From c97e6bd2352e59bd2b63913395fc8d8744cf3553 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Oct 2021 19:38:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 01/23] Replace tmpdir with tmp_path

---
 mne/beamformer/tests/test_dics.py             |   4 +-
 mne/beamformer/tests/test_lcmv.py             |   4 +-
 mne/channels/tests/test_channels.py           |   4 +-
 mne/channels/tests/test_layout.py             |  16 +--
 mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py            |  42 +++---
 mne/commands/tests/test_commands.py           |  40 +++---
 mne/conftest.py                               |   6 +-
 .../sleep_physionet/tests/test_physionet.py   |  48 +++----
 mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py           |  44 +++---
 mne/export/tests/test_export.py               |  12 +-
 mne/forward/tests/test_forward.py             |  18 +--
 mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py        |  30 ++--
 mne/gui/tests/test_coreg_gui.py               |   4 +-
 mne/gui/tests/test_file_traits.py             |   8 +-
 mne/gui/tests/test_ieeg_locate_gui.py         |   8 +-
 mne/gui/tests/test_kit2fiff_gui.py            |   8 +-
 mne/gui/tests/test_marker_gui.py              |   4 +-
 mne/io/artemis123/tests/test_artemis123.py    |   4 +-
 mne/io/brainvision/tests/test_brainvision.py  |  46 +++---
 mne/io/ctf/tests/test_ctf.py                  |  10 +-
 mne/io/curry/tests/test_curry.py              |  16 +--
 mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py                  |  24 ++--
 mne/io/edf/tests/test_gdf.py                  |   4 +-
 mne/io/eeglab/tests/test_eeglab.py            |  36 ++---
 mne/io/egi/tests/test_egi.py                  |   8 +-
 mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py            | 136 +++++++++---------
 mne/io/hitachi/tests/test_hitachi.py          |   4 +-
 mne/io/kit/tests/test_coreg.py                |   4 +-
 mne/io/kit/tests/test_kit.py                  |   8 +-
 mne/io/nirx/tests/test_nirx.py                |  24 ++--
 mne/io/persyst/tests/test_persyst.py          |  16 +--
 mne/io/snirf/tests/test_snirf.py              |   6 +-
 mne/io/tests/test_compensator.py              |   8 +-
 mne/io/tests/test_constants.py                |  20 +--
 mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py                |  56 ++++----
 mne/io/tests/test_what.py                     |   4 +-
 mne/io/tests/test_write.py                    |   4 +-
 mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_inverse.py        |  22 +--
 mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_snr.py            |   4 +-
 .../ieeg/tests/test_projection.py             |   4 +-
 .../nirs/tests/test_beer_lambert_law.py       |   6 +-
 .../nirs/tests/test_scalp_coupling_index.py   |   2 +-
 ...temporal_derivative_distribution_repair.py |   2 +-
 mne/preprocessing/tests/test_fine_cal.py      |   4 +-
 mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py           |  34 ++---
 mne/preprocessing/tests/test_maxwell.py       |  16 +--
 mne/report/tests/test_report.py               |  80 +++++------
 mne/simulation/tests/test_raw.py              |   4 +-
 mne/stats/tests/test_cluster_level.py         |   4 +-
 mne/tests/test_annotations.py                 |  44 +++---
 mne/tests/test_bem.py                         |  30 ++--
 mne/tests/test_chpi.py                        |   8 +-
 mne/tests/test_coreg.py                       |   8 +-
 mne/tests/test_cov.py                         |  34 ++---
 mne/tests/test_dipole.py                      |  28 ++--
 mne/tests/test_epochs.py                      |  90 ++++++------
 mne/tests/test_event.py                       |  12 +-
 mne/tests/test_evoked.py                      |  38 ++---
 mne/tests/test_filter.py                      |   4 +-
 mne/tests/test_freesurfer.py                  |   4 +-
 mne/tests/test_label.py                       |  16 +--
 mne/tests/test_line_endings.py                |   4 +-
 mne/tests/test_morph.py                       |  20 +--
 mne/tests/test_morph_map.py                   |   4 +-
 mne/tests/test_proj.py                        |   8 +-
 mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py             |  50 +++----
 mne/tests/test_source_space.py                |  56 ++++----
 mne/tests/test_surface.py                     |   4 +-
 mne/tests/test_transforms.py                  |   8 +-
 mne/time_frequency/tests/test_csd.py          |   8 +-
 mne/time_frequency/tests/test_tfr.py          |   4 +-
 mne/utils/tests/test_check.py                 |   8 +-
 mne/utils/tests/test_config.py                |   4 +-
 mne/utils/tests/test_logging.py               |   8 +-
 mne/utils/tests/test_numerics.py              |   4 +-
 mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py               |   8 +-
 mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py            |  24 ++--
 mne/viz/backends/tests/test_renderer.py       |   4 +-
 mne/viz/tests/test_3d.py                      |  10 +-
 79 files changed, 738 insertions(+), 734 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mne/beamformer/tests/test_dics.py b/mne/beamformer/tests/test_dics.py
index 5cf8f4653b3..62509846ad7 100644
--- a/mne/beamformer/tests/test_dics.py
+++ b/mne/beamformer/tests/test_dics.py
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ def _make_rand_csd(info, csd):
     pytest.param(False, marks=pytest.mark.slowtest),
     True,
 ])
-def test_make_dics(tmpdir, _load_forward, idx, whiten):
+def test_make_dics(tmp_path, _load_forward, idx, whiten):
     """Test making DICS beamformer filters."""
     # We only test proper handling of parameters here. Testing the results is
     # done in test_apply_dics_timeseries and test_apply_dics_csd.
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ def test_make_dics(tmpdir, _load_forward, idx, whiten):
     # Test whether spatial filter contains src_type
     assert 'src_type' in filters
 
-    fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'filters-dics.h5')
+    fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'filters-dics.h5')
     filters.save(fname)
     filters_read = read_beamformer(fname)
     assert isinstance(filters, Beamformer)
diff --git a/mne/beamformer/tests/test_lcmv.py b/mne/beamformer/tests/test_lcmv.py
index 54fca235551..0dab6f5812f 100644
--- a/mne/beamformer/tests/test_lcmv.py
+++ b/mne/beamformer/tests/test_lcmv.py
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ def test_lcmv_vector():
     (0.01, False, 'surface'),
     (0., True, 'surface'),
 ])
-def test_make_lcmv_bem(tmpdir, reg, proj, kind):
+def test_make_lcmv_bem(tmp_path, reg, proj, kind):
     """Test LCMV with evoked data and single trials."""
     raw, epochs, evoked, data_cov, noise_cov, label, forward,\
         forward_surf_ori, forward_fixed, forward_vol = _get_data(proj=proj)
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ def test_make_lcmv_bem(tmpdir, reg, proj, kind):
     assert 'rank %s' % rank in repr(filters)
 
     # I/O
-    fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'filters.h5')
+    fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'filters.h5')
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-lcmv.h5'):
         filters.save(fname)
     filters_read = read_beamformer(fname)
diff --git a/mne/channels/tests/test_channels.py b/mne/channels/tests/test_channels.py
index 2543e2e1a80..614e5d175cd 100644
--- a/mne/channels/tests/test_channels.py
+++ b/mne/channels/tests/test_channels.py
@@ -178,9 +178,9 @@ def test_set_channel_types():
     pytest.raises(ValueError, raw.set_channel_types, ch_types)
 
 
-def test_read_ch_adjacency(tmpdir):
+def test_read_ch_adjacency(tmp_path):
     """Test reading channel adjacency templates."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     a = partial(np.array, dtype='<U7')
     # no pep8
     nbh = np.array([[(['MEG0111'], [[a(['MEG0131'])]]),
diff --git a/mne/channels/tests/test_layout.py b/mne/channels/tests/test_layout.py
index 4c19caf4031..1d0f1c8ab9c 100644
--- a/mne/channels/tests/test_layout.py
+++ b/mne/channels/tests/test_layout.py
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ def _get_test_info():
     return test_info
 
 
-def test_io_layout_lout(tmpdir):
+def test_io_layout_lout(tmp_path):
     """Test IO with .lout files."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     layout = read_layout('Vectorview-all', scale=False)
     layout.save(op.join(tempdir, 'foobar.lout'))
     layout_read = read_layout(op.join(tempdir, 'foobar.lout'), path='./',
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ def test_io_layout_lout(tmpdir):
     print(layout)  # test repr
 
 
-def test_io_layout_lay(tmpdir):
+def test_io_layout_lay(tmp_path):
     """Test IO with .lay files."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     layout = read_layout('CTF151', scale=False)
     layout.save(op.join(tempdir, 'foobar.lay'))
     layout_read = read_layout(op.join(tempdir, 'foobar.lay'), path='./',
@@ -139,9 +139,9 @@ def test_find_topomap_coords():
         _find_topomap_coords(info, picks, **kwargs)
 
 
-def test_make_eeg_layout(tmpdir):
+def test_make_eeg_layout(tmp_path):
     """Test creation of EEG layout."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     tmp_name = 'foo'
     lout_name = 'test_raw'
     lout_orig = read_layout(kind=lout_name, path=lout_path)
@@ -165,9 +165,9 @@ def test_make_eeg_layout(tmpdir):
     pytest.raises(ValueError, make_eeg_layout, info, height=1.1)
 
 
-def test_make_grid_layout(tmpdir):
+def test_make_grid_layout(tmp_path):
     """Test creation of grid layout."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     tmp_name = 'bar'
     lout_name = 'test_ica'
     lout_orig = read_layout(kind=lout_name, path=lout_path)
diff --git a/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py b/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
index 9161a5a6c0e..5225ab0e275 100644
--- a/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
+++ b/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ def _get_dig_montage_pos(montage):
     return np.array([d['r'] for d in _get_dig_eeg(montage.dig)])
 
 
-def test_dig_montage_trans(tmpdir):
+def test_dig_montage_trans(tmp_path):
     """Test getting a trans from and applying a trans to a montage."""
     nasion, lpa, rpa, *ch_pos = np.random.RandomState(0).randn(10, 3)
     ch_pos = {f'EEG{ii:3d}': pos for ii, pos in enumerate(ch_pos, 1)}
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def test_dig_montage_trans(tmpdir):
     trans = compute_native_head_t(montage)
     _ensure_trans(trans)
     # ensure that we can save and load it, too
-    fname = tmpdir.join('temp-mon.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('temp-mon.fif')
     _check_roundtrip(montage, fname, 'mri')
     # test applying a trans
     position1 = montage.get_positions()
@@ -436,10 +436,10 @@ def test_documented():
         id='brainvision'),
 ])
 def test_montage_readers(
-    reader, file_content, expected_dig, ext, warning, tmpdir
+    reader, file_content, expected_dig, ext, warning, tmp_path
 ):
     """Test that we have an equivalent of read_montage for all file formats."""
-    fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'test.{ext}'.format(ext=ext))
+    fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'test.{ext}'.format(ext=ext))
     with open(fname, 'w') as fid:
         fid.write(file_content)
 
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ def test_read_locs():
     )
 
 
-def test_read_dig_dat(tmpdir):
+def test_read_dig_dat(tmp_path):
     """Test reading *.dat electrode locations."""
     rows = [
         ['Nasion', 78, 0.00, 1.00, 0.00],
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ def test_read_dig_dat(tmpdir):
         ['Centroid', 67, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00],
     ]
     # write mock test.dat file
-    temp_dir = str(tmpdir)
+    temp_dir = str(tmp_path)
     fname_temp = op.join(temp_dir, 'test.dat')
     with open(fname_temp, 'w') as fid:
         for row in rows:
@@ -574,12 +574,12 @@ def test_read_dig_montage_using_polhemus_fastscan():
         assert_allclose(val, EXPECTED_FID_IN_POLHEMUS[kk])
 
 
-def test_read_dig_montage_using_polhemus_fastscan_error_handling(tmpdir):
+def test_read_dig_montage_using_polhemus_fastscan_error_handling(tmp_path):
     """Test reading Polhemus FastSCAN errors."""
     with open(op.join(kit_dir, 'test_elp.txt')) as fid:
         content = fid.read().replace('FastSCAN', 'XxxxXXXX')
 
-    fname = str(tmpdir.join('faulty_FastSCAN.txt'))
+    fname = str(tmp_path.join('faulty_FastSCAN.txt'))
     with open(fname, 'w') as fid:
         fid.write(content)
 
@@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ def test_read_dig_montage_using_polhemus_fastscan_error_handling(tmpdir):
 
     EXPECTED_ERR_MSG = "allowed value is '.txt', but got '.bar' instead"
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=EXPECTED_ERR_MSG):
-        _ = read_polhemus_fastscan(fname=tmpdir.join('foo.bar'))
+        _ = read_polhemus_fastscan(fname=tmp_path.join('foo.bar'))
 
 
 def test_read_dig_polhemus_isotrak_hsp():
@@ -633,13 +633,13 @@ def test_read_dig_polhemus_isotrak_elp():
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope='module')
-def isotrak_eeg(tmpdir_factory):
+def isotrak_eeg(tmp_path_factory):
     """Mock isotrak file with EEG positions."""
     _SEED = 42
     N_ROWS, N_COLS = 5, 3
     content = np.random.RandomState(_SEED).randn(N_ROWS, N_COLS)
 
-    fname = tmpdir_factory.mktemp('data').join('test.eeg')
+    fname = tmp_path_factory.mktemp('data').join('test.eeg')
     with open(str(fname), 'w') as fid:
         fid.write((
             '3	200\n'
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ def test_read_dig_polhemus_isotrak_eeg(isotrak_eeg):
         assert dig_point['coord_frame'] == FIFF.FIFFV_COORD_UNKNOWN
 
 
-def test_read_dig_polhemus_isotrak_error_handling(isotrak_eeg, tmpdir):
+def test_read_dig_polhemus_isotrak_error_handling(isotrak_eeg, tmp_path):
     """Test errors in reading Polhemus IsoTrak files.
 
     1 - matching ch_names and number of points in isotrak file.
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ def test_read_dig_polhemus_isotrak_error_handling(isotrak_eeg, tmpdir):
         )
 
     # Check fname extensions
-    fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'foo.bar')
+    fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'foo.bar')
     with pytest.raises(
         ValueError,
         match="Allowed val.*'.hsp', '.elp', and '.eeg', but got '.bar' instead"
@@ -857,12 +857,12 @@ def test_set_dig_montage():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_fif_dig_montage(tmpdir):
+def test_fif_dig_montage(tmp_path):
     """Test FIF dig montage support."""
     dig_montage = read_dig_fif(fif_dig_montage_fname)
 
     # test round-trip IO
-    temp_dir = str(tmpdir)
+    temp_dir = str(tmp_path)
     fname_temp = op.join(temp_dir, 'test.fif')
     _check_roundtrip(dig_montage, fname_temp)
 
@@ -919,7 +919,7 @@ def test_fif_dig_montage(tmpdir):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_egi_dig_montage(tmpdir):
+def test_egi_dig_montage(tmp_path):
     """Test EGI MFF XML dig montage support."""
     dig_montage = read_dig_egi(egi_dig_montage_fname)
     fid, coord = _get_fid_coords(dig_montage.dig)
@@ -957,7 +957,7 @@ def test_egi_dig_montage(tmpdir):
     )
 
     # test round-trip IO
-    fname_temp = tmpdir.join('egi_test.fif')
+    fname_temp = tmp_path.join('egi_test.fif')
     _check_roundtrip(dig_montage, fname_temp, 'unknown')
     _check_roundtrip(dig_montage_in_head, fname_temp)
 
@@ -974,7 +974,7 @@ def _pop_montage(dig_montage, ch_name):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_read_dig_captrak(tmpdir):
+def test_read_dig_captrak(tmp_path):
     """Test reading a captrak montage file."""
     EXPECTED_CH_NAMES_OLD = [
         'AF3', 'AF4', 'AF7', 'AF8', 'C1', 'C2', 'C3', 'C4', 'C5', 'C6', 'CP1',
@@ -1006,7 +1006,7 @@ def test_read_dig_captrak(tmpdir):
     )
 
     montage = transform_to_head(montage)  # transform_to_head has to be tested
-    _check_roundtrip(montage=montage, fname=str(tmpdir.join('bvct_test.fif')))
+    _check_roundtrip(montage=montage, fname=str(tmp_path.join('bvct_test.fif')))
 
     fid, _ = _get_fid_coords(montage.dig)
     assert_allclose(
@@ -1607,7 +1607,7 @@ def test_montage_add_fiducials():
     assert all([d['kind'] != FIFF.FIFFV_POINT_CARDINAL for d in montage.dig])
 
 
-def test_read_dig_localite(tmpdir):
+def test_read_dig_localite(tmp_path):
     """Test reading Localite .csv file."""
     contents = """#,id,x,y,z
                   1,Nasion,-2.016253511,6.243001715,34.63167712
@@ -1629,7 +1629,7 @@ def test_read_dig_localite(tmpdir):
                   17,ch14,-61.16539571,-61.86866187,26.23986153
                   18,ch15,-55.82855386,-34.77319103,25.8083942"""
 
-    fname = tmpdir / 'localite.csv'
+    fname = tmp_path / 'localite.csv'
     with open(fname, 'w') as f:
         for row in contents.split('\n'):
             f.write(f'{row.lstrip()}\n')
diff --git a/mne/commands/tests/test_commands.py b/mne/commands/tests/test_commands.py
index 0f85f2d9573..18e62236a5e 100644
--- a/mne/commands/tests/test_commands.py
+++ b/mne/commands/tests/test_commands.py
@@ -81,10 +81,10 @@ def test_show_fiff():
 
