diff --git a/actions/setup/js/create_pull_request.cjs b/actions/setup/js/create_pull_request.cjs
index 2acf9e735ce..48e828c81a3 100644
--- a/actions/setup/js/create_pull_request.cjs
+++ b/actions/setup/js/create_pull_request.cjs
@@ -273,6 +273,48 @@ function generatePatchPreview(patchContent) {
   return `\n\n<details><summary>${summary}</summary>\n\n\`\`\`diff\n${preview}${truncated ? "\n... (truncated)" : ""}\n\`\`\`\n\n</details>`;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Check whether the remote branch already exists and, if so, either fail loudly
+ * (when preserve-branch-name is enabled) or rename the local branch by appending
+ * a random hex suffix.
+ * @param {string} branchName - Current local branch name.
+ * @param {boolean} preserveBranchName - Whether preserve-branch-name is enabled.
+ * @returns {Promise<string>} The (possibly renamed) branch name to use going forward.
+ * @throws {Error} If the remote branch exists and preserve-branch-name is true.
+ */
+async function handleRemoteBranchCollision(branchName, preserveBranchName) {
+  let remoteBranchExists = false;
+  try {
+    const { stdout } = await exec.getExecOutput(`git ls-remote --heads origin ${branchName}`);
+    if (stdout.trim()) {
+      remoteBranchExists = true;
+    }
+  } catch (checkError) {
+    core.info(`Remote branch check failed (non-fatal): ${checkError instanceof Error ? checkError.message : String(checkError)}`);
+  }
+
+  if (!remoteBranchExists) {
+    return branchName;
+  }
+
+  if (preserveBranchName) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Remote branch "${branchName}" already exists and preserve-branch-name is enabled. ` +
+        `Refusing to silently rename the branch. Either delete the remote branch, choose a different ` +
+        `branch name, or disable preserve-branch-name to allow a random suffix to be appended.`
+    );
+  }
+
+  core.warning(`Remote branch ${branchName} already exists - appending random suffix`);
+  const extraHex = crypto.randomBytes(4).toString("hex");
+  const oldBranch = branchName;
+  const renamedBranch = `${branchName}-${extraHex}`;
+  // Rename local branch
+  await exec.exec(`git branch -m ${oldBranch} ${renamedBranch}`);
+  core.info(`Renamed branch to ${renamedBranch}`);
+  return renamedBranch;
+}
+
 /**
  * Main handler factory for create_pull_request
  * Returns a message handler function that processes individual create_pull_request messages
@@ -971,26 +1013,7 @@ async function main(config = {}) {
 
       // Push the commits from the bundle to the remote branch
       try {
-        // Check if remote branch already exists (optional precheck)
-        let remoteBranchExists = false;
-        try {
-          const { stdout } = await exec.getExecOutput(`git ls-remote --heads origin ${branchName}`);
-          if (stdout.trim()) {
-            remoteBranchExists = true;
-          }
-        } catch (checkError) {
-          core.info(`Remote branch check failed (non-fatal): ${checkError instanceof Error ? checkError.message : String(checkError)}`);
-        }
-
-        if (remoteBranchExists) {
-          core.warning(`Remote branch ${branchName} already exists - appending random suffix`);
-          const extraHex = crypto.randomBytes(4).toString("hex");
-          const oldBranch = branchName;
-          branchName = `${branchName}-${extraHex}`;
-          // Rename local branch
-          await exec.exec(`git branch -m ${oldBranch} ${branchName}`);
-          core.info(`Renamed branch to ${branchName}`);
-        }
+        branchName = await handleRemoteBranchCollision(branchName, preserveBranchName);
 
         await pushSignedCommits({
           githubClient,
@@ -1199,26 +1222,7 @@ gh pr create --title '${title}' --base ${baseBranch} --head ${branchName} --repo
 
