diff --git a/python/python/ci_benchmarks/benchmarks/test_index_training.py b/python/python/ci_benchmarks/benchmarks/test_index_training.py
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/python/python/ci_benchmarks/benchmarks/test_index_training.py
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright The Lance Authors
+
+"""Benchmarks for BTree and Bitmap index training time."""
+
+import tempfile
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import lance
+import pyarrow as pa
+import pytest
+
+
+def _generate_data(num_rows: int, dtype: str, cardinality: str):
+    """Generate test data for index training benchmarks.
+
+    Args:
+        num_rows: Total number of rows to generate
+        dtype: "float" or "string"
+        cardinality: "high" (unique values) or "low" (100 unique values)
+    """
+    batch_size = 10_000
+    num_batches = num_rows // batch_size
+
+    if cardinality == "high":
+        # High cardinality: all unique values
+        if dtype == "float":
+            for batch_idx in range(num_batches):
+                start_idx = batch_idx * batch_size
+                values = pa.array(
+                    [float(start_idx + i) for i in range(batch_size)], type=pa.float64()
+                )
+                batch = pa.record_batch([values], names=["value"])
+                yield batch
+        else:  # string
+            for batch_idx in range(num_batches):
+                start_idx = batch_idx * batch_size
+                # Zero-padded strings for proper sorting
+                values = pa.array(
+                    [f"string_{start_idx + i:010d}" for i in range(batch_size)]
+                )
+                batch = pa.record_batch([values], names=["value"])
+                yield batch
+    else:
+        # Low cardinality: 100 unique values, each repeated multiple times
+        num_unique = 100
+        rows_per_value = num_rows // num_unique
+
+        if dtype == "float":
+            for value_idx in range(num_unique):
+                value = float(value_idx)
+                rows_generated = 0
+                while rows_generated < rows_per_value:
+                    current_batch_size = min(
+                        batch_size, rows_per_value - rows_generated
+                    )
+                    values = pa.array([value] * current_batch_size, type=pa.float64())
+                    batch = pa.record_batch([values], names=["value"])
+                    yield batch
+                    rows_generated += current_batch_size
+        else:  # string
+            for value_idx in range(num_unique):
+                value = f"value_{value_idx:03d}"
+                rows_generated = 0
+                while rows_generated < rows_per_value:
+                    current_batch_size = min(
+                        batch_size, rows_per_value - rows_generated
+                    )
+                    values = pa.array([value] * current_batch_size)
+                    batch = pa.record_batch([values], names=["value"])
+                    yield batch
+                    rows_generated += current_batch_size
+
+
+# Test parameters
+NUM_ROWS = [1_000_000, 5_000_000, 10_000_000]
+NUM_ROWS_LABELS = ["1M", "5M", "10M"]
+INDEX_TYPES = ["BTREE", "BITMAP"]
+DTYPES = ["float", "string"]
+CARDINALITIES = ["high", "low"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("num_rows", NUM_ROWS, ids=NUM_ROWS_LABELS)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("index_type", INDEX_TYPES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", DTYPES)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("cardinality", CARDINALITIES)
+def test_index_training(benchmark, num_rows, index_type, dtype, cardinality):
+    """Benchmark index training time for different configurations.
+
+    Tests both BTree and Bitmap indices with:
+    - Different row counts (1M, 5M, 10M)
+    - Different data types (float, string)
+    - Different cardinalities (high=unique, low=100 values)
+    """
+    # Set iterations based on dataset size
+    iterations = 3 if num_rows == 1_000_000 else 1
+
+    def bench():
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+            dataset_uri = str(Path(tmpdir) / "test_dataset.lance")
+
+            # Determine schema based on dtype
+            if dtype == "float":
+                schema = pa.schema([("value", pa.float64())])
+            else:
+                schema = pa.schema([("value", pa.string())])
+
+            # Create dataset with generated data
+            data = _generate_data(num_rows, dtype, cardinality)
+            ds = lance.write_dataset(
+                data,
+                dataset_uri,
+                schema=schema,
+                mode="create",
+            )
+
+            # Train the index (this is what we're benchmarking)
+            ds.create_scalar_index("value", index_type)
+
+    # Run benchmark with appropriate iterations
+    benchmark.pedantic(bench, rounds=1, iterations=iterations)