 
 @requires_mne
-def test_clean_eog_ecg(tmpdir):
+def test_clean_eog_ecg(tmp_path):
     """Test mne clean_eog_ecg."""
     check_usage(mne_clean_eog_ecg)
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     raw = concatenate_raws([read_raw_fif(f)
                             for f in [raw_fname, raw_fname, raw_fname]])
     raw.info['bads'] = ['MEG 2443']
@@ -99,10 +99,10 @@ def test_clean_eog_ecg(tmpdir):
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('fun', (mne_compute_proj_ecg, mne_compute_proj_eog))
-def test_compute_proj_exg(tmpdir, fun):
+def test_compute_proj_exg(tmp_path, fun):
     """Test mne compute_proj_ecg/eog."""
     check_usage(fun)
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     use_fname = op.join(tempdir, op.basename(raw_fname))
     bad_fname = op.join(tempdir, 'bads.txt')
     with open(bad_fname, 'w') as fid:
@@ -132,12 +132,12 @@ def test_kit2fiff():
 @pytest.mark.slowtest  # slow on Travis OSX
 @requires_vtk
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_make_scalp_surfaces(tmpdir):
+def test_make_scalp_surfaces(tmp_path):
     """Test mne make_scalp_surfaces."""
     check_usage(mne_make_scalp_surfaces)
     has = 'SUBJECTS_DIR' in os.environ
     # Copy necessary files to avoid FreeSurfer call
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     surf_path = op.join(subjects_dir, 'sample', 'surf')
     surf_path_new = op.join(tempdir, 'sample', 'surf')
     os.mkdir(op.join(tempdir, 'sample'))
@@ -190,10 +190,10 @@ def test_maxfilter():
 @requires_mayavi
 @traits_test
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_report(tmpdir):
+def test_report(tmp_path):
     """Test mne report."""
     check_usage(mne_report)
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     use_fname = op.join(tempdir, op.basename(raw_fname))
     shutil.copyfile(raw_fname, use_fname)
     with ArgvSetter(('-p', tempdir, '-i', use_fname, '-d', subjects_dir,
@@ -215,14 +215,14 @@ def test_surf2bem():
 @requires_nibabel()
 @requires_freesurfer('mri_watershed')
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_watershed_bem(tmpdir):
+def test_watershed_bem(tmp_path):
     """Test mne watershed bem."""
     check_usage(mne_watershed_bem)
     # from T1.mgz
     Mdc = np.array([[-1, 0, 0], [0, 0, -1], [0, 1, 0]])
     Pxyz_c = np.array([-5.273613, 9.039085, -27.287964])
     # Copy necessary files to tempdir
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     mridata_path = op.join(subjects_dir, 'sample', 'mri')
     subject_path_new = op.join(tempdir, 'sample')
     mridata_path_new = op.join(subject_path_new, 'mri')
@@ -261,11 +261,11 @@ def test_watershed_bem(tmpdir):
 @pytest.mark.ultraslowtest
 @requires_freesurfer
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_flash_bem(tmpdir):
+def test_flash_bem(tmp_path):
     """Test mne flash_bem."""
     check_usage(mne_flash_bem, force_help=True)
     # Copy necessary files to tempdir
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     mridata_path = op.join(subjects_dir, 'sample', 'mri')
     subject_path_new = op.join(tempdir, 'sample')
     mridata_path_new = op.join(subject_path_new, 'mri')
@@ -303,12 +303,12 @@ def test_flash_bem(tmpdir):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_setup_source_space(tmpdir):
+def test_setup_source_space(tmp_path):
     """Test mne setup_source_space."""
     check_usage(mne_setup_source_space, force_help=True)
     # Using the sample dataset
     subjects_dir = op.join(testing.data_path(download=False), 'subjects')
-    use_fname = op.join(tmpdir, "sources-src.fif")
+    use_fname = op.join(tmp_path, "sources-src.fif")
     # Test  command
     with ArgvSetter(('--src', use_fname, '-d', subjects_dir,
                      '-s', 'sample', '--morph', 'sample',
@@ -333,12 +333,12 @@ def test_setup_source_space(tmpdir):
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_setup_forward_model(tmpdir):
+def test_setup_forward_model(tmp_path):
     """Test mne setup_forward_model."""
     check_usage(mne_setup_forward_model, force_help=True)
     # Using the sample dataset
     subjects_dir = op.join(testing.data_path(download=False), 'subjects')
-    use_fname = op.join(tmpdir, "model-bem.fif")
+    use_fname = op.join(tmp_path, "model-bem.fif")
     # Test  command
     with ArgvSetter(('--model', use_fname, '-d', subjects_dir, '--homog',
                      '-s', 'sample', '--ico', '3', '--verbose')):
@@ -351,13 +351,13 @@ def test_setup_forward_model(tmpdir):
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_mne_prepare_bem_model(tmpdir):
+def test_mne_prepare_bem_model(tmp_path):
     """Test mne setup_source_space."""
     check_usage(mne_prepare_bem_model, force_help=True)
     # Using the sample dataset
     bem_model_fname = op.join(testing.data_path(download=False), 'subjects',
                               'sample', 'bem', 'sample-320-320-320-bem.fif')
-    bem_solution_fname = op.join(tmpdir, "bem_solution-bem-sol.fif")
+    bem_solution_fname = op.join(tmp_path, "bem_solution-bem-sol.fif")
     # Test  command
     with ArgvSetter(('--bem', bem_model_fname, '--sol', bem_solution_fname,
                      '--verbose')):
@@ -384,10 +384,10 @@ def test_sys_info():
     assert 'numpy' in out.stdout.getvalue()
 
 
-def test_anonymize(tmpdir):
+def test_anonymize(tmp_path):
     """Test mne anonymize."""
     check_usage(mne_anonymize)
-    out_fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'anon_test_raw.fif')
+    out_fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'anon_test_raw.fif')
     with ArgvSetter(('-f', raw_fname, '-o', out_fname)):
         mne_anonymize.run()
     info = read_info(out_fname)
diff --git a/mne/conftest.py b/mne/conftest.py
index d161f9ed21d..fbea072900d 100644
--- a/mne/conftest.py
+++ b/mne/conftest.py
@@ -490,11 +490,11 @@ def pixel_ratio():
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope='function', params=[testing._pytest_param()])
-def subjects_dir_tmp(tmpdir):
+def subjects_dir_tmp(tmp_path):
     """Copy MNE-testing-data subjects_dir to a temp dir for manipulation."""
     for key in ('sample', 'fsaverage'):
-        shutil.copytree(op.join(subjects_dir, key), str(tmpdir.join(key)))
-    return str(tmpdir)
+        shutil.copytree(op.join(subjects_dir, key), str(tmp_path.join(key)))
+    return str(tmp_path)
 
 
 # Scoping these as session will make things faster, but need to make sure
diff --git a/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/tests/test_physionet.py b/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/tests/test_physionet.py
index dc895945ab2..e510a1e6c0b 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/tests/test_physionet.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/tests/test_physionet.py
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope='session')
-def physionet_tmpdir(tmpdir_factory):
+def physionet_tmp_path(tmp_path_factory):
     """Fixture exposing a temporary directory for testing."""
-    return str(tmpdir_factory.mktemp('physionet_files'))
+    return str(tmp_path_factory.mktemp('physionet_files'))
 
 
 class _FakeFetch:
@@ -78,73 +78,73 @@ def _check_mocked_function_calls(mocked_func, call_fname_hash_pairs,
 @requires_good_network
 @requires_pandas
 @requires_version('xlrd', '0.9')
-def test_run_update_age_records(tmpdir):
+def test_run_update_age_records(tmp_path):
     """Test Sleep Physionet URL handling."""
     import pandas as pd
-    fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), "records.csv")
+    fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), "records.csv")
     _update_sleep_age_records(fname)
     data = pd.read_csv(fname)
     pd.testing.assert_frame_equal(data, pd.read_csv(AGE_SLEEP_RECORDS))
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('subject', [39, 68, 69, 78, 79, 83])
-def test_sleep_physionet_age_missing_subjects(physionet_tmpdir, subject,
+def test_sleep_physionet_age_missing_subjects(physionet_tmp_path, subject,
                                               download_is_error):
     """Test handling of missing subjects in Sleep Physionet age fetcher."""
     with pytest.raises(
             ValueError, match='This dataset contains subjects 0 to 82'):
         age.fetch_data(
             subjects=[subject], recording=[1], on_missing='raise',
-            path=physionet_tmpdir)
+            path=physionet_tmp_path)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning,
                       match='This dataset contains subjects 0 to 82'):
         age.fetch_data(
             subjects=[subject], recording=[1], on_missing='warn',
-            path=physionet_tmpdir)
+            path=physionet_tmp_path)
     paths = age.fetch_data(
         subjects=[subject], recording=[1], on_missing='ignore',
-        path=physionet_tmpdir)
+        path=physionet_tmp_path)
     assert paths == []
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('subject,recording', [(13, 2), (36, 1), (52, 1)])
-def test_sleep_physionet_age_missing_recordings(physionet_tmpdir, subject,
+def test_sleep_physionet_age_missing_recordings(physionet_tmp_path, subject,
                                                 recording, download_is_error):
     """Test handling of missing recordings in Sleep Physionet age fetcher."""
     with pytest.raises(
             ValueError, match=f'Requested recording {recording} for subject'):
         age.fetch_data(subjects=[subject], recording=[recording],
-                       on_missing='raise', path=physionet_tmpdir)
+                       on_missing='raise', path=physionet_tmp_path)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning,
                       match=f'Requested recording {recording} for subject'):
         age.fetch_data(subjects=[subject], recording=[recording],
-                       on_missing='warn', path=physionet_tmpdir)
+                       on_missing='warn', path=physionet_tmp_path)
     paths = age.fetch_data(subjects=[subject], recording=[recording],
-                           on_missing='ignore', path=physionet_tmpdir)
+                           on_missing='ignore', path=physionet_tmp_path)
     assert paths == []
 
 
-def test_sleep_physionet_age(physionet_tmpdir, monkeypatch, download_is_error):
+def test_sleep_physionet_age(physionet_tmp_path, monkeypatch, download_is_error):
     """Test Sleep Physionet URL handling."""
     # check download_is_error patching
     with pytest.raises(AssertionError, match='Test should not download'):
-        age.fetch_data(subjects=[0], recording=[1], path=physionet_tmpdir)
+        age.fetch_data(subjects=[0], recording=[1], path=physionet_tmp_path)
     # then patch
     my_func = _FakeFetch()
     monkeypatch.setattr(pooch, 'retrieve', my_func)
 
-    paths = age.fetch_data(subjects=[0], recording=[1], path=physionet_tmpdir)
+    paths = age.fetch_data(subjects=[0], recording=[1], path=physionet_tmp_path)
     assert_array_equal(_keep_basename_only(paths),
                        [['SC4001E0-PSG.edf', 'SC4001EC-Hypnogram.edf']])
 
     paths = age.fetch_data(subjects=[0, 1], recording=[1],
-                           path=physionet_tmpdir)
+                           path=physionet_tmp_path)
     assert_array_equal(_keep_basename_only(paths),
                        [['SC4001E0-PSG.edf', 'SC4001EC-Hypnogram.edf'],
                         ['SC4011E0-PSG.edf', 'SC4011EH-Hypnogram.edf']])
 
     paths = age.fetch_data(subjects=[0], recording=[1, 2],
-                           path=physionet_tmpdir)
+                           path=physionet_tmp_path)
     assert_array_equal(_keep_basename_only(paths),
                        [['SC4001E0-PSG.edf', 'SC4001EC-Hypnogram.edf'],
                         ['SC4002E0-PSG.edf', 'SC4002EC-Hypnogram.edf']])
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ def test_sleep_physionet_age(physionet_tmpdir, monkeypatch, download_is_error):
          'hash': 'c6b6d7a8605cc7e7602b6028ee77f6fbf5f7581d'},
         {'name': 'SC4002EC-Hypnogram.edf',
          'hash': '386230188a3552b1fc90bba0fb7476ceaca174b6'})
-    base_path = age.data_path(path=physionet_tmpdir)
+    base_path = age.data_path(path=physionet_tmp_path)
     _check_mocked_function_calls(my_func, EXPECTED_CALLS, base_path)
 
 
@@ -178,10 +178,10 @@ def test_sleep_physionet_age(physionet_tmpdir, monkeypatch, download_is_error):
 @requires_good_network
 @requires_pandas
 @requires_version('xlrd', '0.9')
-def test_run_update_temazepam_records(tmpdir):
+def test_run_update_temazepam_records(tmp_path):
     """Test Sleep Physionet URL handling."""
     import pandas as pd
-    fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), "records.csv")
+    fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), "records.csv")
     _update_sleep_temazepam_records(fname)
     data = pd.read_csv(fname)
 
@@ -189,12 +189,12 @@ def test_run_update_temazepam_records(tmpdir):
         data, pd.read_csv(TEMAZEPAM_SLEEP_RECORDS))
 
 
-def test_sleep_physionet_temazepam(physionet_tmpdir, monkeypatch):
+def test_sleep_physionet_temazepam(physionet_tmp_path, monkeypatch):
     """Test Sleep Physionet URL handling."""
     my_func = _FakeFetch()
     monkeypatch.setattr(pooch, 'retrieve', my_func)
 
-    paths = temazepam.fetch_data(subjects=[0], path=physionet_tmpdir)
+    paths = temazepam.fetch_data(subjects=[0], path=physionet_tmp_path)
     assert_array_equal(_keep_basename_only(paths),
                        [['ST7011J0-PSG.edf', 'ST7011JP-Hypnogram.edf']])
 
@@ -203,9 +203,9 @@ def test_sleep_physionet_temazepam(physionet_tmpdir, monkeypatch):
          'hash': 'b9d11484126ebff1884034396d6a20c62c0ef48d'},
         {'name': 'ST7011JP-Hypnogram.edf',
          'hash': 'ff28e5e01296cefed49ae0c27cfb3ebc42e710bf'})
-    base_path = temazepam.data_path(path=physionet_tmpdir)
+    base_path = temazepam.data_path(path=physionet_tmp_path)
     _check_mocked_function_calls(my_func, EXPECTED_CALLS, base_path)
 
     with pytest.raises(
             ValueError, match='This dataset contains subjects 0 to 21'):
-        paths = temazepam.fetch_data(subjects=[22], path=physionet_tmpdir)
+        paths = temazepam.fetch_data(subjects=[22], path=physionet_tmp_path)
diff --git a/mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py b/mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py
index 4002c4c12ea..efe0f4c5e38 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 subjects_dir = op.join(testing.data_path(download=False), 'subjects')
 
 
-def test_datasets_basic(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
+def test_datasets_basic(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
     """Test simple dataset functions."""
     # XXX 'hf_sef' and 'misc' do not conform to these standards
     for dname in ('sample', 'somato', 'spm_face', 'testing', 'opm',
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def test_datasets_basic(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
             assert dataset.get_version() is None
             assert not datasets.has_dataset(dname)
         print('%s: %s' % (dname, datasets.has_dataset(dname)))
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     # don't let it read from the config file to get the directory,
     # force it to look for the default
     monkeypatch.setenv('_MNE_FAKE_HOME_DIR', tempdir)
@@ -57,16 +57,16 @@ def test_datasets_basic(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
     _set_montage_coreg_path()
     sd = get_subjects_dir()
     assert sd.endswith('MNE-fsaverage-data')
-    monkeypatch.setenv('MNE_DATA', str(tmpdir.join('foo')))
+    monkeypatch.setenv('MNE_DATA', str(tmp_path.join('foo')))
     with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError, match='as specified by MNE_DAT'):
         testing.data_path(download=False)
 
 
 @requires_good_network
-def test_downloads(tmpdir, monkeypatch, capsys):
+def test_downloads(tmp_path, monkeypatch, capsys):
     """Test dataset URL and version handling."""
     # Try actually downloading a dataset
-    kwargs = dict(path=str(tmpdir), verbose=True)
+    kwargs = dict(path=str(tmp_path), verbose=True)
     # XXX we shouldn't need to disable capsys here, but there's a pytest bug
     # that we're hitting (https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/5997)
     # now that we use pooch
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def test_downloads(tmpdir, monkeypatch, capsys):
     assert not datasets.has_dataset('fake')  # not in the desired path
     assert datasets._fake.get_version() is None
     assert datasets.utils._get_version('fake') is None
-    monkeypatch.setenv('_MNE_FAKE_HOME_DIR', str(tmpdir))
+    monkeypatch.setenv('_MNE_FAKE_HOME_DIR', str(tmp_path))
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='non-standard config'):
         new_path = datasets._fake.data_path(update_path=True, **kwargs)
     assert path == new_path
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def test_downloads(tmpdir, monkeypatch, capsys):
     # XXX logic bug, should be "unknown"
     assert datasets._fake.get_version() == '0.0'
     # With a version but no required one: shown as existing and gives version
-    fname = tmpdir / 'foo' / 'version.txt'
+    fname = tmp_path / 'foo' / 'version.txt'
     with open(fname, 'w') as fid:
         fid.write('0.1')
     assert datasets.has_dataset('fake')
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ def _error_download(self, fname, downloader, processor):
         url = self.get_url(fname)
         full_path = self.abspath / fname
         assert 'foo.tgz' in url
-        assert str(tmpdir) in str(full_path)
+        assert str(tmp_path) in str(full_path)
         raise RuntimeError(want_msg)
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(pooch.Pooch, 'fetch', _error_download)
@@ -127,9 +127,9 @@ def _error_download(self, fname, downloader, processor):
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_good_network
-def test_fetch_parcellations(tmpdir):
+def test_fetch_parcellations(tmp_path):
     """Test fetching parcellations."""
-    this_subjects_dir = str(tmpdir)
+    this_subjects_dir = str(tmp_path)
     os.mkdir(op.join(this_subjects_dir, 'fsaverage'))
     os.mkdir(op.join(this_subjects_dir, 'fsaverage', 'label'))
     os.mkdir(op.join(this_subjects_dir, 'fsaverage', 'surf'))
@@ -175,12 +175,12 @@ def _fake_zip_fetch(url, path, fname, known_hash):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('n_have', range(len(_zip_fnames)))
-def test_manifest_check_download(tmpdir, n_have, monkeypatch):
+def test_manifest_check_download(tmp_path, n_have, monkeypatch):
     """Test our manifest downloader."""
     pooch = _soft_import('pooch', 'download datasets')
     monkeypatch.setattr(pooch, 'retrieve', _fake_zip_fetch)
-    destination = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'empty')
-    manifest_path = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'manifest.txt')
+    destination = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'empty')
+    manifest_path = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'manifest.txt')
     with open(manifest_path, 'w') as fid:
         for fname in _zip_fnames:
             fid.write('%s\n' % fname)
@@ -232,15 +232,15 @@ def _fake_mcd(manifest_path, destination, url, hash_, name=None,
                     pass
 
 
-def test_infant(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
+def test_infant(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
     """Test fetch_infant_template."""
     monkeypatch.setattr(infant_base, '_manifest_check_download', _fake_mcd)
-    fetch_infant_template('12mo', subjects_dir=tmpdir)
+    fetch_infant_template('12mo', subjects_dir=tmp_path)
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='Invalid value for'):
-        fetch_infant_template('0mo', subjects_dir=tmpdir)
+        fetch_infant_template('0mo', subjects_dir=tmp_path)
 
 
-def test_phantom(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
+def test_phantom(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
     """Test phantom data downloading."""
     # The Otaniemi file is only ~6MB, so in principle maybe we could test
     # an actual download here. But it doesn't seem worth it given that
@@ -249,18 +249,18 @@ def test_phantom(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
     monkeypatch.setattr(phantom_base, '_manifest_check_download',
                         partial(_fake_mcd, name='phantom_otaniemi',
                                 fake_files=True))
-    fetch_phantom('otaniemi', subjects_dir=tmpdir)
-    assert op.isfile(tmpdir / 'phantom_otaniemi' / 'mri' / 'T1.mgz')
+    fetch_phantom('otaniemi', subjects_dir=tmp_path)
+    assert op.isfile(tmp_path / 'phantom_otaniemi' / 'mri' / 'T1.mgz')
 
 
-def test_fetch_uncompressed_file(tmpdir):
+def test_fetch_uncompressed_file(tmp_path):
     """Test downloading an uncompressed file with our fetch function."""
     dataset_dict = dict(
         dataset_name='license',
         url=('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mne-tools/mne-python/main/'
              'LICENSE.txt'),
         archive_name='LICENSE.foo',
-        folder_name=op.join(tmpdir, 'foo'),
+        folder_name=op.join(tmp_path, 'foo'),
         hash=None)
     fetch_dataset(dataset_dict, path=None, force_update=True)
-    assert op.isfile(op.join(tmpdir, 'foo', 'LICENSE.foo'))
+    assert op.isfile(op.join(tmp_path, 'foo', 'LICENSE.foo'))
diff --git a/mne/export/tests/test_export.py b/mne/export/tests/test_export.py
index 53eae977893..67d8fcb50fa 100644
--- a/mne/export/tests/test_export.py
+++ b/mne/export/tests/test_export.py
@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@
 