         // Push the applied commits to the branch (with fallback to issue creation on failure)
         try {
-          // Check if remote branch already exists (optional precheck)
-          let remoteBranchExists = false;
-          try {
-            const { stdout } = await exec.getExecOutput(`git ls-remote --heads origin ${branchName}`);
-            if (stdout.trim()) {
-              remoteBranchExists = true;
-            }
-          } catch (checkError) {
-            core.info(`Remote branch check failed (non-fatal): ${checkError instanceof Error ? checkError.message : String(checkError)}`);
-          }
-
-          if (remoteBranchExists) {
-            core.warning(`Remote branch ${branchName} already exists - appending random suffix`);
-            const extraHex = crypto.randomBytes(4).toString("hex");
-            const oldBranch = branchName;
-            branchName = `${branchName}-${extraHex}`;
-            // Rename local branch
-            await exec.exec(`git branch -m ${oldBranch} ${branchName}`);
-            core.info(`Renamed branch to ${branchName}`);
-          }
+          branchName = await handleRemoteBranchCollision(branchName, preserveBranchName);
 
           await pushSignedCommits({
             githubClient,
@@ -1362,26 +1366,7 @@ ${patchPreview}`;
             await exec.exec(`git commit --allow-empty -m "Initialize"`);
             core.info("Created empty commit");
 
-            // Check if remote branch already exists (optional precheck)
-            let remoteBranchExists = false;
-            try {
-              const { stdout } = await exec.getExecOutput(`git ls-remote --heads origin ${branchName}`);
-              if (stdout.trim()) {
-                remoteBranchExists = true;
-              }
-            } catch (checkError) {
-              core.info(`Remote branch check failed (non-fatal): ${checkError instanceof Error ? checkError.message : String(checkError)}`);
-            }
-
-            if (remoteBranchExists) {
-              core.warning(`Remote branch ${branchName} already exists - appending random suffix`);
-              const extraHex = crypto.randomBytes(4).toString("hex");
-              const oldBranch = branchName;
-              branchName = `${branchName}-${extraHex}`;
-              // Rename local branch
-              await exec.exec(`git branch -m ${oldBranch} ${branchName}`);
-              core.info(`Renamed branch to ${branchName}`);
-            }
+            branchName = await handleRemoteBranchCollision(branchName, preserveBranchName);
 
