diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 0ba39b2..12b6e1a 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@hyperbrowser/agent",
-  "version": "1.0.9",
+  "version": "1.0.10",
   "description": "Hyperbrowsers Web Agent",
   "author": "",
   "main": "dist/index.js",
diff --git a/src/agent/index.ts b/src/agent/index.ts
index ee8f821..7b12378 100644
--- a/src/agent/index.ts
+++ b/src/agent/index.ts
@@ -730,6 +730,9 @@ export class HyperAgent<T extends BrowserProviders = "Local"> {
         };
       } else if (step.actionType === "extract") {
         try {
+          if (!step.instruction) {
+            throw new Error("Missing objective/instruction for extract action");
+          }
           const extractResult = await hyperPage.extract(step.instruction);
           result = {
             taskId: cache.taskId,
@@ -783,7 +786,7 @@ export class HyperAgent<T extends BrowserProviders = "Local"> {
         const method = step.method;
         if (method && validHelperMethods.has(method)) {
           const options: PerformOptions = {
-            performInstruction: step.instruction,
+            performInstruction: step.instruction ?? null,
             maxSteps: maxXPathRetries,
           };
           if (step.frameIndex !== null && step.frameIndex !== undefined) {
@@ -797,8 +800,23 @@ export class HyperAgent<T extends BrowserProviders = "Local"> {
             valueArg,
             options
           );
-        } else {
+        } else if (step.instruction) {
           result = await hyperPage.perform(step.instruction);
+        } else {
+          result = {
+            taskId: cache.taskId,
+            status: TaskStatus.FAILED,
+            steps: [],
+            output: `Cannot replay action type "${step.actionType}" without instruction`,
+            replayStepMeta: {
+              usedCachedAction: false,
+              fallbackUsed: false,
+              retries: 0,
+              cachedXPath: null,
+              fallbackXPath: null,
+              fallbackElementId: null,
+            },
+          };
         }
       }
 
diff --git a/src/agent/shared/action-cache.ts b/src/agent/shared/action-cache.ts
index 11b7b5b..41f1be5 100644
--- a/src/agent/shared/action-cache.ts
+++ b/src/agent/shared/action-cache.ts
@@ -23,12 +23,23 @@ const normalizeXPath = (raw?: string | null): string | null => {
   return raw.replace(TEXT_NODE_SUFFIX, "");
 };
 
-const extractInstruction = (action: ActionType): string => {
+const extractInstruction = (action: ActionType): string | undefined => {
   const params = action.params as Record<string, unknown>;
-  if (isString(params.instruction)) {
-    return params.instruction;
+  switch (action.type) {
+    case "extract":
+      if (isString(params.objective)) {
+        return params.objective;
+      }
+      throw new Error(`Missing objective for extract action`);
+    case "actElement":
+      if (isString(params.instruction)) {
+        return params.instruction;
+      }
+      throw new Error(`Missing instruction for actElement action`);
+    default:
+      // Actions like goToUrl, refreshPage, wait, analyzePdf do not require an instruction
+      return isString(params.instruction) ? params.instruction : undefined;
   }
-  return action.type;
 };
 
 const extractElementId = (action: ActionType): string | null => {
diff --git a/src/types/agent/types.ts b/src/types/agent/types.ts
index 638ead3..d846f65 100644
--- a/src/types/agent/types.ts
+++ b/src/types/agent/types.ts
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ export interface AgentStep {
 
 export interface ActionCacheEntry {
   stepIndex: number;
-  instruction: string;
+  instruction: string | undefined;
   elementId: string | null;
   method: string | null;
   arguments: string[];