 @pytest.mark.skipif(not _check_eeglabio_installed(strict=False),
                     reason='eeglabio not installed')
-def test_export_raw_eeglab(tmpdir):
+def test_export_raw_eeglab(tmp_path):
     """Test saving a Raw instance to EEGLAB's set format."""
     fname = (Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent /
              "io" / "tests" / "data" / "test_raw.fif")
     raw = read_raw_fif(fname)
     raw.load_data()
-    temp_fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'test.set')
+    temp_fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'test.set')
     raw.export(temp_fname)
     raw.drop_channels([ch for ch in ['epoc']
                        if ch in raw.ch_names])
@@ -291,12 +291,12 @@ def test_export_raw_edf(tmp_path, dataset, format):
 @pytest.mark.skipif(not _check_eeglabio_installed(strict=False),
                     reason='eeglabio not installed')
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('preload', (True, False))
-def test_export_epochs_eeglab(tmpdir, preload):
+def test_export_epochs_eeglab(tmp_path, preload):
     """Test saving an Epochs instance to EEGLAB's set format."""
     raw, events = _get_data()[:2]
     raw.load_data()
     epochs = Epochs(raw, events, preload=preload)
-    temp_fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'test.set')
+    temp_fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'test.set')
     epochs.export(temp_fname)
     epochs.drop_channels([ch for ch in ['epoc', 'STI 014']
                           if ch in epochs.ch_names])
@@ -318,10 +318,10 @@ def test_export_epochs_eeglab(tmpdir, preload):
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('fmt', ('auto', 'mff'))
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('do_history', (True, False))
-def test_export_evokeds_to_mff(tmpdir, fmt, do_history):
+def test_export_evokeds_to_mff(tmp_path, fmt, do_history):
     """Test exporting evoked dataset to MFF."""
     evoked = read_evokeds_mff(egi_evoked_fname)
-    export_fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'evoked.mff')
+    export_fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'evoked.mff')
     history = [
         {
             'name': 'Test Segmentation',
diff --git a/mne/forward/tests/test_forward.py b/mne/forward/tests/test_forward.py
index bedf1af2220..166ae988712 100644
--- a/mne/forward/tests/test_forward.py
+++ b/mne/forward/tests/test_forward.py
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ def test_convert_forward():
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_io_forward(tmpdir):
+def test_io_forward(tmp_path):
     """Test IO for forward solutions."""
     # do extensive tests with MEEG + grad
     n_channels, n_src = 366, 108
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ def test_io_forward(tmpdir):
     leadfield = fwd['sol']['data']
     assert_equal(leadfield.shape, (n_channels, n_src))
     assert_equal(len(fwd['sol']['row_names']), n_channels)
-    fname_temp = tmpdir.join('test-fwd.fif')
+    fname_temp = tmp_path.join('test-fwd.fif')
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='stored on disk'):
         write_forward_solution(fname_temp, fwd, overwrite=True)
 
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ def test_io_forward(tmpdir):
 
     # test warnings on bad filenames
     fwd = read_forward_solution(fname_meeg_grad)
-    fwd_badname = tmpdir.join('test-bad-name.fif.gz')
+    fwd_badname = tmp_path.join('test-bad-name.fif.gz')
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='end with'):
         write_forward_solution(fwd_badname, fwd)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='end with'):
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ def test_apply_forward():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_restrict_forward_to_stc(tmpdir):
+def test_restrict_forward_to_stc(tmp_path):
     """Test restriction of source space to source SourceEstimate."""
     start = 0
     stop = 5
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ def test_restrict_forward_to_stc(tmpdir):
 
     # Test saving the restricted forward object. This only works if all fields
     # are properly accounted for.
-    fname_copy = tmpdir.join('copy-fwd.fif')
+    fname_copy = tmp_path.join('copy-fwd.fif')
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='stored on disk'):
         write_forward_solution(fname_copy, fwd_out, overwrite=True)
     fwd_out_read = read_forward_solution(fname_copy)
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ def test_restrict_forward_to_stc(tmpdir):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_restrict_forward_to_label(tmpdir):
+def test_restrict_forward_to_label(tmp_path):
     """Test restriction of source space to label."""
     fwd = read_forward_solution(fname_meeg)
     fwd = convert_forward_solution(fwd, surf_ori=True, force_fixed=True,
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ def test_restrict_forward_to_label(tmpdir):
 
     # Test saving the restricted forward object. This only works if all fields
     # are properly accounted for.
-    fname_copy = tmpdir.join('copy-fwd.fif')
+    fname_copy = tmp_path.join('copy-fwd.fif')
     write_forward_solution(fname_copy, fwd_out, overwrite=True)
     fwd_out_read = read_forward_solution(fname_copy)
     assert_forward_allclose(fwd_out, fwd_out_read)
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ def test_restrict_forward_to_label(tmpdir):
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_mne
-def test_average_forward_solution(tmpdir):
+def test_average_forward_solution(tmp_path):
     """Test averaging forward solutions."""
     fwd = read_forward_solution(fname_meeg)
     # input not a list
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ def test_average_forward_solution(tmpdir):
 
     # modify a fwd solution, save it, use MNE to average with old one
     fwd_copy['sol']['data'] *= 0.5
-    fname_copy = str(tmpdir.join('copy-fwd.fif'))
+    fname_copy = str(tmp_path.join('copy-fwd.fif'))
     write_forward_solution(fname_copy, fwd_copy, overwrite=True)
     cmd = ('mne_average_forward_solutions', '--fwd', fname_meeg, '--fwd',
            fname_copy, '--out', fname_copy)
diff --git a/mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py b/mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py
index aa9673c5a49..30605734b57 100644
--- a/mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py
+++ b/mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ def test_magnetic_dipole():
 @pytest.mark.timeout(60)  # can take longer than 30 sec on Travis
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_mne
-def test_make_forward_solution_kit(tmpdir):
+def test_make_forward_solution_kit(tmp_path):
     """Test making fwd using KIT, BTI, and CTF (compensated) files."""
     kit_dir = op.join(op.dirname(__file__), '..', '..', 'io', 'kit',
                       'tests', 'data')
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ def test_make_forward_solution_kit(tmpdir):
                             'data', 'test_ctf_comp_raw.fif')
 
     # first set up a small testing source space
-    fname_src_small = tmpdir.join('sample-oct-2-src.fif')
+    fname_src_small = tmp_path.join('sample-oct-2-src.fif')
     src = setup_source_space('sample', 'oct2', subjects_dir=subjects_dir,
                              add_dist=False)
     write_source_spaces(fname_src_small, src)  # to enable working with MNE-C
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ def test_make_forward_solution_kit(tmpdir):
                                subjects_dir=subjects_dir)
     _compare_forwards(fwd, fwd_py, 274, n_src)
 
-    fname_temp = tmpdir.join('test-ctf-fwd.fif')
+    fname_temp = tmp_path.join('test-ctf-fwd.fif')
     write_forward_solution(fname_temp, fwd_py)
     fwd_py2 = read_forward_solution(fname_temp)
     _compare_forwards(fwd_py, fwd_py2, 274, n_src)
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ def test_make_forward_solution():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_make_forward_solution_discrete(tmpdir):
+def test_make_forward_solution_discrete(tmp_path):
     """Test making and converting a forward solution with discrete src."""
     # smoke test for depth weighting and discrete source spaces
     src = setup_source_space('sample', 'oct2', subjects_dir=subjects_dir,
@@ -253,13 +253,13 @@ def test_make_forward_solution_discrete(tmpdir):
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_mne
 @pytest.mark.timeout(90)  # can take longer than 60 sec on Travis
-def test_make_forward_solution_sphere(tmpdir):
+def test_make_forward_solution_sphere(tmp_path):
     """Test making a forward solution with a sphere model."""
-    fname_src_small = tmpdir.join('sample-oct-2-src.fif')
+    fname_src_small = tmp_path.join('sample-oct-2-src.fif')
     src = setup_source_space('sample', 'oct2', subjects_dir=subjects_dir,
                              add_dist=False)
     write_source_spaces(fname_src_small, src)  # to enable working with MNE-C
-    out_name = tmpdir.join('tmp-fwd.fif')
+    out_name = tmp_path.join('tmp-fwd.fif')
     run_subprocess(['mne_forward_solution', '--meg', '--eeg',
                     '--meas', fname_raw, '--src', fname_src_small,
                     '--mri', fname_trans, '--fwd', out_name])
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ def test_make_forward_solution_sphere(tmpdir):
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_nibabel()
-def test_forward_mixed_source_space(tmpdir):
+def test_forward_mixed_source_space(tmp_path):
     """Test making the forward solution for a mixed source space."""
     # get the surface source space
     rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ def test_forward_mixed_source_space(tmpdir):
     assert ((coord_frames == FIFF.FIFFV_COORD_HEAD).all())
 
     # run tests for SourceSpaces.export_volume
-    fname_img = tmpdir.join('temp-image.mgz')
+    fname_img = tmp_path.join('temp-image.mgz')
 
     # head coordinates and mri_resolution, but trans file
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='trans containing mri to head'):
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ def test_forward_mixed_source_space(tmpdir):
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_make_forward_dipole(tmpdir):
+def test_make_forward_dipole(tmp_path):
     """Test forward-projecting dipoles."""
     rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
 
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ def test_make_forward_dipole(tmpdir):
     dip_even_samp = Dipole(times, pos, amplitude, ori, gof)
 
     # I/O round-trip
-    fname = str(tmpdir.join('test-fwd.fif'))
+    fname = str(tmp_path.join('test-fwd.fif'))
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='free orientation'):
         write_forward_solution(fname, fwd)
     fwd_read = convert_forward_solution(
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ def test_make_forward_dipole(tmpdir):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_make_forward_no_meg(tmpdir):
+def test_make_forward_no_meg(tmp_path):
     """Test that we can make and I/O forward solution with no MEG channels."""
     pos = dict(rr=[[0.05, 0, 0]], nn=[[0, 0, 1.]])
     src = setup_volume_source_space(pos=pos)
@@ -466,13 +466,13 @@ def test_make_forward_no_meg(tmpdir):
     montage = make_standard_montage('standard_1020')
     info = create_info(['Cz'], 1000., 'eeg').set_montage(montage)
     fwd = make_forward_solution(info, trans, src, bem)
-    fname = tmpdir.join('test-fwd.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('test-fwd.fif')
     write_forward_solution(fname, fwd)
     fwd_read = read_forward_solution(fname)
     assert_allclose(fwd['sol']['data'], fwd_read['sol']['data'])
 
 
-def test_use_coil_def(tmpdir):
+def test_use_coil_def(tmp_path):
     """Test use_coil_def."""
     info = create_info(1, 1000., 'mag')
     info['chs'][0]['coil_type'] = 9999
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ def test_use_coil_def(tmpdir):
     trans = Transform('head', 'mri', None)
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='coil definition not found'):
         make_forward_solution(info, trans, src, sphere)
-    coil_fname = tmpdir.join('coil_def.dat')
+    coil_fname = tmp_path.join('coil_def.dat')
     with open(coil_fname, 'w') as fid:
         fid.write("""# custom cube coil def
 1   9999    2   8  3e-03  0.000e+00     "Test"
diff --git a/mne/gui/tests/test_coreg_gui.py b/mne/gui/tests/test_coreg_gui.py
index a89e7a8fb7b..56c38bb4385 100644
--- a/mne/gui/tests/test_coreg_gui.py
+++ b/mne/gui/tests/test_coreg_gui.py
@@ -245,9 +245,9 @@ def test_coreg_gui_display(subjects_dir_tmp, check_gui_ci):
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_mayavi
 @traits_test
-def test_coreg_model_with_fsaverage(tmpdir):
+def test_coreg_model_with_fsaverage(tmp_path):
     """Test CoregModel with the fsaverage brain data."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     from mne.gui._coreg_gui import CoregModel
 
     mne.create_default_subject(subjects_dir=tempdir,
diff --git a/mne/gui/tests/test_file_traits.py b/mne/gui/tests/test_file_traits.py
index 9afeafedac7..90f46cb9164 100644
--- a/mne/gui/tests/test_file_traits.py
+++ b/mne/gui/tests/test_file_traits.py
@@ -58,10 +58,10 @@ def test_fiducials_source():
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_mayavi
 @traits_test
-def test_digitization_source(tmpdir):
+def test_digitization_source(tmp_path):
     """Test DigSource."""
     from mne.gui._file_traits import DigSource
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
 
     inst = DigSource()
     assert inst.inst_fname == '-'
@@ -119,10 +119,10 @@ def test_subject_source():
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_mayavi
 @traits_test
-def test_subject_source_with_fsaverage(tmpdir):
+def test_subject_source_with_fsaverage(tmp_path):
     """Test SubjectSelector."""
     from mne.gui._file_traits import MRISubjectSource
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
 
     mri = MRISubjectSource()
     assert not mri.can_create_fsaverage
diff --git a/mne/gui/tests/test_ieeg_locate_gui.py b/mne/gui/tests/test_ieeg_locate_gui.py
index a2df21d3663..4eb28a64868 100644
--- a/mne/gui/tests/test_ieeg_locate_gui.py
+++ b/mne/gui/tests/test_ieeg_locate_gui.py
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def test_ieeg_elec_locate_gui_io(_locate_ieeg):
 
 @requires_version('sphinx_gallery')
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_locate_scraper(_locate_ieeg, _fake_CT_coords, tmpdir):
+def test_locate_scraper(_locate_ieeg, _fake_CT_coords, tmp_path):
     """Test sphinx-gallery scraping of the GUI."""
     raw = mne.io.read_raw_fif(raw_path)
     raw.pick_types(eeg=True)
@@ -112,9 +112,9 @@ def test_locate_scraper(_locate_ieeg, _fake_CT_coords, tmpdir):
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='`pial` surface not found'):
         gui = _locate_ieeg(raw.info, trans, aligned_ct,
                            subject=subject, subjects_dir=subjects_dir)
-    tmpdir.mkdir('_images')
-    image_path = str(tmpdir.join('_images', 'temp.png'))
-    gallery_conf = dict(builder_name='html', src_dir=str(tmpdir))
+    tmp_path.mkdir('_images')
+    image_path = str(tmp_path.join('_images', 'temp.png'))
+    gallery_conf = dict(builder_name='html', src_dir=str(tmp_path))
     block_vars = dict(
         example_globals=dict(gui=gui),
         image_path_iterator=iter([image_path]))
diff --git a/mne/gui/tests/test_kit2fiff_gui.py b/mne/gui/tests/test_kit2fiff_gui.py
index 74fb51c13c5..a986814433c 100644
--- a/mne/gui/tests/test_kit2fiff_gui.py
+++ b/mne/gui/tests/test_kit2fiff_gui.py
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@
 
 @requires_mayavi
 @traits_test
-def test_kit2fiff_model(tmpdir):
+def test_kit2fiff_model(tmp_path):
     """Test Kit2Fiff model."""
     from mne.gui._kit2fiff_gui import Kit2FiffModel
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     tgt_fname = os.path.join(tempdir, 'test-raw.fif')
 
     model = Kit2FiffModel()
@@ -115,9 +115,9 @@ def test_kit2fiff_model(tmpdir):
 
 @requires_mayavi
 @traits_test
-def test_kit2fiff_gui(check_gui_ci, tmpdir):
+def test_kit2fiff_gui(check_gui_ci, tmp_path):
     """Test Kit2Fiff GUI."""
-    home_dir = str(tmpdir)
+    home_dir = str(tmp_path)
     with modified_env(_MNE_GUI_TESTING_MODE='true',
                       _MNE_FAKE_HOME_DIR=home_dir):
         from pyface.api import GUI
diff --git a/mne/gui/tests/test_marker_gui.py b/mne/gui/tests/test_marker_gui.py
index f6f44aa22dc..1f3a2a21d5e 100644
--- a/mne/gui/tests/test_marker_gui.py
+++ b/mne/gui/tests/test_marker_gui.py
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@
 
 @requires_mayavi
 @traits_test
-def test_combine_markers_model(tmpdir):
+def test_combine_markers_model(tmp_path):
     """Test CombineMarkersModel Traits Model."""
     from mne.gui._marker_gui import CombineMarkersModel
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     tgt_fname = os.path.join(tempdir, 'test.txt')
 
     model = CombineMarkersModel()
diff --git a/mne/io/artemis123/tests/test_artemis123.py b/mne/io/artemis123/tests/test_artemis123.py
index caa6792ab76..11487248edc 100644
--- a/mne/io/artemis123/tests/test_artemis123.py
+++ b/mne/io/artemis123/tests/test_artemis123.py
@@ -102,10 +102,10 @@ def test_dev_head_t():
     assert_equal(raw.info['sfreq'], 1000.0)
 
 
-def test_utils(tmpdir):
+def test_utils(tmp_path):
     """Test artemis123 utils."""
     # make a tempfile
-    tmp_dir = str(tmpdir)
+    tmp_dir = str(tmp_path)
     tmp_fname = op.join(tmp_dir, 'test_gen_mne_locs.csv')
     _generate_mne_locs_file(tmp_fname)
     installed_locs = _load_mne_locs()
diff --git a/mne/io/brainvision/tests/test_brainvision.py b/mne/io/brainvision/tests/test_brainvision.py
index 721525de4f4..18ac6ad9f4e 100644
--- a/mne/io/brainvision/tests/test_brainvision.py
+++ b/mne/io/brainvision/tests/test_brainvision.py
@@ -117,12 +117,12 @@ def test_orig_units(recwarn):
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope='session')
-def _mocked_meas_date_data(tmpdir_factory):
+def _mocked_meas_date_data(tmp_path_factory):
     """Prepare files for mocked_meas_date_file fixture."""
     # Prepare the files
-    tmpdir = str(tmpdir_factory.mktemp('brainvision_mocked_meas_date'))
+    tmp_path = str(tmp_path_factory.mktemp('brainvision_mocked_meas_date'))
     vhdr_fname, vmrk_fname, eeg_fname = [
-        op.join(tmpdir, op.basename(ff))
+        op.join(tmp_path, op.basename(ff))
         for ff in [vhdr_path, vmrk_path, eeg_path]
     ]
     for orig, dest in zip([vhdr_path, eeg_path], [vhdr_fname, eeg_fname]):
@@ -162,11 +162,11 @@ def test_meas_date(mocked_meas_date_file):
         assert raw.info['meas_date'] == expected_meas
 
 
-def test_vhdr_codepage_ansi(tmpdir):
+def test_vhdr_codepage_ansi(tmp_path):
     """Test BV reading with ANSI codepage."""
     raw_init = read_raw_brainvision(vhdr_path)
     data_expected, times_expected = raw_init[:]
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     ansi_vhdr_path = op.join(tempdir, op.split(vhdr_path)[-1])
     ansi_vmrk_path = op.join(tempdir, op.split(vmrk_path)[-1])
     ansi_eeg_path = op.join(tempdir, op.split(eeg_path)[-1])
@@ -204,13 +204,13 @@ def test_vhdr_codepage_ansi(tmpdir):
     # bad
     b'Brain Vision Core Data Exchange %s File, Version 3.0\n',
 ])
-def test_vhdr_versions(tmpdir, header):
+def test_vhdr_versions(tmp_path, header):
     """Test BV reading with different header variants."""
     raw_init = read_raw_brainvision(vhdr_path)
     data_expected, times_expected = raw_init[:]
-    use_vhdr_path = op.join(tmpdir, op.split(vhdr_path)[-1])
-    use_vmrk_path = op.join(tmpdir, op.split(vmrk_path)[-1])
-    use_eeg_path = op.join(tmpdir, op.split(eeg_path)[-1])
+    use_vhdr_path = op.join(tmp_path, op.split(vhdr_path)[-1])
+    use_vmrk_path = op.join(tmp_path, op.split(vmrk_path)[-1])
+    use_eeg_path = op.join(tmp_path, op.split(eeg_path)[-1])
     shutil.copy(eeg_path, use_eeg_path)
     with open(use_vhdr_path, 'wb') as fout:
         with open(vhdr_path, 'rb') as fin:
@@ -237,10 +237,10 @@ def test_vhdr_versions(tmpdir, header):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('data_sep', (b' ', b',', b'+'))
-def test_ascii(tmpdir, data_sep):
+def test_ascii(tmp_path, data_sep):
     """Test ASCII BV reading."""
     raw = read_raw_brainvision(vhdr_path)
-    ascii_vhdr_path = op.join(tmpdir, op.split(vhdr_path)[-1])
+    ascii_vhdr_path = op.join(tmp_path, op.split(vhdr_path)[-1])
     # copy marker file
     shutil.copy(vhdr_path.replace('.vhdr', '.vmrk'),
                 ascii_vhdr_path.replace('.vhdr', '.vmrk'))
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ def test_ascii(tmpdir, data_sep):
     assert_allclose(times_new, times)
 