             await pushSignedCommits({
               githubClient,
@@ -1408,6 +1393,7 @@ ${patchPreview}`;
             return {
               success: false,
               error,
+              error_type: "push_failed",
             };
           }
         } else {
diff --git a/actions/setup/js/create_pull_request.test.cjs b/actions/setup/js/create_pull_request.test.cjs
index 97868b46a57..ad1da7f9b81 100644
--- a/actions/setup/js/create_pull_request.test.cjs
+++ b/actions/setup/js/create_pull_request.test.cjs
@@ -1574,6 +1574,63 @@ describe("create_pull_request - patch apply fallback to original base commit", (
     expect(result.error).toBe("Failed to apply patch");
     expect(global.core.warning).toHaveBeenCalledWith("No base_commit recorded in safe output entry - fallback not possible");
   });
+
+  it("should fail loudly when preserve-branch-name is true and remote branch already exists", async () => {
+    // Simulate the remote branch existing (ls-remote returns content)
+    global.exec = {
+      exec: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(0),
+      getExecOutput: vi.fn().mockImplementation((cmd, args) => {
+        const cmdStr = typeof cmd === "string" ? cmd : `${cmd} ${(args || []).join(" ")}`;
+        if (cmdStr.includes("ls-remote --heads origin")) {
+          return Promise.resolve({ exitCode: 0, stdout: "abc123\trefs/heads/preserve-me\n", stderr: "" });
+        }
+        return Promise.resolve({ exitCode: 0, stdout: "", stderr: "" });
+      }),
+    };
+
+    const { main } = require("./create_pull_request.cjs");
+    const handler = await main({ preserve_branch_name: true, fallback_as_issue: false });
+
+    const result = await handler({ title: "Test PR", body: "Test body", patch_path: patchFilePath, branch: "preserve-me", base_commit: MOCK_BASE_COMMIT_SHA }, {});
+
+    expect(result.success).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.error_type).toBe("push_failed");
+    expect(result.error).toContain('Remote branch "preserve-me" already exists');
+    expect(result.error).toContain("preserve-branch-name is enabled");
+    // Critical: should NOT have warned about appending random suffix (silent bypass)
+    const warningCalls = global.core.warning.mock.calls.map(call => String(call[0]));
+    expect(warningCalls.some(msg => msg.includes("appending random suffix"))).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("should append random suffix when preserve-branch-name is false and remote branch already exists", async () => {
+    let renameCalled = false;
+    global.exec = {
+      exec: vi.fn().mockImplementation((cmd, args) => {
+        const cmdStr = typeof cmd === "string" ? cmd : `${cmd} ${(args || []).join(" ")}`;
+        if (cmdStr.includes("git branch -m")) {
+          renameCalled = true;
+        }
+        return Promise.resolve(0);
+      }),
+      getExecOutput: vi.fn().mockImplementation((cmd, args) => {
+        const cmdStr = typeof cmd === "string" ? cmd : `${cmd} ${(args || []).join(" ")}`;
+        if (cmdStr.includes("ls-remote --heads origin")) {
+          return Promise.resolve({ exitCode: 0, stdout: "abc123\trefs/heads/some-branch\n", stderr: "" });
+        }
+        return Promise.resolve({ exitCode: 0, stdout: "", stderr: "" });
+      }),
+    };
+
+    const { main } = require("./create_pull_request.cjs");
+    const handler = await main({});
+
+    const result = await handler({ title: "Test PR", body: "Test body", patch_path: patchFilePath, branch: "some-branch", base_commit: MOCK_BASE_COMMIT_SHA }, {});
+
+    expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+    expect(renameCalled).toBe(true);
+    const warningCalls = global.core.warning.mock.calls.map(call => String(call[0]));
+    expect(warningCalls.some(msg => msg.includes("appending random suffix"))).toBe(true);
+  });
 });
 
 describe("create_pull_request - copilot assignee on fallback issues", () => {
diff --git a/docs/src/content/docs/reference/safe-outputs-pull-requests.md b/docs/src/content/docs/reference/safe-outputs-pull-requests.md
index 4583974d3d7..af777a6be7c 100644
--- a/docs/src/content/docs/reference/safe-outputs-pull-requests.md
+++ b/docs/src/content/docs/reference/safe-outputs-pull-requests.md
@@ -83,6 +83,8 @@ The `excluded-files` field accepts a list of glob patterns. Each matching file i
 
 The `preserve-branch-name` field, when set to `true`, omits the random hex salt suffix that is normally appended to the agent-specified branch name. This is useful when the target repository enforces branch naming conventions such as Jira keys in uppercase (e.g., `bugfix/BR-329-red` instead of `bugfix/br-329-red-cde2a954`). Invalid characters are always replaced for security, and casing is always preserved regardless of this setting. Defaults to `false`.
 
+When `preserve-branch-name: true` and the agent-supplied branch name already exists on the remote, the workflow fails with an explicit error rather than silently appending a random suffix. To resolve, delete the existing remote branch, choose a different branch name, or disable `preserve-branch-name` to allow collision-avoidance via a random suffix.
+
 The `draft` field is a **configuration policy**, not a default. Whatever value is set in the workflow frontmatter is always used — the agent cannot override it at runtime.
 
 By default, when a workflow is triggered from an issue, the `create-pull-request` handler automatically appends `- Fixes #N` to the PR description if no closing keyword is already present. This causes GitHub to auto-close the triggering issue when the PR is merged. Set `auto-close-issue: false` to opt out of this behavior — useful for partial-work PRs, multi-PR workflows, or any case where the PR should reference but not close the issue.