,7 @@ func TestViolationError_Error(t *testing.T) {
 			wantContains: []string{
 				"Integrity violation for read",
 				"trusted-source",
-				"missing integrity tags",
-				"Remediation:",
+				"cannot read data with integrity below",
 				"certified",
 			},
 		},
@@ -585,7 +581,7 @@ func TestViolationError_Error(t *testing.T) {
 				"Integrity violation for read",
 				"trusted-source",
 			},
-			wantAbsent: []string{"missing integrity tags"},
+			wantAbsent: []string{"cannot read data"},
 		},
 	}