 
-def test_ch_names_comma(tmpdir):
+def test_ch_names_comma(tmp_path):
     """Test that channel names containing commas are properly read."""
     # commas in BV are encoded as \1
     replace_dict = {
@@ -290,13 +290,13 @@ def test_ch_names_comma(tmpdir):
         r"^4\s\s\s\s\sF4": "4     F4,foo ",
     }
 
-    # Copy existing vhdr file to tmpdir and manipulate to contain
+    # Copy existing vhdr file to tmp_path and manipulate to contain
     # a channel with comma
     for src, dest in zip((vhdr_path, vmrk_path, eeg_path),
                          ('test.vhdr', 'test.vmrk', 'test.eeg')):
-        shutil.copyfile(src, tmpdir / dest)
+        shutil.copyfile(src, tmp_path / dest)
 
-    comma_vhdr = tmpdir / 'test.vhdr'
+    comma_vhdr = tmp_path / 'test.vhdr'
     with open(comma_vhdr, 'r') as fin:
         lines = fin.readlines()
 
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ def test_brainvision_neuroone_export():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_read_vmrk_annotations(tmpdir):
+def test_read_vmrk_annotations(tmp_path):
     """Test load brainvision annotations."""
     sfreq = 1000.0
 
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ def test_read_vmrk_annotations(tmpdir):
     # delete=False is for Windows compatibility
     with open(vmrk_path) as myfile:
         head = [next(myfile) for x in range(6)]
-    fname = tmpdir.join('temp.vmrk')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('temp.vmrk')
     with open(str(fname), 'w') as temp:
         for item in head:
             temp.write(item)
@@ -636,15 +636,15 @@ def test_read_vmrk_annotations(tmpdir):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_read_vhdr_annotations_and_events(tmpdir):
+def test_read_vhdr_annotations_and_events(tmp_path):
     """Test load brainvision annotations and parse them to events."""
     # First we add a custom event that contains a comma in its description
     for src, dest in zip((vhdr_path, vmrk_path, eeg_path),
                          ('test.vhdr', 'test.vmrk', 'test.eeg')):
-        shutil.copyfile(src, tmpdir / dest)
+        shutil.copyfile(src, tmp_path / dest)
 
     # Commas are encoded as "\1"
-    with open(tmpdir / 'test.vmrk', 'a') as fout:
+    with open(tmp_path / 'test.vmrk', 'a') as fout:
         fout.write(r"Mk15=Comma\1Type,CommaValue\11,7800,1,0\n")
 
     sfreq = 1000.0
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@ def test_read_vhdr_annotations_and_events(tmpdir):
                          'Response/R255': 1255, 'SyncStatus/Sync On': 99998,
                          'Optic/O  1': 2001, 'Comma,Type/CommaValue,1': 10001}
 
-    raw = read_raw_brainvision(tmpdir / 'test.vhdr', eog=eog)
+    raw = read_raw_brainvision(tmp_path / 'test.vhdr', eog=eog)
 
     # validate annotations
     assert raw.annotations.orig_time == expected_orig_time
@@ -714,9 +714,9 @@ def test_automatic_vmrk_sfreq_recovery():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_event_id_stability_when_save_and_fif_reload(tmpdir):
+def test_event_id_stability_when_save_and_fif_reload(tmp_path):
     """Test load events from brainvision annotations when read_raw_fif."""
-    fname = tmpdir / 'bv-raw.fif'
+    fname = tmp_path / 'bv-raw.fif'
     raw = read_raw_brainvision(vhdr_path, eog=eog)
     original_events, original_event_id = events_from_annotations(raw)
 
diff --git a/mne/io/ctf/tests/test_ctf.py b/mne/io/ctf/tests/test_ctf.py
index 1945157b262..83350f5cd1e 100644
--- a/mne/io/ctf/tests/test_ctf.py
+++ b/mne/io/ctf/tests/test_ctf.py
@@ -55,9 +55,9 @@
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_read_ctf(tmpdir):
+def test_read_ctf(tmp_path):
     """Test CTF reader."""
-    temp_dir = str(tmpdir)
+    temp_dir = str(tmp_path)
     out_fname = op.join(temp_dir, 'test_py_raw.fif')
 
     # Create a dummy .eeg file so we can test our reading/application of it
@@ -288,9 +288,9 @@ def test_read_spm_ctf():
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('comp_grade', [0, 1])
-def test_saving_picked(tmpdir, comp_grade):
+def test_saving_picked(tmp_path, comp_grade):
     """Test saving picked CTF instances."""
-    temp_dir = str(tmpdir)
+    temp_dir = str(tmp_path)
     out_fname = op.join(temp_dir, 'test_py_raw.fif')
     raw = read_raw_ctf(op.join(ctf_dir, ctf_fname_1_trial))
     assert raw.info['meas_date'] == _stamp_to_dt((1367228160, 0))
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ def _bad_res4_grad_comp(dsdir):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_read_ctf_mag_bad_comp(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
+def test_read_ctf_mag_bad_comp(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
     """Test CTF reader with mag comps and bad comps."""
     path = op.join(ctf_dir, ctf_fname_continuous)
     raw_orig = read_raw_ctf(path)
diff --git a/mne/io/curry/tests/test_curry.py b/mne/io/curry/tests/test_curry.py
index b65352dc66c..6836c3146a5 100644
--- a/mne/io/curry/tests/test_curry.py
+++ b/mne/io/curry/tests/test_curry.py
@@ -205,21 +205,21 @@ def test_read_raw_curry(fname, tol, preload, bdf_curry_ref):
     pytest.param(curry8_rfDC_file, 1e-3, id='curry 8'),
 ])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('mock_dev_head_t', [True, False])
-def test_read_raw_curry_rfDC(fname, tol, mock_dev_head_t, tmpdir):
+def test_read_raw_curry_rfDC(fname, tol, mock_dev_head_t, tmp_path):
     """Test reading CURRY files."""
     if mock_dev_head_t:
         if 'Curry 7' in fname:  # not supported yet
             return
-        # copy files to tmpdir
+        # copy files to tmp_path
         base = op.splitext(fname)[0]
         for ext in ('.cdt', '.cdt.dpa'):
             src = base + ext
-            dst = op.join(tmpdir, op.basename(base) + ext)
+            dst = op.join(tmp_path, op.basename(base) + ext)
             copyfile(src, dst)
             if ext == '.cdt.dpa':
                 with open(dst, 'a') as fid:
                     fid.write(LM_CONTENT)
-        fname = op.join(tmpdir, op.basename(fname))
+        fname = op.join(tmp_path, op.basename(fname))
         with open(fname + '.hpi', 'w') as fid:
             fid.write(HPI_CONTENT)
 
@@ -331,12 +331,12 @@ def _mock_info_file(src, dst, sfreq, time_step):
     pytest.param(dict(sfreq=500, time_step=42), id='mismatch',
                  marks=pytest.mark.xfail(raises=ValueError)),
 ])
-def sfreq_testing_data(tmpdir, request):
+def sfreq_testing_data(tmp_path, request):
     """Generate different sfreq, time_step scenarios to be tested."""
     sfreq, time_step = request.param['sfreq'], request.param['time_step']
 
     in_base_name = curry7_bdf_file.strip('dat')
-    out_base_name = str(tmpdir.join('curry.'))
+    out_base_name = str(tmp_path.join('curry.'))
 
     # create dummy empty files for 'dat' and 'rs3'
     for fname in [out_base_name + ext for ext in ['dat', 'rs3']]:
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ def _get_read_annotations_mock_info(name_part, mock_dir):
     pytest.param('7 ASCII.cef', id='7 (ascii)'),
     pytest.param('8 ASCII.cdt.cef', id='8 (ascii)'),
 ])
-def test_read_curry_annotations_using_mocked_info(tmpdir, name_part):
+def test_read_curry_annotations_using_mocked_info(tmp_path, name_part):
     """Test reading for Curry events file."""
     EXPECTED_ONSET = [0.484, 0.486, 0.62, 0.622, 1.904, 1.906, 3.212, 3.214,
                       4.498, 4.5, 5.8, 5.802, 7.074, 7.076, 8.324, 8.326, 9.58,
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ def test_read_curry_annotations_using_mocked_info(tmpdir, name_part):
                             '1', '50000', '1', '50000']
 
     original, fname = _get_read_annotations_mock_info("Curry " + name_part,
-                                                      tmpdir)
+                                                      tmp_path)
     copyfile(src=original['event'], dst=fname['event'])
 
     _msg = 'required files cannot be found'
diff --git a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
index 45001a91167..12a4d711e9b 100644
--- a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
+++ b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ def test_orig_units():
     assert orig_units['A1'] == 'µV'  # formerly 'uV' edit by _check_orig_units
 
 
-def test_subject_info(tmpdir):
+def test_subject_info(tmp_path):
     """Test exposure of original channel units."""
     raw = read_raw_edf(edf_path)
     assert raw.info['subject_info'] is None  # XXX this is arguably a bug
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ def test_subject_info(tmpdir):
     want = {'id': 'X', 'sex': 'X', 'birthday': 'X', 'name': 'X'}
     for key, val in want.items():
         assert edf_info['subject_info'][key] == val, key
-    fname = tmpdir.join('test_raw.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif')
     raw.save(fname)
     raw = read_raw_fif(fname)
     assert raw.info['subject_info'] is None  # XXX should eventually round-trip
@@ -125,10 +125,10 @@ def test_bdf_data():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_bdf_crop_save_stim_channel(tmpdir):
+def test_bdf_crop_save_stim_channel(tmp_path):
     """Test EDF with various sampling rates."""
     raw = read_raw_bdf(bdf_stim_channel_path)
-    raw.save(tmpdir.join('test-raw.fif'), tmin=1.2, tmax=4.0, overwrite=True)
+    raw.save(tmp_path.join('test-raw.fif'), tmin=1.2, tmax=4.0, overwrite=True)
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ def test_edf_others(fname, stim_channel):
         verbose='error')
 
 
-def test_edf_data_broken(tmpdir):
+def test_edf_data_broken(tmp_path):
     """Test edf files."""
     raw = _test_raw_reader(read_raw_edf, input_fname=edf_path,
                            exclude=['Ergo-Left', 'H10'], verbose='error')
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ def test_edf_data_broken(tmpdir):
     assert_equal(len(raw.ch_names) + 2, len(raw_py.ch_names))
 
     # Test with number of records not in header (-1).
-    broken_fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'broken.edf')
+    broken_fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'broken.edf')
     with open(edf_path, 'rb') as fid_in:
         fid_in.seek(0, 2)
         n_bytes = fid_in.tell()
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ def test_duplicate_channel_labels_edf():
     assert raw.ch_names == EXPECTED_CHANNEL_NAMES
 
 
-def test_parse_annotation(tmpdir):
+def test_parse_annotation(tmp_path):
     """Test parsing the tal channel."""
     # test the parser
     annot = (b'+180\x14Lights off\x14Close door\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ def test_parse_annotation(tmpdir):
              b'+3.14\x1504.20\x14nothing\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00'
              b'+1800.2\x1525.5\x14Apnea\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
              b'+123\x14\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
-    annot_file = tmpdir.join('annotations.txt')
+    annot_file = tmp_path.join('annotations.txt')
     annot_file.write(annot)
 
     annot = [a for a in bytes(annot)]
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ def test_read_raw_edf_stim_channel_input_parameters():
             read_raw_edf(edf_path, stim_channel=invalid_stim_parameter)
 
 
-def test_read_annot(tmpdir):
+def test_read_annot(tmp_path):
     """Test parsing the tal channel."""
     EXPECTED_ANNOTATIONS = [[180.0, 0, 'Lights off'], [180.0, 0, 'Close door'],
                             [180.0, 0, 'Lights off'], [180.0, 0, 'Close door'],
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ def test_read_annot(tmpdir):
              b'+3.14\x1504.20\x14nothing\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00'
              b'+1800.2\x1525.5\x14Apnea\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
              b'+123\x14\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
-    annot_file = tmpdir.join('annotations.txt')
+    annot_file = tmp_path.join('annotations.txt')
     annot_file.write(annot)
 
     onset, duration, desc = _read_annotations_edf(annotations=str(annot_file))
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ def test_edf_annot_sub_s_onset():
     assert_allclose(raw.annotations.onset, [1.951172, 3.492188])
 
 
-def test_invalid_date(tmpdir):
+def test_invalid_date(tmp_path):
     """Test handling of invalid date in EDF header."""
     with open(edf_path, 'rb') as f:  # read valid test file
         edf = bytearray(f.read())
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ def test_invalid_date(tmpdir):
     # one wrong: no warning
     edf[101:104] = b'FEB'
     assert edf[172] == ord('4')
-    fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), "temp.edf")
+    fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), "temp.edf")
     with open(fname, "wb") as f:
         f.write(edf)
     read_raw_edf(fname)
diff --git a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_gdf.py b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_gdf.py
index 2d73da944e6..b8f3fd66ece 100644
--- a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_gdf.py
+++ b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_gdf.py
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ def test_gdf_data():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_gdf2_birthday(tmpdir):
+def test_gdf2_birthday(tmp_path):
     """Test reading raw GDF 2.x files."""
-    new_fname = str(tmpdir.join('temp.gdf'))
+    new_fname = str(tmp_path.join('temp.gdf'))
     shutil.copyfile(gdf2_path + '.gdf', new_fname)
     # go back 44.5 years so the subject should show up as 44
     offset_edf = (  # to their ref
diff --git a/mne/io/eeglab/tests/test_eeglab.py b/mne/io/eeglab/tests/test_eeglab.py
index fed571d9094..311bcd33172 100644
--- a/mne/io/eeglab/tests/test_eeglab.py
+++ b/mne/io/eeglab/tests/test_eeglab.py
@@ -101,14 +101,14 @@ def test_io_set_raw(fname):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_io_set_raw_more(tmpdir):
+def test_io_set_raw_more(tmp_path):
     """Test importing EEGLAB .set files."""
-    tmpdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tmp_path = str(tmp_path)
     eeg = io.loadmat(raw_fname_mat, struct_as_record=False,
                      squeeze_me=True)['EEG']
 
     # test reading file with one event (read old version)
-    negative_latency_fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'test_negative_latency.set')
+    negative_latency_fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'test_negative_latency.set')
     evnts = deepcopy(eeg.event[0])
     evnts.latency = 0
     io.savemat(negative_latency_fname,
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ def test_io_set_raw_more(tmpdir):
             read_raw_eeglab(input_fname=negative_latency_fname, preload=True)
 
     # test overlapping events
-    overlap_fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'test_overlap_event.set')
+    overlap_fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'test_overlap_event.set')
     io.savemat(overlap_fname,
                {'EEG': {'trials': eeg.trials, 'srate': eeg.srate,
                         'nbchan': eeg.nbchan, 'data': 'test_overlap_event.fdt',
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ def test_io_set_raw_more(tmpdir):
     read_raw_eeglab(input_fname=overlap_fname, preload=True)
 
     # test reading file with empty event durations
-    empty_dur_fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'test_empty_durations.set')
+    empty_dur_fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'test_empty_durations.set')
     evnts = deepcopy(eeg.event)
     for ev in evnts:
         ev.duration = np.array([], dtype='float')
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ def test_io_set_raw_more(tmpdir):
         read_raw_eeglab(input_fname=overlap_fname, preload=True)
 
     # raise error when both EEG.data and fdt name from set are wrong
-    overlap_fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'test_ovrlap_event.set')
+    overlap_fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'test_ovrlap_event.set')
     io.savemat(overlap_fname,
                {'EEG': {'trials': eeg.trials, 'srate': eeg.srate,
                         'nbchan': eeg.nbchan, 'data': 'test_overla_event.fdt',
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ def test_io_set_raw_more(tmpdir):
         read_raw_eeglab(input_fname=overlap_fname, preload=True)
 
     # test reading file with one channel
-    one_chan_fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'test_one_channel.set')
+    one_chan_fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'test_one_channel.set')
     io.savemat(one_chan_fname,
                {'EEG': {'trials': eeg.trials, 'srate': eeg.srate,
                         'nbchan': 1, 'data': np.random.random((1, 3)),
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ def test_io_set_raw_more(tmpdir):
 
     # test reading channel names but not positions when there is no X (only Z)
     # field in the EEG.chanlocs structure
-    nopos_fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'test_no_chanpos.set')
+    nopos_fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'test_no_chanpos.set')
     io.savemat(nopos_fname,
                {'EEG': {'trials': eeg.trials, 'srate': eeg.srate, 'nbchan': 3,
                         'data': np.random.random((3, 2)), 'epoch': eeg.epoch,
@@ -262,14 +262,14 @@ def test_io_set_epochs(fnames):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_io_set_epochs_events(tmpdir):
+def test_io_set_epochs_events(tmp_path):
     """Test different combinations of events and event_ids."""
-    tmpdir = str(tmpdir)
-    out_fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'test-eve.fif')
+    tmp_path = str(tmp_path)
+    out_fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'test-eve.fif')
     events = np.array([[4, 0, 1], [12, 0, 2], [20, 0, 3], [26, 0, 3]])
     write_events(out_fname, events)
     event_id = {'S255/S8': 1, 'S8': 2, 'S255/S9': 3}
-    out_fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'test-eve.fif')
+    out_fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'test-eve.fif')
     epochs = read_epochs_eeglab(epochs_fname_mat, events, event_id)
     assert_equal(len(epochs.events), 4)
     assert epochs.preload
@@ -282,14 +282,14 @@ def test_io_set_epochs_events(tmpdir):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_degenerate(tmpdir):
+def test_degenerate(tmp_path):
     """Test some degenerate conditions."""
     # test if .dat file raises an error
-    tmpdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tmp_path = str(tmp_path)
     eeg = io.loadmat(epochs_fname_mat, struct_as_record=False,
                      squeeze_me=True)['EEG']
     eeg.data = 'epochs_fname.dat'
-    bad_epochs_fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'test_epochs.set')
+    bad_epochs_fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'test_epochs.set')
     io.savemat(bad_epochs_fname,
                {'EEG': {'trials': eeg.trials, 'srate': eeg.srate,
                         'nbchan': eeg.nbchan, 'data': eeg.data,
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ def test_degenerate(tmpdir):
                         'chanlocs': eeg.chanlocs, 'pnts': eeg.pnts}},
                appendmat=False, oned_as='row')
     shutil.copyfile(op.join(base_dir, 'test_epochs.fdt'),
-                    op.join(tmpdir, 'test_epochs.dat'))
+                    op.join(tmp_path, 'test_epochs.dat'))
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='multiple events'):
         pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, read_epochs_eeglab,
                       bad_epochs_fname)
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ def _assert_array_allclose_nan(left, right):
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope='session')
-def one_chanpos_fname(tmpdir_factory):
+def one_chanpos_fname(tmp_path_factory):
     """Test file with 3 channels to exercise EEGLAB reader.
 
     File characteristics
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ def one_chanpos_fname(tmpdir_factory):
     Notes from when this code was factorized:
     # test reading file with one event (read old version)
     """
-    fname = str(tmpdir_factory.mktemp('data').join('test_chanpos.set'))
+    fname = str(tmp_path_factory.mktemp('data').join('test_chanpos.set'))
     file_conent = dict(EEG={
         'trials': 1, 'nbchan': 3, 'pnts': 3, 'epoch': [], 'event': [],
         'srate': 128, 'times': np.array([0., 0.1, 0.2]),
diff --git a/mne/io/egi/tests/test_egi.py b/mne/io/egi/tests/test_egi.py
index 03b0ec053a6..8e1694090fe 100644
--- a/mne/io/egi/tests/test_egi.py
+++ b/mne/io/egi/tests/test_egi.py
@@ -110,9 +110,9 @@ def test_egi_mff_pause(fname, skip_times, event_times):
     egi_eprime_pause_fname,
     egi_pause_w1337_fname,
 ])
-def test_egi_mff_pause_chunks(fname, tmpdir):
+def test_egi_mff_pause_chunks(fname, tmp_path):
     """Test that on-demand of all short segments works (via I/O)."""
-    fname_temp = tmpdir.join('test_raw.fif')
+    fname_temp = tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif')
     raw_data = read_raw_egi(fname, preload=True).get_data()
     raw = read_raw_egi(fname)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='Acquisition skips detected'):
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ def test_io_egi():
 
 
 @requires_testing_data
-def test_io_egi_pns_mff(tmpdir):
+def test_io_egi_pns_mff(tmp_path):
     """Test importing EGI MFF with PNS data."""
     raw = read_raw_egi(egi_mff_pns_fname, include=None, preload=True,
                        verbose='error')
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ def test_io_egi_pns_mff(tmpdir):
         assert_array_equal(mat_data, raw_data)
 
     # EEG missing
-    new_mff = str(tmpdir.join('temp.mff'))
+    new_mff = str(tmp_path.join('temp.mff'))
     shutil.copytree(egi_mff_pns_fname, new_mff)
     read_raw_egi(new_mff, verbose='error')
     os.remove(op.join(new_mff, 'info1.xml'))
diff --git a/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py b/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
index 1cbcdc6214e..80b26e4d3c5 100644
--- a/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
+++ b/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_acq_skip(tmpdir):
+def test_acq_skip(tmp_path):
     """Test treatment of acquisition skips."""
     raw = read_raw_fif(skip_fname, preload=True)
     picks = [1, 2, 10]
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def test_acq_skip(tmpdir):
     assert_allclose(data, np.concatenate(expected_data, axis=-1), atol=1e-22)
 
     # Check that acquisition skips are handled properly during I/O
-    fname = tmpdir.join('test_raw.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif')
     raw.save(fname, fmt=raw.orig_format)
     # first: file size should not increase much (orig data is missing
     # 7 of 17 buffers, so if we write them out it should increase the file
@@ -129,12 +129,12 @@ def test_fix_types():
                      FIFF.FIFFV_COIL_VV_MAG_T3).all())
 
 
-def test_concat(tmpdir):
+def test_concat(tmp_path):
     """Test RawFIF concatenation."""
     # we trim the file to save lots of memory and some time
     raw = read_raw_fif(test_fif_fname)
     raw.crop(0, 2.)
-    test_name = tmpdir.join('test_raw.fif')
+    test_name = tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif')
     raw.save(test_name)
     # now run the standard test
     _test_concat(partial(read_raw_fif), test_name)
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ def test_maxshield():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_subject_info(tmpdir):
+def test_subject_info(tmp_path):
     """Test reading subject information."""
     raw = read_raw_fif(fif_fname).crop(0, 1)
     assert (raw.info['subject_info'] is None)
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ def test_subject_info(tmpdir):
     for key, val in zip(keys, vals):
         subject_info[key] = val
     raw.info['subject_info'] = subject_info
-    out_fname = tmpdir.join('test_subj_info_raw.fif')
+    out_fname = tmp_path.join('test_subj_info_raw.fif')
     raw.save(out_fname, overwrite=True)
     raw_read = read_raw_fif(out_fname)
     for key in keys:
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ def test_copy_append():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_output_formats(tmpdir):
+def test_output_formats(tmp_path):
     """Test saving and loading raw data using multiple formats."""
     formats = ['short', 'int', 'single', 'double']
     tols = [1e-4, 1e-7, 1e-7, 1e-15]
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ def test_output_formats(tmpdir):
     # let's fake a raw file with different formats
     raw = read_raw_fif(test_fif_fname).crop(0, 1)
 
-    temp_file = tmpdir.join('raw.fif')
+    temp_file = tmp_path.join('raw.fif')
     for ii, (fmt, tol) in enumerate(zip(formats, tols)):
         # Let's test the overwriting error throwing while we're at it
         if ii > 0:
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ def _compare_combo(raw, new, times, n_times):
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_multiple_files(tmpdir):
+def test_multiple_files(tmp_path):
     """Test loading multiple files simultaneously."""
     # split file
     raw = read_raw_fif(fif_fname).crop(0, 10)
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ def test_multiple_files(tmpdir):
     # going in reverse order so the last fname is the first file (need later)
     raws = [None] * len(tmins)
     for ri in range(len(tmins) - 1, -1, -1):
-        fname = tmpdir.join('test_raw_split-%d_raw.fif' % ri)
+        fname = tmp_path.join('test_raw_split-%d_raw.fif' % ri)
         raw.save(fname, tmin=tmins[ri], tmax=tmaxs[ri])
         raws[ri] = read_raw_fif(fname)
         assert (len(raws[ri].times) ==
@@ -387,17 +387,17 @@ def test_concatenate_raws(on_mismatch):
             'ignore:.*naming conventions.*:RuntimeWarning'),
         pytest.mark.slowtest]),
 ))
-def test_split_files(tmpdir, mod, monkeypatch):
+def test_split_files(tmp_path, mod, monkeypatch):
     """Test writing and reading of split raw files."""
     raw_1 = read_raw_fif(fif_fname, preload=True)
     # Test a very close corner case
 
     assert_allclose(raw_1.buffer_size_sec, 10., atol=1e-2)  # samp rate
-    split_fname = tmpdir.join(f'split_raw_{mod}.fif')
+    split_fname = tmp_path.join(f'split_raw_{mod}.fif')
     # intended filenames
-    split_fname_elekta_part2 = tmpdir.join(f'split_raw_{mod}-1.fif')
-    split_fname_bids_part1 = tmpdir.join(f'split_raw_split-01_{mod}.fif')
-    split_fname_bids_part2 = tmpdir.join(f'split_raw_split-02_{mod}.fif')
+    split_fname_elekta_part2 = tmp_path.join(f'split_raw_{mod}-1.fif')
+    split_fname_bids_part1 = tmp_path.join(f'split_raw_split-01_{mod}.fif')
+    split_fname_bids_part2 = tmp_path.join(f'split_raw_split-02_{mod}.fif')
     raw_1.set_annotations(Annotations([2.], [5.5], 'test'))
 
     # Check that if BIDS is used and no split is needed it defaults to
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ def test_split_files(tmpdir, mod, monkeypatch):
 
     annot = Annotations(np.arange(20), np.ones((20,)), 'test')
     raw_1.set_annotations(annot)
-    split_fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'split_raw.fif')
+    split_fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'split_raw.fif')
     raw_1.save(split_fname, buffer_size_sec=1.0, split_size='10MB')
     raw_2 = read_raw_fif(split_fname)
     assert_allclose(raw_2.buffer_size_sec, 1., atol=1e-2)  # samp rate
@@ -512,18 +512,18 @@ def test_split_files(tmpdir, mod, monkeypatch):
     assert_allclose(raw_crop[:][0], raw_read[:][0])
 
     # proper ending
-    assert op.isdir(tmpdir)
+    assert op.isdir(tmp_path)
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='must end with an underscore'):
         raw_crop.save(
-            tmpdir.join('test.fif'), split_naming='bids', verbose='error')
+            tmp_path.join('test.fif'), split_naming='bids', verbose='error')
 
     # reserved file is deleted
-    fname = tmpdir.join('test_raw.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif')
     monkeypatch.setattr(base, '_write_raw_fid', _err)
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Killed mid-write'):
         raw_1.save(fname, split_size='10MB', split_naming='bids')
     assert op.isfile(fname)
-    assert not op.isfile(tmpdir.join('test_split-01_raw.fif'))
+    assert not op.isfile(tmp_path.join('test_split-01_raw.fif'))
 
 
 def _err(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -535,12 +535,12 @@ def _no_write_file_name(fid, kind, data):
     return
 
 
-def test_split_numbers(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
+def test_split_numbers(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
     """Test handling of split files using numbers instead of names."""
     monkeypatch.setattr(base, 'write_string', _no_write_file_name)
     raw = read_raw_fif(test_fif_fname).pick('eeg')
     # gh-8339
-    dashes_fname = tmpdir.join('sub-1_ses-2_task-3_raw.fif')
+    dashes_fname = tmp_path.join('sub-1_ses-2_task-3_raw.fif')
     raw.save(dashes_fname, split_size='5MB',
              buffer_size_sec=1.)
     assert op.isfile(dashes_fname)
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ def test_split_numbers(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
     assert_allclose(raw.get_data(), raw_read.get_data(), atol=1e-16)
 
 
-def test_load_bad_channels(tmpdir):
+def test_load_bad_channels(tmp_path):
     """Test reading/writing of bad channels."""
     # Load correctly marked file (manually done in mne_process_raw)
     raw_marked = read_raw_fif(fif_bad_marked_fname)
@@ -563,8 +563,8 @@ def test_load_bad_channels(tmpdir):
     # Test normal case
     raw.load_bad_channels(bad_file_works)
     # Write it out, read it in, and check
-    raw.save(tmpdir.join('foo_raw.fif'))
-    raw_new = read_raw_fif(tmpdir.join('foo_raw.fif'))
+    raw.save(tmp_path.join('foo_raw.fif'))
+    raw_new = read_raw_fif(tmp_path.join('foo_raw.fif'))
     assert correct_bads == raw_new.info['bads']
     # Reset it
     raw.info['bads'] = []
@@ -576,20 +576,20 @@ def test_load_bad_channels(tmpdir):
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='1 bad channel'):
         raw.load_bad_channels(bad_file_wrong, force=True)
         # write it out, read it in, and check
-    raw.save(tmpdir.join('foo_raw.fif'), overwrite=True)
-    raw_new = read_raw_fif(tmpdir.join('foo_raw.fif'))
+    raw.save(tmp_path.join('foo_raw.fif'), overwrite=True)
+    raw_new = read_raw_fif(tmp_path.join('foo_raw.fif'))
     assert correct_bads == raw_new.info['bads']
 
     # Check that bad channels are cleared
     raw.load_bad_channels(None)
-    raw.save(tmpdir.join('foo_raw.fif'), overwrite=True)
-    raw_new = read_raw_fif(tmpdir.join('foo_raw.fif'))
+    raw.save(tmp_path.join('foo_raw.fif'), overwrite=True)
+    raw_new = read_raw_fif(tmp_path.join('foo_raw.fif'))
     assert raw_new.info['bads'] == []
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_io_raw(tmpdir):
+def test_io_raw(tmp_path):
     """Test IO for raw data (Neuromag)."""
     rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
     # test unicode io
@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ def test_io_raw(tmpdir):
             assert ('Raw' in repr(r))
             assert (op.basename(fif_fname) in repr(r))
             r.info['description'] = chars
-            temp_file = tmpdir.join('raw.fif')
+            temp_file = tmp_path.join('raw.fif')
             r.save(temp_file, overwrite=True)
             with read_raw_fif(temp_file) as r2:
                 desc2 = r2.info['description']
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ def test_io_raw(tmpdir):
     data = rng.randn(raw._data.shape[0], raw._data.shape[1])
     raw._data[:, :] = data
     # save it somewhere
-    fname = tmpdir.join('test_copy_raw.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('test_copy_raw.fif')
     raw.save(fname, buffer_size_sec=1.0)
     # read it in, make sure the whole thing matches
     raw = read_raw_fif(fname)
@@ -626,9 +626,9 @@ def test_io_raw(tmpdir):
     (test_fif_fname, 'raw.fif'),
     pytest.param(test_fif_gz_fname, 'raw.fif.gz', marks=pytest.mark.slowtest),
     (ctf_fname, 'raw.fif')])
-def test_io_raw_additional(fname_in, fname_out, tmpdir):
+def test_io_raw_additional(fname_in, fname_out, tmp_path):
     """Test IO for raw data (Neuromag + CTF + gz)."""
-    fname_out = tmpdir.join(fname_out)
+    fname_out = tmp_path.join(fname_out)
     raw = read_raw_fif(fname_in).crop(0, 2)
 
     nchan = raw.info['nchan']
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ def test_io_raw_additional(fname_in, fname_out, tmpdir):
         assert_allclose(raw.info['dig'][0]['r'], raw2.info['dig'][0]['r'])
 
     # test warnings on bad filenames
-    raw_badname = tmpdir.join('test-bad-name.fif.gz')
+    raw_badname = tmp_path.join('test-bad-name.fif.gz')
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='raw.fif'):
         raw.save(raw_badname)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='raw.fif'):
@@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ def test_io_raw_additional(fname_in, fname_out, tmpdir):
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', ('complex128', 'complex64'))
-def test_io_complex(tmpdir, dtype):
+def test_io_complex(tmp_path, dtype):
     """Test IO with complex data types."""
     rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
     n_ch = 5
@@ -717,13 +717,13 @@ def test_io_complex(tmpdir, dtype):
     raw_cp._data = np.array(raw_cp._data, dtype)
     raw_cp._data += imag_rand
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='Saving .* complex data.'):
-        raw_cp.save(tmpdir.join('raw.fif'), overwrite=True)
+        raw_cp.save(tmp_path / 'raw.fif', overwrite=True)
 
-    raw2 = read_raw_fif(tmpdir.join('raw.fif'))
+    raw2 = read_raw_fif(tmp_path / 'raw.fif')
     raw2_data, _ = raw2[:]
     assert_allclose(raw2_data, raw_cp._data)
     # with preloading
-    raw2 = read_raw_fif(tmpdir.join('raw.fif'), preload=True)
+    raw2 = read_raw_fif(tmp_path / 'raw.fif', preload=True)
     raw2_data, _ = raw2[:]
     assert_allclose(raw2_data, raw_cp._data)
     assert_allclose(data_orig, raw_cp._data.real)
@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ def test_getitem():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_proj(tmpdir):
+def test_proj(tmp_path):
     """Test SSP proj operations."""
     for proj in [True, False]:
         raw = read_raw_fif(fif_fname, preload=False)
@@ -796,8 +796,8 @@ def test_proj(tmpdir):
         raw = read_raw_fif(fif_fname, preload=preload)
 
         # write the file with proj. activated, make sure proj has been applied
-        raw.save(tmpdir.join('raw.fif'), proj=True, overwrite=True)
-        raw2 = read_raw_fif(tmpdir.join('raw.fif'))
+        raw.save(tmp_path.join('raw.fif'), proj=True, overwrite=True)
+        raw2 = read_raw_fif(tmp_path.join('raw.fif'))
         data_proj_2, _ = raw2[:, 0:2]
         assert_allclose(data_proj_1, data_proj_2)
         assert (all(p['active'] for p in raw2.info['projs']))
@@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ def test_proj(tmpdir):
 
     # I/O roundtrip of an MEG projector with a Raw that only contains EEG
     # data.
-    out_fname = tmpdir.join('test_raw.fif')
+    out_fname = tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif')
     raw = read_raw_fif(test_fif_fname, preload=True).crop(0, 0.002)
     proj = raw.info['projs'][-1]
     raw.pick_types(meg=False, eeg=True)
@@ -844,7 +844,7 @@ def test_proj(tmpdir):
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('preload', [False, True, 'memmap.dat'])
-def test_preload_modify(preload, tmpdir):
+def test_preload_modify(preload, tmp_path):
     """Test preloading and modifying data."""
     rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
     raw = read_raw_fif(fif_fname, preload=preload)
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@ def test_preload_modify(preload, tmpdir):
         else:
             raise
 
-    tmp_fname = tmpdir.join('raw.fif')
+    tmp_fname = tmp_path.join('raw.fif')
     raw.save(tmp_fname, overwrite=True)
 
     raw_new = read_raw_fif(tmp_fname)
@@ -1086,7 +1086,7 @@ def test_resample_equiv():
     (True, 512, 'auto'),
     (False, 512, 0),
 ])
-def test_resample(tmpdir, preload, n, npad):
+def test_resample(tmp_path, preload, n, npad):
     """Test resample (with I/O and multiple files)."""
     raw = read_raw_fif(fif_fname)
     raw.crop(0, raw.times[n - 1])
@@ -1098,8 +1098,8 @@ def test_resample(tmpdir, preload, n, npad):
     # test parallel on upsample
     raw_resamp.resample(sfreq * 2, n_jobs=2, npad=npad)
     assert raw_resamp.n_times == len(raw_resamp.times)
-    raw_resamp.save(tmpdir.join('raw_resamp-raw.fif'))
-    raw_resamp = read_raw_fif(tmpdir.join('raw_resamp-raw.fif'),
+    raw_resamp.save(tmp_path.join('raw_resamp-raw.fif'))
+    raw_resamp = read_raw_fif(tmp_path.join('raw_resamp-raw.fif'),
                               preload=True)
     assert sfreq == raw_resamp.info['sfreq'] / 2
     assert raw.n_times == raw_resamp.n_times // 2
@@ -1376,9 +1376,9 @@ def test_add_channels():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_save(tmpdir):
+def test_save(tmp_path):
     """Test saving raw."""
-    temp_fname = tmpdir.join('test_raw.fif')
+    temp_fname = tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif')
     shutil.copyfile(fif_fname, temp_fname)
     raw = read_raw_fif(temp_fname, preload=False)
     # can't write over file being read
@@ -1394,7 +1394,7 @@ def test_save(tmpdir):
     annot = Annotations([10], [5], ['test'], orig_time=orig_time)
     raw.set_annotations(annot)
     annot = raw.annotations
-    new_fname = tmpdir.join('break_raw.fif')
+    new_fname = tmp_path.join('break_raw.fif')
     raw.save(new_fname, overwrite=True)
     new_raw = read_raw_fif(new_fname, preload=False)
     pytest.raises(ValueError, new_raw.save, new_fname)
@@ -1411,7 +1411,7 @@ def test_save(tmpdir):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_annotation_crop(tmpdir):
+def test_annotation_crop(tmp_path):
     """Test annotation sync after cropping and concatenating."""
     annot = Annotations([5., 11., 15.], [2., 1., 3.], ['test', 'test', 'test'])
     raw = read_raw_fif(fif_fname, preload=False)
@@ -1437,7 +1437,7 @@ def test_annotation_crop(tmpdir):
                     [1., 1. + 1. / raw.info['sfreq']], atol=1e-3)
 
     # make sure we can overwrite the file we loaded when preload=True
-    new_fname = tmpdir.join('break_raw.fif')
+    new_fname = tmp_path.join('break_raw.fif')
     raw.save(new_fname)
     new_raw = read_raw_fif(new_fname, preload=True)
     new_raw.save(new_fname, overwrite=True)
@@ -1451,7 +1451,7 @@ def test_with_statement():
             print(raw_)
 
 
-def test_compensation_raw(tmpdir):
+def test_compensation_raw(tmp_path):
     """Test Raw compensation."""
     raw_3 = read_raw_fif(ctf_comp_fname)
     assert raw_3.compensation_grade == 3
@@ -1514,7 +1514,7 @@ def test_compensation_raw(tmpdir):
             assert_allclose(data_3, data_3_new, **tols)
 
     # Try IO with compensation
-    temp_file = tmpdir.join('raw.fif')
+    temp_file = tmp_path.join('raw.fif')
     raw_3.save(temp_file, overwrite=True)
     for preload in (True, False):
         raw_read = read_raw_fif(temp_file, preload=preload)
@@ -1550,10 +1550,10 @@ def test_compensation_raw(tmpdir):
 
 
 @requires_mne
-def test_compensation_raw_mne(tmpdir):
+def test_compensation_raw_mne(tmp_path):
     """Test Raw compensation by comparing with MNE-C."""
     def compensate_mne(fname, grad):
-        tmp_fname = tmpdir.join('mne_ctf_test_raw.fif')
+        tmp_fname = tmp_path.join('mne_ctf_test_raw.fif')
         cmd = ['mne_process_raw', '--raw', fname, '--save', tmp_fname,
                '--grad', str(grad), '--projoff', '--filteroff']
         run_subprocess(cmd)
@@ -1641,10 +1641,10 @@ def test_equalize_channels():
         assert ch_names == e.ch_names
 
 
-def test_memmap(tmpdir):
+def test_memmap(tmp_path):
     """Test some interesting memmapping cases."""
     # concatenate_raw
-    memmaps = [tmpdir.join(str(ii)) for ii in range(3)]
+    memmaps = [tmp_path.join(str(ii)) for ii in range(3)]
     raw_0 = read_raw_fif(test_fif_fname, preload=memmaps[0])
     assert raw_0._data.filename == memmaps[0]
     raw_1 = read_raw_fif(test_fif_fname, preload=memmaps[1])
@@ -1696,17 +1696,17 @@ def test_memmap(tmpdir):
     False,
     pytest.param(True, marks=pytest.mark.slowtest),
 ])
-def test_file_like(kind, preload, split, tmpdir):
+def test_file_like(kind, preload, split, tmp_path):
     """Test handling with file-like objects."""
     if split:
-        fname = tmpdir.join('test_raw.fif')
+        fname = tmp_path / 'test_raw.fif'
         read_raw_fif(test_fif_fname).save(fname, split_size='5MB')
         assert op.isfile(fname)
         assert op.isfile(str(fname)[:-4] + '-1.fif')
     else:
         fname = test_fif_fname
     if preload is str:
-        preload = str(tmpdir.join('memmap'))
+        preload = str(tmp_path / 'memmap')
     with open(str(fname), 'rb') as file_fid:
         fid = BytesIO(file_fid.read()) if kind == 'bytes' else file_fid
         assert not fid.closed
@@ -1754,17 +1754,17 @@ def test_bad_acq(fname):
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform not in ('darwin', 'linux'),
                     reason='Needs proper symlinking')
-def test_split_symlink(tmpdir):
+def test_split_symlink(tmp_path):
     """Test split files with symlinks."""
     # regression test for gh-9221
-    first = str(tmpdir.mkdir('first').join('test_raw.fif'))
+    first = str(tmp_path.mkdir('first').join('test_raw.fif'))
     raw = read_raw_fif(fif_fname).pick('meg').load_data()
     raw.save(first, buffer_size_sec=1, split_size='10MB', verbose=True)
     second = first[:-4] + '-1.fif'
     assert op.isfile(second)
     assert not op.isfile(first[:-4] + '-2.fif')
-    new_first = tmpdir.mkdir('a').join('test_raw.fif')
-    new_second = tmpdir.mkdir('b').join('test_raw-1.fif')
+    new_first = tmp_path.mkdir('a').join('test_raw.fif')
+    new_second = tmp_path.mkdir('b').join('test_raw-1.fif')
     shutil.move(first, new_first)
     shutil.move(second, new_second)
     os.symlink(new_first, first)
@@ -1774,7 +1774,7 @@ def test_split_symlink(tmpdir):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_corrupted(tmpdir):
+def test_corrupted(tmp_path):
     """Test that a corrupted file can still be read."""
     # Must be a file written by Neuromag, not us, since we don't write the dir
     # at the end, so use the skip one (straight from acq).
@@ -1786,7 +1786,7 @@ def test_corrupted(tmpdir):
         assert dirpos == 12641532
         fid.seek(0)
         data = fid.read(dirpos)
-    bad_fname = tmpdir.join('test_raw.fif')
+    bad_fname = tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif')
     with open(bad_fname, 'wb') as fid:
         fid.write(data)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='.*tag directory.*corrupt.*'):
diff --git a/mne/io/hitachi/tests/test_hitachi.py b/mne/io/hitachi/tests/test_hitachi.py
index 0bd47756be9..fa838457269 100644
--- a/mne/io/hitachi/tests/test_hitachi.py
+++ b/mne/io/hitachi/tests/test_hitachi.py
@@ -187,9 +187,9 @@
     ('1.25', 108, 10, 5., 1, (2020, 2, 2, 11, 20, 0, 0), b'\r\n'),
 ])
 def test_hitachi_basic(preload, version, n_ch, n_times, lowpass, sex, date,
-                       end, tmpdir):
+                       end, tmp_path):
     """Test NIRSport1 file with no saturation."""
-    fname = str(tmpdir.join('test.csv'))
+    fname = str(tmp_path.join('test.csv'))
     contents = CONTENTS[version]
     if end is not None:
         contents = contents.replace(b'\r', b'\n').replace(b'\n\n', b'\n')
diff --git a/mne/io/kit/tests/test_coreg.py b/mne/io/kit/tests/test_coreg.py
index 9af9461ed62..e654096ff7f 100644
--- a/mne/io/kit/tests/test_coreg.py
+++ b/mne/io/kit/tests/test_coreg.py
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@
 mrk_fname = os.path.join(data_dir, 'test_mrk.sqd')
 
 
-def test_io_mrk(tmpdir):
+def test_io_mrk(tmp_path):
     """Test IO for mrk files."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     pts = read_mrk(mrk_fname)
 
     # txt
diff --git a/mne/io/kit/tests/test_kit.py b/mne/io/kit/tests/test_kit.py
index 1eac5eb3883..41215dbd07c 100644
--- a/mne/io/kit/tests/test_kit.py
+++ b/mne/io/kit/tests/test_kit.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 
 
 @requires_testing_data
-def test_data(tmpdir):
+def test_data(tmp_path):
     """Test reading raw kit files."""
     pytest.raises(TypeError, read_raw_kit, epochs_path)
     pytest.raises(TypeError, read_epochs_kit, sqd_path)
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ def _assert_sinusoid(data, t, freq, amp, msg):
     (yokogawa_path, 'Meg160/Analysis (1001) V3R000 PQA160C'),
     (ricoh_path, 'Meg160/Analysis (1001) V3R000 PQA160C'),
 ])
-def test_ricoh_data(tmpdir, fname, desc):
+def test_ricoh_data(tmp_path, fname, desc):
     """Test reading channel names and dig information from Ricoh systems."""
     raw = read_raw_kit(fname, standardize_names=True)
     assert raw.ch_names[0] == 'MEG 001'
@@ -295,14 +295,14 @@ def test_hsp_elp():
     assert_array_almost_equal(pts_elp_in_dev, pts_txt_in_dev, decimal=5)
 
 
-def test_decimate(tmpdir):
+def test_decimate(tmp_path):
     """Test decimation of digitizer headshapes with too many points."""
     # load headshape and convert to meters
     hsp_mm = _get_ico_surface(5)['rr'] * 100
     hsp_m = hsp_mm / 1000.
 
     # save headshape to a file in mm in temporary directory
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     sphere_hsp_path = op.join(tempdir, 'test_sphere.txt')
     np.savetxt(sphere_hsp_path, hsp_mm)
 
diff --git a/mne/io/nirx/tests/test_nirx.py b/mne/io/nirx/tests/test_nirx.py
index bc7a99d4f49..6340e8659d8 100644
--- a/mne/io/nirx/tests/test_nirx.py
+++ b/mne/io/nirx/tests/test_nirx.py
@@ -247,23 +247,23 @@ def test_nirx_missing_warn():
 
 
 @requires_testing_data
-def test_nirx_missing_evt(tmpdir):
+def test_nirx_missing_evt(tmp_path):
     """Test reading NIRX files when missing data."""
-    shutil.copytree(fname_nirx_15_2_short, str(tmpdir) + "/data/")
-    os.rename(str(tmpdir) + "/data" + "/NIRS-2019-08-23_001.evt",
-              str(tmpdir) + "/data" + "/NIRS-2019-08-23_001.xxx")
-    fname = str(tmpdir) + "/data" + "/NIRS-2019-08-23_001.hdr"
+    shutil.copytree(fname_nirx_15_2_short, str(tmp_path) + "/data/")
+    os.rename(str(tmp_path) + "/data" + "/NIRS-2019-08-23_001.evt",
+              str(tmp_path) + "/data" + "/NIRS-2019-08-23_001.xxx")
+    fname = str(tmp_path) + "/data" + "/NIRS-2019-08-23_001.hdr"
     raw = read_raw_nirx(fname, preload=True)
     assert raw.annotations.onset.shape == (0, )
 
 
 @requires_testing_data
-def test_nirx_dat_warn(tmpdir):
+def test_nirx_dat_warn(tmp_path):
     """Test reading NIRX files when missing data."""
-    shutil.copytree(fname_nirx_15_2_short, str(tmpdir) + "/data/")
-    os.rename(str(tmpdir) + "/data" + "/NIRS-2019-08-23_001.dat",
-              str(tmpdir) + "/data" + "/NIRS-2019-08-23_001.tmp")
-    fname = str(tmpdir) + "/data" + "/NIRS-2019-08-23_001.hdr"
+    shutil.copytree(fname_nirx_15_2_short, str(tmp_path) + "/data/")
+    os.rename(str(tmp_path) + "/data" + "/NIRS-2019-08-23_001.dat",
+              str(tmp_path) + "/data" + "/NIRS-2019-08-23_001.tmp")
+    fname = str(tmp_path) + "/data" + "/NIRS-2019-08-23_001.hdr"
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeWarning, match='A single dat'):
         read_raw_nirx(fname, preload=True)
 
@@ -449,9 +449,9 @@ def test_nirx_15_3_short():
 
 
 @requires_testing_data
-def test_encoding(tmpdir):
+def test_encoding(tmp_path):
     """Test NIRx encoding."""
-    fname = str(tmpdir.join('latin'))
+    fname = str(tmp_path.join('latin'))
     shutil.copytree(fname_nirx_15_2, fname)
     hdr_fname = op.join(fname, 'NIRS-2019-10-02_003.hdr')
     hdr = list()
diff --git a/mne/io/persyst/tests/test_persyst.py b/mne/io/persyst/tests/test_persyst.py
index c0177560b01..0dca436dd8b 100644
--- a/mne/io/persyst/tests/test_persyst.py
+++ b/mne/io/persyst/tests/test_persyst.py
@@ -77,10 +77,10 @@ def test_persyst_raw():
 
 
 @requires_testing_data
-def test_persyst_dates(tmpdir):
+def test_persyst_dates(tmp_path):
     """Test different Persyst date formats for meas date."""
     # now test what if you change contents of the lay file
-    out_dir = str(tmpdir)
+    out_dir = str(tmp_path)
     new_fname_lay = op.join(out_dir, op.basename(fname_lay))
     new_fname_dat = op.join(out_dir, op.basename(fname_dat))
     shutil.copy(fname_dat, new_fname_dat)
@@ -118,12 +118,12 @@ def test_persyst_dates(tmpdir):
 
 
 @requires_testing_data
-def test_persyst_wrong_file(tmpdir):
+def test_persyst_wrong_file(tmp_path):
     """Test reading Persyst files when passed in wrong file path."""
     with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError, match='The path you'):
         read_raw_persyst(fname_dat, preload=True)
 
-    out_dir = str(tmpdir)
+    out_dir = str(tmp_path)
     new_fname_lay = op.join(out_dir, op.basename(fname_lay))
     new_fname_dat = op.join(out_dir, op.basename(fname_dat))
     shutil.copy(fname_lay, new_fname_lay)
@@ -142,9 +142,9 @@ def test_persyst_wrong_file(tmpdir):
 
 
 @requires_testing_data
-def test_persyst_moved_file(tmpdir):
+def test_persyst_moved_file(tmp_path):
     """Test reader - Persyst files need to be in same directory."""
-    out_dir = str(tmpdir)
+    out_dir = str(tmp_path)
     new_fname_lay = op.join(out_dir, op.basename(fname_lay))
     new_fname_dat = op.join(out_dir, op.basename(fname_dat))
     shutil.copy(fname_lay, new_fname_lay)
@@ -212,9 +212,9 @@ def test_persyst_annotations(tmp_path):
 
 
 @requires_testing_data
-def test_persyst_errors(tmpdir):
+def test_persyst_errors(tmp_path):
     """Test reading Persyst files when passed in wrong file path."""
-    out_dir = str(tmpdir)
+    out_dir = str(tmp_path)
     new_fname_lay = op.join(out_dir, op.basename(fname_lay))
     new_fname_dat = op.join(out_dir, op.basename(fname_dat))
     shutil.copy(fname_dat, new_fname_dat)
diff --git a/mne/io/snirf/tests/test_snirf.py b/mne/io/snirf/tests/test_snirf.py
index d2f115e414c..7493dd13fbd 100644
--- a/mne/io/snirf/tests/test_snirf.py
+++ b/mne/io/snirf/tests/test_snirf.py
@@ -136,12 +136,12 @@ def test_snirf_against_nirx():
 
 @requires_h5py
 @requires_testing_data
-def test_snirf_nonstandard(tmpdir):
+def test_snirf_nonstandard(tmp_path):
     """Test custom tags."""
     from mne.externals.pymatreader.utils import _import_h5py
     h5py = _import_h5py()
-    shutil.copy(sfnirs_homer_103_wShort, str(tmpdir) + "/mod.snirf")
-    fname = str(tmpdir) + "/mod.snirf"
+    shutil.copy(sfnirs_homer_103_wShort, str(tmp_path) + "/mod.snirf")
+    fname = str(tmp_path) + "/mod.snirf"
     # Manually mark up the file to match MNE-NIRS custom tags
     with h5py.File(fname, "r+") as f:
         f.create_dataset("nirs/metaDataTags/middleName",
diff --git a/mne/io/tests/test_compensator.py b/mne/io/tests/test_compensator.py
index 8cca908cb44..e5f4c02d6ec 100644
--- a/mne/io/tests/test_compensator.py
+++ b/mne/io/tests/test_compensator.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def test_compensation_identity():
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('preload', (True, False))
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('pick', (False, True))
-def test_compensation_apply(tmpdir, preload, pick):
+def test_compensation_apply(tmp_path, preload, pick):
     """Test applying compensation."""
     # make sure that changing the comp doesn't modify the original data
     raw = read_raw_fif(ctf_comp_fname, preload=preload)
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def test_compensation_apply(tmpdir, preload, pick):
         assert raw2._comp is None
     else:
         assert raw2._comp.shape == (len(raw2.ch_names),) * 2
-    fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'ctf-raw.fif')
+    fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'ctf-raw.fif')
     raw2.save(fname)
     raw2 = read_raw_fif(fname)
     assert raw2.compensation_grade == 2
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ def test_compensation_apply(tmpdir, preload, pick):
 
 
 @requires_mne
-def test_compensation_mne(tmpdir):
+def test_compensation_mne(tmp_path):
     """Test comensation by comparing with MNE."""
     def make_evoked(fname, comp):
         """Make evoked data."""
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ def compensate_mne(fname, comp):
         return read_evokeds(tmp_fname)[0]
 
     # save evoked response with default compensation
-    fname_default = op.join(tmpdir, 'ctf_default-ave.fif')
+    fname_default = op.join(tmp_path, 'ctf_default-ave.fif')
     make_evoked(ctf_comp_fname, None).save(fname_default)
 
     for comp in [0, 1, 2, 3]:
diff --git a/mne/io/tests/test_constants.py b/mne/io/tests/test_constants.py
index fcf0a12f593..0a3832ed837 100644
--- a/mne/io/tests/test_constants.py
+++ b/mne/io/tests/test_constants.py
@@ -82,15 +82,15 @@
 
 
 @requires_good_network
-def test_constants(tmpdir):
+def test_constants(tmp_path):
     """Test compensation."""
-    tmpdir = str(tmpdir)  # old pytest...
+    tmp_path = str(tmp_path)  # old pytest...
     fname = 'fiff.zip'
-    dest = op.join(tmpdir, fname)
+    dest = op.join(tmp_path, fname)
     pooch.retrieve(
         url='https://codeload.github.com/'
             f'{REPO}/fiff-constants/zip/{COMMIT}',
-        path=tmpdir,
+        path=tmp_path,
         fname=fname,
         known_hash=None
     )
@@ -98,9 +98,9 @@ def test_constants(tmpdir):
     with zipfile.ZipFile(dest, 'r') as ff:
         for name in ff.namelist():
             if 'Dictionary' in name:
-                ff.extract(name, tmpdir)
+                ff.extract(name, tmp_path)
                 names.append(op.basename(name))
-                shutil.move(op.join(tmpdir, name), op.join(tmpdir, names[-1]))
+                shutil.move(op.join(tmp_path, name), op.join(tmp_path, names[-1]))
     names = sorted(names)
     assert names == ['DictionaryIOD.txt', 'DictionaryIOD_MNE.txt',
                      'DictionaryStructures.txt',
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ def test_constants(tmpdir):
     con = dict(iod=dict(), tags=dict(), types=dict(), defines=dict())
     fiff_version = None
     for name in ['DictionaryIOD.txt', 'DictionaryIOD_MNE.txt']:
-        with open(op.join(tmpdir, name), 'rb') as fid:
+        with open(op.join(tmp_path, name), 'rb') as fid:
             for line in fid:
                 line = line.decode('latin1').strip()
                 if line.startswith('# Packing revision'):
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ def test_constants(tmpdir):
                     assert id_ not in fif['iod']
                 fif['iod'][id_] = [kind, desc]
     # Tags (MEGIN)
-    with open(op.join(tmpdir, 'DictionaryTags.txt'), 'rb') as fid:
+    with open(op.join(tmp_path, 'DictionaryTags.txt'), 'rb') as fid:
         for line in fid:
             line = line.decode('ISO-8859-1').strip()
             if (line.startswith('#') or line.startswith('alias') or
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ def test_constants(tmpdir):
             assert id_ not in fif['tags'], (fif['tags'].get(id_), val)
             fif['tags'][id_] = val
     # Tags (MNE)
-    with open(op.join(tmpdir, 'DictionaryTags_MNE.txt'), 'rb') as fid:
+    with open(op.join(tmp_path, 'DictionaryTags_MNE.txt'), 'rb') as fid:
         for li, line in enumerate(fid):
             line = line.decode('ISO-8859-1').strip()
             # ignore continuation lines (*)
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ def test_constants(tmpdir):
     re_defi = re.compile(r'#define\s*(\S*)\s*(\S*)\s*"(.*)"$')
     used_enums = list()
     for extra in ('', '_MNE'):
-        with open(op.join(tmpdir, 'DictionaryTypes%s.txt'
+        with open(op.join(tmp_path, 'DictionaryTypes%s.txt'
                           % (extra,)), 'rb') as fid:
             for li, line in enumerate(fid):
                 line = line.decode('ISO-8859-1').strip()
diff --git a/mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py b/mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py
index b81ff0f74ba..2d8ba85c8f3 100644
--- a/mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py
+++ b/mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py
@@ -145,13 +145,13 @@ def test_duplicate_name_correction():
         create_info(['A', 'A', 'A-0'], 1000., verbose='error')
 
 
-def test_fiducials_io(tmpdir):
+def test_fiducials_io(tmp_path):
     """Test fiducials i/o."""
     pts, coord_frame = read_fiducials(fiducials_fname)
     assert pts[0]['coord_frame'] == FIFF.FIFFV_COORD_MRI
     assert pts[0]['ident'] == FIFF.FIFFV_POINT_CARDINAL
 
-    temp_fname = tmpdir.join('test.fif')
+    temp_fname = tmp_path.join('test.fif')
     write_fiducials(temp_fname, pts, coord_frame)
     pts_1, coord_frame_1 = read_fiducials(temp_fname)
     assert coord_frame == coord_frame_1
@@ -225,10 +225,10 @@ def test_info():
     assert info == info2
 
 
-def test_read_write_info(tmpdir):
+def test_read_write_info(tmp_path):
     """Test IO of info."""
     info = read_info(raw_fname)
-    temp_file = str(tmpdir.join('info.fif'))
+    temp_file = str(tmp_path.join('info.fif'))
     # check for bug `#1198`
     info['dev_head_t']['trans'] = np.eye(4)
     t1 = info['dev_head_t']['trans']
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ def test_read_write_info(tmpdir):
     with open(temp_file, 'rb') as fid:
         m1.update(fid.read())
     m1 = m1.hexdigest()
-    temp_file_2 = tmpdir.join('info2.fif')
+    temp_file_2 = tmp_path.join('info2.fif')
     assert temp_file_2 != temp_file
     write_info(temp_file_2, info)
     m2 = hashlib.md5()
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ def test_read_write_info(tmpdir):
         info['meas_date'] = None
     anonymize_info(info, verbose='error')
     assert info['meas_date'] is None
-    tmp_fname_3 = tmpdir.join('info3.fif')
+    tmp_fname_3 = tmp_path.join('info3.fif')
     write_info(tmp_fname_3, info)
     assert info['meas_date'] is None
     info2 = read_info(tmp_fname_3)
@@ -292,17 +292,17 @@ def test_read_write_info(tmpdir):
     # Check that having a very old date in fine until you try to save it to fif
     with info._unlock(check_after=True):
         info['meas_date'] = datetime(1800, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
-    fname = tmpdir.join('test.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('test.fif')
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='must be between '):
         write_info(fname, info)
 
 
-def test_io_dig_points(tmpdir):
+def test_io_dig_points(tmp_path):
     """Test Writing for dig files."""
     points = read_polhemus_fastscan(hsp_fname, on_header_missing='ignore')
 
-    dest = str(tmpdir.join('test.txt'))
-    dest_bad = str(tmpdir.join('test.mne'))
+    dest = str(tmp_path.join('test.txt'))
+    dest_bad = str(tmp_path.join('test.mne'))
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='must be of shape'):
         _write_dig_points(dest, points[:, :2])
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='extension'):
@@ -320,9 +320,9 @@ def test_io_dig_points(tmpdir):
             read_polhemus_fastscan(dest, on_header_missing='warn')
 
 
-def test_io_coord_frame(tmpdir):
+def test_io_coord_frame(tmp_path):
     """Test round trip for coordinate frame."""
-    fname = tmpdir.join('test.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('test.fif')
     for ch_type in ('eeg', 'seeg', 'ecog', 'dbs', 'hbo', 'hbr'):
         info = create_info(
             ch_names=['Test Ch'], sfreq=1000., ch_types=[ch_type])
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ def test_meas_date_convert(stamp, dt):
     assert str(dt[0]) in repr(info)
 
 
-def test_anonymize(tmpdir):
+def test_anonymize(tmp_path):
     """Test that sensitive information can be anonymized."""
     pytest.raises(TypeError, anonymize_info, 'foo')
 
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ def test_anonymize(tmpdir):
         # write to disk & read back
         inst_type = 'raw' if isinstance(inst, BaseRaw) else 'epo'
         fname = 'tmp_raw.fif' if inst_type == 'raw' else 'tmp_epo.fif'
-        out_path = tmpdir.join(fname)
+        out_path = tmp_path.join(fname)
         inst.save(out_path, overwrite=True)
         if inst_type == 'raw':
             read_raw_fif(out_path)
@@ -741,11 +741,11 @@ def test_anonymize(tmpdir):
     assert_allclose(raw.annotations.onset, expected_onset)
 
 
-def test_anonymize_with_io(tmpdir):
+def test_anonymize_with_io(tmp_path):
     """Test that IO does not break anonymization."""
     raw = read_raw_fif(raw_fname)
 
-    temp_path = tmpdir.join('tmp_raw.fif')
+    temp_path = tmp_path.join('tmp_raw.fif')
     raw.save(temp_path)
 
     raw2 = read_raw_fif(temp_path)
@@ -755,7 +755,7 @@ def test_anonymize_with_io(tmpdir):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_csr_csc(tmpdir):
+def test_csr_csc(tmp_path):
     """Test CSR and CSC."""
     info = read_info(sss_ctc_fname)
     info = pick_info(info, pick_types(info, meg=True, exclude=[]))
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ def test_csr_csc(tmpdir):
     ct = sss_ctc['decoupler'].copy()
     # CSC
     assert isinstance(ct, sparse.csc_matrix)
-    fname = tmpdir.join('test.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('test.fif')
     write_info(fname, info)
     info_read = read_info(fname)
     ct_read = info_read['proc_history'][0]['max_info']['sss_ctc']['decoupler']
@@ -774,7 +774,7 @@ def test_csr_csc(tmpdir):
     assert isinstance(csr, sparse.csr_matrix)
     assert_array_equal(csr.toarray(), ct.toarray())
     info['proc_history'][0]['max_info']['sss_ctc']['decoupler'] = csr
-    fname = tmpdir.join('test1.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('test1.fif')
     write_info(fname, info)
     info_read = read_info(fname)
     ct_read = info_read['proc_history'][0]['max_info']['sss_ctc']['decoupler']
@@ -810,7 +810,7 @@ def test_check_compensation_consistency():
             assert'Removing 5 compensators' in log.getvalue()
 
 
-def test_field_round_trip(tmpdir):
+def test_field_round_trip(tmp_path):
     """Test round-trip for new fields."""
     info = create_info(1, 1000., 'eeg')
     with info._unlock():
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ def test_field_round_trip(tmpdir):
         info['helium_info'] = dict(
             he_level_raw=1., helium_level=2.,
             orig_file_guid='e', meas_date=(1, 2))
-    fname = tmpdir.join('temp-info.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('temp-info.fif')
     write_info(fname, info)
     info_read = read_info(fname)
     assert_object_equal(info, info_read)
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@ def test_invalid_subject_birthday():
     pytest.param(ctf_fname, marks=testing._pytest_mark()),
     raw_fname,
 ])
-def test_channel_name_limit(tmpdir, monkeypatch, fname):
+def test_channel_name_limit(tmp_path, monkeypatch, fname):
     """Test that our remapping works properly."""
     #
     # raw
@@ -902,7 +902,7 @@ def test_channel_name_limit(tmpdir, monkeypatch, fname):
     raw.info.normalize_proj()
     raw.pick_channels(data_names + ref_names).crop(0, 2)
     long_names = ['123456789abcdefg' + name for name in raw.ch_names]
-    fname = tmpdir.join('test-raw.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('test-raw.fif')
     with catch_logging() as log:
         raw.save(fname)
     log = log.getvalue()
@@ -960,7 +960,7 @@ def test_channel_name_limit(tmpdir, monkeypatch, fname):
     # epochs
     #
     epochs = Epochs(raw, make_fixed_length_events(raw))
-    fname = tmpdir.join('test-epo.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('test-epo.fif')
     epochs.save(fname)
     epochs_read = read_epochs(fname)
     for ep in (epochs, epochs_read):
@@ -970,7 +970,7 @@ def test_channel_name_limit(tmpdir, monkeypatch, fname):
     # cov
     epochs.info['bads'] = []
     cov = compute_covariance(epochs, verbose='error')
-    fname = tmpdir.join('test-cov.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif')
     write_cov(fname, cov)
     cov_read = read_cov(fname)
     for co in (cov, cov_read):
@@ -984,7 +984,7 @@ def test_channel_name_limit(tmpdir, monkeypatch, fname):
     evoked = epochs.average()
     evoked.info['bads'] = bads
     assert evoked.nave == 1
-    fname = tmpdir.join('test-ave.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('test-ave.fif')
     evoked.save(fname)
     evoked_read = read_evokeds(fname)[0]
     for ev in (evoked, evoked_read):
@@ -1000,7 +1000,7 @@ def test_channel_name_limit(tmpdir, monkeypatch, fname):
     src = setup_volume_source_space(
         pos=dict(rr=[[0, 0, 0.04]], nn=[[0, 1., 0.]]))
     fwd = make_forward_solution(evoked.info, None, src, sphere)
-    fname = tmpdir.join('temp-fwd.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('temp-fwd.fif')
     write_forward_solution(fname, fwd)
     fwd_read = read_forward_solution(fname)
     for fw in (fwd, fwd_read):
@@ -1013,7 +1013,7 @@ def test_channel_name_limit(tmpdir, monkeypatch, fname):
     # inv
     #
     inv = make_inverse_operator(evoked.info, fwd, cov)
-    fname = tmpdir.join('test-inv.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('test-inv.fif')
     write_inverse_operator(fname, inv)
     inv_read = read_inverse_operator(fname)
     for iv in (inv, inv_read):
diff --git a/mne/io/tests/test_what.py b/mne/io/tests/test_what.py
index 17121568116..4a8cc144029 100644
--- a/mne/io/tests/test_what.py
+++ b/mne/io/tests/test_what.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @requires_sklearn
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_what(tmpdir, verbose_debug):
+def test_what(tmp_path, verbose_debug):
     """Test mne.what."""
     # ICA
     ica = ICA(max_iter=1)
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def test_what(tmpdir, verbose_debug):
                    create_info(3, 1000., 'eeg'))
     with pytest.warns(None):  # convergence sometimes
         ica.fit(raw)
-    fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'x-ica.fif')
+    fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'x-ica.fif')
     ica.save(fname)
     assert what(fname) == 'ica'
     # test files
diff --git a/mne/io/tests/test_write.py b/mne/io/tests/test_write.py
index ebfbd686a3f..fb4ac07741c 100644
--- a/mne/io/tests/test_write.py
+++ b/mne/io/tests/test_write.py
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
 from mne.io.write import start_file, write_int
 
 
-def test_write_int(tmpdir):
+def test_write_int(tmp_path):
     """Test that write_int raises an error on bad values."""
-    with start_file(tmpdir.join('temp.fif')) as fid:
+    with start_file(tmp_path.join('temp.fif')) as fid:
         write_int(fid, FIFF.FIFF_MNE_EVENT_LIST, [2147483647])  # 2 ** 31 - 1
         write_int(fid, FIFF.FIFF_MNE_EVENT_LIST, [])  # 2 ** 31 - 1
         with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=r'.*exceeds max.*EVENT_LIST\)'):
diff --git a/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_inverse.py b/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_inverse.py
index b16c2965666..62c1f270bae 100644
--- a/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_inverse.py
+++ b/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_inverse.py
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ def test_warn_inverse_operator(evoked, noise_cov):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
-def test_make_inverse_operator_loose(evoked, tmpdir):
+def test_make_inverse_operator_loose(evoked, tmp_path):
     """Test MNE inverse computation (precomputed and non-precomputed)."""
     # Test old version of inverse computation starting from forward operator
     noise_cov = read_cov(fname_cov)
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ def test_make_inverse_operator_loose(evoked, tmpdir):
     log = log.getvalue()
     assert 'MEG: rank 302 computed' in log
     assert 'limit = 1/%d' % fwd_op['nsource'] in log
-    _compare_io(my_inv_op, tempdir=str(tmpdir))
+    _compare_io(my_inv_op, tempdir=str(tmp_path))
     assert_equal(inverse_operator['units'], 'Am')
     _compare_inverses_approx(my_inv_op, inverse_operator, evoked,
                              rtol=1e-2, atol=1e-5, depth_atol=1e-3)
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ def test_make_inverse_operator_loose(evoked, tmpdir):
                                           fixed=False, verbose=True)
     log = log.getvalue()
     assert 'MEG: rank 302 computed from 305' in log
-    _compare_io(my_inv_op, tempdir=str(tmpdir))
+    _compare_io(my_inv_op, tempdir=str(tmp_path))
     _compare_inverses_approx(my_inv_op, inverse_operator, evoked,
                              rtol=1e-3, atol=1e-5)
     assert ('dev_head_t' in my_inv_op['info'])
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ def test_localization_bias_free(bias_params_free, method, lower, upper,
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
-def test_apply_inverse_sphere(evoked, tmpdir):
+def test_apply_inverse_sphere(evoked, tmp_path):
     """Test applying an inverse with a sphere model (rank-deficient)."""
     evoked.pick_channels(evoked.ch_names[:306:8])
     with evoked.info._unlock():
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ def test_apply_inverse_sphere(evoked, tmpdir):
     assert fwd['sol']['nrow'] == 39
     assert fwd['nsource'] == 101
     assert fwd['sol']['ncol'] == 303
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     temp_fname = op.join(tempdir, 'temp-inv.fif')
     inv = make_inverse_operator(evoked.info, fwd, cov, loose=1.)
     # This forces everything to be float32
@@ -774,14 +774,14 @@ def test_make_inverse_operator_vector(evoked, noise_cov):
                     atol=1e-20)
 
 
-def test_make_inverse_operator_diag(evoked, noise_cov, tmpdir, azure_windows):
+def test_make_inverse_operator_diag(evoked, noise_cov, tmp_path, azure_windows):
     """Test MNE inverse computation with diagonal noise cov."""
     noise_cov = noise_cov.as_diag()
     fwd_op = convert_forward_solution(read_forward_solution(fname_fwd),
                                       surf_ori=True)
     inv_op = make_inverse_operator(evoked.info, fwd_op, noise_cov,
                                    loose=0.2, depth=0.8)
-    _compare_io(inv_op, tempdir=str(tmpdir))
+    _compare_io(inv_op, tempdir=str(tmp_path))
     inverse_operator_diag = read_inverse_operator(fname_inv_meeg_diag)
     # This one is pretty bad, and for some reason it's worse on Azure Windows
     ctol = 0.75 if azure_windows else 0.99
@@ -807,9 +807,9 @@ def test_inverse_operator_noise_cov_rank(evoked, noise_cov):
     assert (compute_rank_inverse(inv) == 20)
 
 
-def test_inverse_operator_volume(evoked, tmpdir):
+def test_inverse_operator_volume(evoked, tmp_path):
     """Test MNE inverse computation on volume source space."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     inv_vol = read_inverse_operator(fname_vol_inv)
     assert (repr(inv_vol))
     stc = apply_inverse(evoked, inv_vol, lambda2, 'dSPM')
@@ -832,9 +832,9 @@ def test_inverse_operator_volume(evoked, tmpdir):
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_io_inverse_operator(tmpdir):
+def test_io_inverse_operator(tmp_path):
     """Test IO of inverse_operator."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     inverse_operator = read_inverse_operator(fname_inv)
     x = repr(inverse_operator)
     assert (x)
diff --git a/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_snr.py b/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_snr.py
index ca451ba9ec5..060d608eeea 100644
--- a/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_snr.py
+++ b/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_snr.py
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_mne
-def test_snr(tmpdir):
+def test_snr(tmp_path):
     """Test SNR calculation."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     inv = read_inverse_operator(fname_inv)
     evoked = read_evokeds(fname_evoked, baseline=(None, 0))[0]
     snr = estimate_snr(evoked, inv)[0]
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/tests/test_projection.py b/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/tests/test_projection.py
index 59fa0ecb2fa..6ad0731fe31 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/tests/test_projection.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/ieeg/tests/test_projection.py
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_project_sensors_onto_brain(tmpdir):
+def test_project_sensors_onto_brain(tmp_path):
     """Test projecting sensors onto the brain surface."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     raw = mne.io.read_raw_fif(fname_raw)
     trans = _get_trans(fname_trans)[0]
     # test informative error for no surface first
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_beer_lambert_law.py b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_beer_lambert_law.py
index c355c160c1c..95a8b66c969 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_beer_lambert_law.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_beer_lambert_law.py
@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('fname', ([fname_nirx_15_2_short, fname_nirx_15_2,
                                     fname_nirx_15_0]))
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('fmt', ('nirx', 'fif'))
-def test_beer_lambert(fname, fmt, tmpdir):
+def test_beer_lambert(fname, fmt, tmp_path):
     """Test converting NIRX files."""
     assert fmt in ('nirx', 'fif')
     raw = read_raw_nirx(fname)
     if fmt == 'fif':
-        raw.save(tmpdir.join('test_raw.fif'))
-        raw = read_raw_fif(tmpdir.join('test_raw.fif'))
+        raw.save(tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif'))
+        raw = read_raw_fif(tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif'))
     assert 'fnirs_cw_amplitude' in raw
     assert 'fnirs_od' not in raw
     raw = optical_density(raw)
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_scalp_coupling_index.py b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_scalp_coupling_index.py
index 6f748effd08..86b9bad0f6b 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_scalp_coupling_index.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_scalp_coupling_index.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('fname', ([fname_nirx_15_2_short, fname_nirx_15_2,
                                     fname_nirx_15_0]))
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('fmt', ('nirx', 'fif'))
-def test_scalp_coupling_index(fname, fmt, tmpdir):
+def test_scalp_coupling_index(fname, fmt, tmp_path):
     """Test converting NIRX files."""
     assert fmt in ('nirx', 'fif')
     raw = read_raw_nirx(fname)
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_temporal_derivative_distribution_repair.py b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_temporal_derivative_distribution_repair.py
index 9c84eb2c9f4..922a99dcb09 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_temporal_derivative_distribution_repair.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_temporal_derivative_distribution_repair.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('fname', ([fname_nirx_15_2]))
-def test_temporal_derivative_distribution_repair(fname, tmpdir):
+def test_temporal_derivative_distribution_repair(fname, tmp_path):
     """Test running artifact rejection."""
     raw = read_raw_nirx(fname)
     raw = optical_density(raw)
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_fine_cal.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_fine_cal.py
index f5e43d7c8ec..33c5d170916 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_fine_cal.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_fine_cal.py
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('fname', (cal_mf_fname, fine_cal_fname,
                                    fine_cal_fname_3d))
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_fine_cal_io(tmpdir, fname):
+def test_fine_cal_io(tmp_path, fname):
     """Test round trip reading/writing of fine calibration .dat file."""
-    temp_fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'fine_cal_temp.dat')
+    temp_fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'fine_cal_temp.dat')
     # Load fine calibration file
     fine_cal_dict = read_fine_calibration(fname)
 
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
index bdda8adf4ba..618d944a4f7 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ def test_warnings():
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('n_components', (None, 0.9999, 8, 9, 10))
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('n_pca_components', [8, 9, 0.9999, 10])
 @pytest.mark.filterwarnings('ignore:FastICA did not converge.*:UserWarning')
-def test_ica_noop(n_components, n_pca_components, tmpdir):
+def test_ica_noop(n_components, n_pca_components, tmp_path):
     """Test that our ICA is stable even with a bad max_pca_components."""
     data = np.random.RandomState(0).randn(10, 1000)
     info = create_info(10, 1000., 'eeg')
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ def test_ica_noop(n_components, n_pca_components, tmpdir):
     assert_allclose(raw.get_data(), raw_new.get_data(), err_msg='Id failure')
     _assert_ica_attributes(ica, data)
     # and with I/O
-    fname = tmpdir.join('temp-ica.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('temp-ica.fif')
     ica.save(fname)
     ica = read_ica(fname)
     raw_new = ica.apply(raw.copy())
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ def test_ica_max_iter_(method, max_iter_default):
 
 @requires_sklearn
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("method", ["infomax", "fastica", "picard"])
-def test_ica_n_iter_(method, tmpdir):
+def test_ica_n_iter_(method, tmp_path):
     """Test that ICA.n_iter_ is set after fitting."""
     _skip_check_picard(method)
 
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ def test_ica_n_iter_(method, tmpdir):
     assert_equal(ica.n_iter_, max_iter)
 
     # Test I/O roundtrip.
-    output_fname = tmpdir.join('test_ica-ica.fif')
+    output_fname = tmp_path.join('test_ica-ica.fif')
     _assert_ica_attributes(ica, raw.get_data('data'), limits=(5, 110))
     ica.save(output_fname)
     ica = read_ica(output_fname)
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ def short_raw_epochs():
 @requires_sklearn
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("method", ["picard", "fastica"])
-def test_ica_additional(method, tmpdir, short_raw_epochs):
+def test_ica_additional(method, tmp_path, short_raw_epochs):
     """Test additional ICA functionality."""
     _skip_check_picard(method)
     raw, epochs, epochs_eog = short_raw_epochs
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ def test_ica_additional(method, tmpdir, short_raw_epochs):
         corrmap([ica_different_channels, ica], (0, 0))
 
     # test warnings on bad filenames
-    ica_badname = tmpdir.join('test-bad-name.fif.gz')
+    ica_badname = tmp_path.join('test-bad-name.fif.gz')
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-ica.fif'):
         ica.save(ica_badname)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-ica.fif'):
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@ def test_ica_additional(method, tmpdir, short_raw_epochs):
     ica_raw.notch_filter([10], trans_bandwidth=10, fir_design='firwin')
     assert ((d1 != ica_raw._data[0]).any())
 
-    test_ica_fname = tmpdir.join('test-ica.fif')
+    test_ica_fname = tmp_path.join('test-ica.fif')
     ica.n_pca_components = 2
     ica.method = 'fake'
     ica.save(test_ica_fname)
@@ -972,7 +972,7 @@ def f(x, y):
     ('picard', test_cov_name),
     ('fastica', None),
 ])
-def test_ica_cov(method, cov, tmpdir, short_raw_epochs):
+def test_ica_cov(method, cov, tmp_path, short_raw_epochs):
     """Test ICA with cov."""
     _skip_check_picard(method)
     raw, epochs, epochs_eog = short_raw_epochs
@@ -980,7 +980,7 @@ def test_ica_cov(method, cov, tmpdir, short_raw_epochs):
         cov = read_cov(cov)
 
     # test reading and writing
-    test_ica_fname = tmpdir.join('test-ica.fif')
+    test_ica_fname = tmp_path.join('test-ica.fif')
     kwargs = dict(n_pca_components=4)
 
     ica = ICA(noise_cov=cov, n_components=2, method=method, max_iter=1)
@@ -1080,7 +1080,7 @@ def test_ica_twice(method):
 
 @requires_sklearn
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("method", ["fastica", "picard", "infomax"])
-def test_fit_methods(method, tmpdir):
+def test_fit_methods(method, tmp_path):
     """Test fit_params for ICA."""
     _skip_check_picard(method)
     fit_params = {}
@@ -1092,8 +1092,8 @@ def test_fit_methods(method, tmpdir):
     # Only picard and infomax support the "extended" keyword, so limit the
     # tests to those.
     if method in ['picard', 'infomax']:
-        tmpdir = str(tmpdir)
-        output_fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'test_ica-ica.fif')
+        tmp_path = str(tmp_path)
+        output_fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'test_ica-ica.fif')
 
         raw = read_raw_fif(raw_fname).crop(0.5, stop).load_data()
         n_components = 3
@@ -1228,7 +1228,7 @@ def test_eog_channel(method):
 
 @requires_sklearn
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("method", ["fastica", "picard"])
-def test_n_components_none(method, tmpdir):
+def test_n_components_none(method, tmp_path):
     """Test n_components=None."""
     _skip_check_picard(method)
     raw = read_raw_fif(raw_fname).crop(1.5, stop).load_data()
@@ -1240,7 +1240,7 @@ def test_n_components_none(method, tmpdir):
     n_components = None
     random_state = 12345
 
-    output_fname = tmpdir.join('test_ica-ica.fif')
+    output_fname = tmp_path.join('test_ica-ica.fif')
     ica = ICA(method=method, n_components=n_components,
               random_state=random_state)
     with pytest.warns(None):
@@ -1448,12 +1448,12 @@ def test_read_ica_eeglab():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_read_ica_eeglab_mismatch(tmpdir):
+def test_read_ica_eeglab_mismatch(tmp_path):
     """Test read_ica_eeglab function when there is a mismatch."""
     fname_orig = op.join(test_base_dir, "EEGLAB", "test_raw.set")
     base = op.basename(fname_orig)[:-3]
-    shutil.copyfile(fname_orig[:-3] + 'fdt', tmpdir.join(base + 'fdt'))
-    fname = tmpdir.join(base)
+    shutil.copyfile(fname_orig[:-3] + 'fdt', tmp_path.join(base + 'fdt'))
+    fname = tmp_path.join(base)
     data = loadmat(fname_orig)
     w = data['EEG']['icaweights'][0][0]
     w[:] = np.random.RandomState(0).randn(*w.shape)
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_maxwell.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_maxwell.py
index bf9a590368d..b678501f743 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_maxwell.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_maxwell.py
@@ -139,9 +139,9 @@ def read_crop(fname, lims=(0, None)):
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_movement_compensation(tmpdir):
+def test_movement_compensation(tmp_path):
     """Test movement compensation."""
-    temp_dir = str(tmpdir)
+    temp_dir = str(tmp_path)
     lims = (0, 4)
     raw = read_crop(raw_fname, lims).load_data()
     head_pos = read_head_pos(pos_fname)
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ def test_basic():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_maxwell_filter_additional(tmpdir):
+def test_maxwell_filter_additional(tmp_path):
     """Test processing of Maxwell filtered data."""
     # TODO: Future tests integrate with mne/io/tests/test_proc_history
 
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ def test_maxwell_filter_additional(tmpdir):
                              bad_condition='ignore')
 
     # Test io on processed data
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     test_outname = op.join(tempdir, 'test_raw_sss.fif')
     raw_sss.save(test_outname)
     raw_sss_loaded = read_crop(test_outname).load_data()
@@ -734,7 +734,7 @@ def _check_reg_match(sss_py, sss_mf, comp_tol):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_cross_talk(tmpdir):
+def test_cross_talk(tmp_path):
     """Test Maxwell filter cross-talk cancellation."""
     raw = read_crop(raw_fname, (0., 1.))
     raw.info['bads'] = bads
@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ def test_cross_talk(tmpdir):
     assert_array_equal(py_ctc['decoupler'].toarray(),
                        mf_ctc['decoupler'].toarray())
     # I/O roundtrip
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     fname = op.join(tempdir, 'test_sss_raw.fif')
     sss_ctc.save(fname)
     sss_ctc_read = read_raw_fif(fname)
@@ -902,7 +902,7 @@ def get_n_projected():
 @buggy_mkl_svd
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_shielding_factor(tmpdir):
+def test_shielding_factor(tmp_path):
     """Test Maxwell filter shielding factor using empty room."""
     raw_erm = read_crop(erm_fname).load_data().pick_types(meg=True)
     erm_power = raw_erm[pick_types(raw_erm.info, meg='mag')][0]
@@ -1084,7 +1084,7 @@ def test_shielding_factor(tmpdir):
     _assert_shielding(raw_sss, erm_power, 57, 58)
     assert counts[0] == 3
     # Show it by rewriting the 3D as 1D and testing it
-    temp_dir = str(tmpdir)
+    temp_dir = str(tmp_path)
     temp_fname = op.join(temp_dir, 'test_cal.dat')
     with open(fine_cal_fname_3d, 'r') as fid:
         with open(temp_fname, 'w') as fid_out:
diff --git a/mne/report/tests/test_report.py b/mne/report/tests/test_report.py
index 5627290bf79..cf863a7c316 100644
--- a/mne/report/tests/test_report.py
+++ b/mne/report/tests/test_report.py
@@ -94,9 +94,9 @@ def _make_invisible(fig, **kwargs):
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_render_report(renderer_pyvistaqt, tmpdir, invisible_fig):
+def test_render_report(renderer_pyvistaqt, tmp_path, invisible_fig):
     """Test rendering *.fif files for mne report."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     raw_fname_new = op.join(tempdir, 'temp_raw.fif')
     raw_fname_new_bids = op.join(tempdir, 'temp_meg.fif')
     ms_fname_new = op.join(tempdir, 'temp_ms_raw.fif')
@@ -208,10 +208,10 @@ def test_render_report(renderer_pyvistaqt, tmpdir, invisible_fig):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_render_report_extra(renderer_pyvistaqt, tmpdir, invisible_fig):
+def test_render_report_extra(renderer_pyvistaqt, tmp_path, invisible_fig):
     """Test SVG and projector rendering separately."""
     # ... otherwise things are very slow
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     raw_fname_new = op.join(tempdir, 'temp_raw.fif')
     shutil.copyfile(raw_fname, raw_fname_new)
     report = Report(info_fname=raw_fname_new, subjects_dir=subjects_dir,
@@ -231,9 +231,9 @@ def test_render_report_extra(renderer_pyvistaqt, tmpdir, invisible_fig):
     assert 'SSP Projectors' in html
 
 
-def test_add_custom_css(tmpdir):
+def test_add_custom_css(tmp_path):
     """Test adding custom CSS rules to the report."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     fname = op.join(tempdir, 'report.html')
     fig = plt.figure()  # Empty figure
 
@@ -248,9 +248,9 @@ def test_add_custom_css(tmpdir):
     assert custom_css in html
 
 
-def test_add_custom_js(tmpdir):
+def test_add_custom_js(tmp_path):
     """Test adding custom JavaScript to the report."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     fname = op.join(tempdir, 'report.html')
     fig = plt.figure()  # Empty figure
 
@@ -268,9 +268,9 @@ def test_add_custom_js(tmpdir):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_render_non_fiff(tmpdir):
+def test_render_non_fiff(tmp_path):
     """Test rendering non-FIFF files for mne report."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     fnames_in = [bdf_fname, edf_fname]
     fnames_out = []
     for fname in fnames_in:
@@ -303,12 +303,12 @@ def test_render_non_fiff(tmpdir):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_report_raw_psd_and_date(tmpdir):
+def test_report_raw_psd_and_date(tmp_path):
     """Test report raw PSD and DATE_NONE functionality."""
     with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='dict'):
         Report(raw_psd='foo')
 
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     raw = read_raw_fif(raw_fname).crop(0, 1.).load_data()
     raw.info['experimenter'] = 'mne test'
     raw.info['subject_info'] = dict(id=123, his_id='sample')
@@ -352,9 +352,9 @@ def test_report_raw_psd_and_date(tmpdir):
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest  # slow for Mayavi on Azure
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_render_add_sections(renderer, tmpdir):
+def test_render_add_sections(renderer, tmp_path):
     """Test adding figures/images to section."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     report = Report(subjects_dir=subjects_dir)
     # Check add_figure functionality
     fig = plt.plot([1, 2], [1, 2])[0].figure
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ def test_render_add_sections(renderer, tmpdir):
 
     report.add_figure(fig=fig, title='random image')
     assert (repr(report))
-    fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'test.html')
+    fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'test.html')
     report.save(fname, open_browser=False)
 
     assert len(report) == 4
@@ -389,9 +389,9 @@ def test_render_add_sections(renderer, tmpdir):
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_nibabel()
-def test_render_mri(renderer, tmpdir):
+def test_render_mri(renderer, tmp_path):
     """Test rendering MRI for mne report."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     trans_fname_new = op.join(tempdir, 'temp-trans.fif')
     for a, b in [[trans_fname, trans_fname_new]]:
         shutil.copyfile(a, b)
@@ -448,9 +448,9 @@ def test_add_bem_n_jobs(n_jobs, monkeypatch):
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_nibabel()
-def test_render_mri_without_bem(tmpdir):
+def test_render_mri_without_bem(tmp_path):
     """Test rendering MRI without BEM for mne report."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     os.mkdir(op.join(tempdir, 'sample'))
     os.mkdir(op.join(tempdir, 'sample', 'mri'))
     shutil.copyfile(mri_fname, op.join(tempdir, 'sample', 'mri', 'T1.mgz'))
@@ -477,9 +477,9 @@ def test_add_html():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_multiple_figs(tmpdir):
+def test_multiple_figs(tmp_path):
     """Test adding a slider with a series of figures to a Report."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     report = Report(info_fname=raw_fname,
                     subject='sample', subjects_dir=subjects_dir)
     figs = _get_example_figures()
@@ -519,9 +519,9 @@ def test_validate_input():
 
 
 @requires_h5py
-def test_open_report(tmpdir):
+def test_open_report(tmp_path):
     """Test the open_report function."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     hdf5 = op.join(tempdir, 'report.h5')
 
     # Test creating a new report through the open_report function
@@ -605,15 +605,15 @@ def test_add_or_replace():
     assert r.html[3] == old_r.html[3]
 
 
-def test_scraper(tmpdir):
+def test_scraper(tmp_path):
     """Test report scraping."""
     r = Report()
     fig1, fig2 = _get_example_figures()
     r.add_figure(fig=fig1, title='a')
     r.add_figure(fig=fig2, title='b')
     # Mock a Sphinx + sphinx_gallery config
-    app = Bunch(builder=Bunch(srcdir=str(tmpdir),
-                              outdir=op.join(str(tmpdir), '_build', 'html')))
+    app = Bunch(builder=Bunch(srcdir=str(tmp_path),
+                              outdir=op.join(str(tmp_path), '_build', 'html')))
     scraper = _ReportScraper()
     scraper.app = app
     gallery_conf = dict(src_dir=app.builder.srcdir, builder_name='html')
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ def test_scraper(tmpdir):
     rst = scraper(block, block_vars, gallery_conf)
     # Once it's saved, add it
     assert rst == ''
-    fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'my_html.html')
+    fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'my_html.html')
     r.save(fname, open_browser=False)
     rst = scraper(block, block_vars, gallery_conf)
     out_html = op.join(app.builder.outdir, 'auto_examples', 'my_html.html')
@@ -647,24 +647,24 @@ def test_scraper(tmpdir):
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('split_naming', ('neuromag', 'bids',))
-def test_split_files(tmpdir, split_naming):
+def test_split_files(tmp_path, split_naming):
     """Test that in the case of split files, we only parse the first."""
     raw = read_raw_fif(raw_fname)
     split_size = '7MB'  # Should produce 3 files
     buffer_size_sec = 1  # Tiny buffer so it's smaller than the split size
-    raw.save(op.join(tmpdir, 'raw_meg.fif'), split_size=split_size,
+    raw.save(op.join(tmp_path, 'raw_meg.fif'), split_size=split_size,
              split_naming=split_naming, buffer_size_sec=buffer_size_sec)
 
     report = Report()
-    report.parse_folder(tmpdir, render_bem=False, raw_butterfly=False)
+    report.parse_folder(tmp_path, render_bem=False, raw_butterfly=False)
     assert len(report._content) == 1
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest  # ~40 sec on Azure Windows
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_survive_pickle(tmpdir):
+def test_survive_pickle(tmp_path):
     """Testing functionality of Report-Object after pickling."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     raw_fname_new = op.join(tempdir, 'temp_raw.fif')
     shutil.copyfile(raw_fname, raw_fname_new)
 
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ def test_survive_pickle(tmpdir):
 @pytest.mark.slowtest  # ~30 sec on Azure Windows
 @requires_sklearn
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_manual_report_2d(tmpdir, invisible_fig):
+def test_manual_report_2d(tmp_path, invisible_fig):
     """Simulate user manually creating report by adding one file at a time."""
     from sklearn.exceptions import ConvergenceWarning
 
@@ -774,13 +774,13 @@ def test_manual_report_2d(tmpdir, invisible_fig):
     assert 'ICA component topographies' not in r._content[-1].html
     assert 'Original and cleaned signal' in r._content[-1].html
 
-    fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'report.html')
+    fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'report.html')
     r.save(fname=fname, open_browser=False)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest  # 30 sec on Azure for Mayavi
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_manual_report_3d(tmpdir, renderer):
+def test_manual_report_3d(tmp_path, renderer):
     """Simulate adding 3D sections."""
     r = Report(title='My Report')
     r.add_trans(trans=trans_fname, info=raw_fname, title='my coreg',
@@ -796,11 +796,11 @@ def test_manual_report_3d(tmpdir, renderer):
         subjects_dir=subjects_dir, n_time_points=2,
         stc_plot_kwargs=stc_plot_kwargs,
     )
-    fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'report.html')
+    fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'report.html')
     r.save(fname=fname, open_browser=False)
 
 
-def test_sorting(tmpdir):
+def test_sorting(tmp_path):
     """Test that automated ordering based on tags works."""
     r = Report()
 
@@ -821,17 +821,17 @@ def test_sorting(tmpdir):
     assert content_sorted != r._content
     assert [c.tags[0] for c in content_sorted] == expected_order
 
-    r.save(fname=op.join(tmpdir, 'report.html'), sort_content=True,
+    r.save(fname=op.join(tmp_path, 'report.html'), sort_content=True,
            open_browser=False)
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_deprecated_methods(tmpdir):
+def test_deprecated_methods(tmp_path):
     """Test methods that are scheduled for removal after 0.24."""
     r = Report()
     r.add_projs(info=raw_fname, title='SSP Projectors', tags=('mytag',))
     fig = plt.figure()  # Empty figure
-    img_fname = op.join(tmpdir, 'testimage.png')
+    img_fname = op.join(tmp_path, 'testimage.png')
     fig.savefig(img_fname)
 
     with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match='Report.fnames'):
diff --git a/mne/simulation/tests/test_raw.py b/mne/simulation/tests/test_raw.py
index 8c42ee3ee36..c584291a9a5 100644
--- a/mne/simulation/tests/test_raw.py
+++ b/mne/simulation/tests/test_raw.py
@@ -209,12 +209,12 @@ def _get_head_pos_sim(raw):
     return head_pos_sim
 
 
-def test_simulate_raw_sphere(raw_data, tmpdir):
+def test_simulate_raw_sphere(raw_data, tmp_path):
     """Test simulation of raw data with sphere model."""
     seed = 42
     raw, src, stc, trans, sphere = raw_data
     assert len(pick_types(raw.info, meg=False, ecg=True)) == 1
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
 
     # head pos
     head_pos_sim = _get_head_pos_sim(raw)
diff --git a/mne/stats/tests/test_cluster_level.py b/mne/stats/tests/test_cluster_level.py
index 05685b321cd..f1116d5a50c 100644
--- a/mne/stats/tests/test_cluster_level.py
+++ b/mne/stats/tests/test_cluster_level.py
@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@ def test_thresholds(numba_conditional):
                 buffer_size=None, out_type='mask')
 
 
-def test_cache_dir(tmpdir, numba_conditional):
+def test_cache_dir(tmp_path, numba_conditional):
     """Test use of cache dir."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     orig_dir = os.getenv('MNE_CACHE_DIR', None)
     orig_size = os.getenv('MNE_MEMMAP_MIN_SIZE', None)
     rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_annotations.py b/mne/tests/test_annotations.py
index cceeba54b8e..0f97167ed8b 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_annotations.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_annotations.py
@@ -110,10 +110,10 @@ def test_basics():
     assert_array_equal(raw.annotations.description, np.repeat('test', 10))
 
 
-def test_annot_sanitizing(tmpdir):
+def test_annot_sanitizing(tmp_path):
     """Test description sanitizing."""
     annot = Annotations([0], [1], ['a;:b'])
-    fname = str(tmpdir.join('custom-annot.fif'))
+    fname = str(tmp_path.join('custom-annot.fif'))
     annot.save(fname)
     annot_read = read_annotations(fname)
     _assert_annotations_equal(annot, annot_read)
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ def test_raw_array_orig_times():
         assert raw.annotations.orig_time == orig_time
 
 
-def test_crop(tmpdir):
+def test_crop(tmp_path):
     """Test cropping with annotations."""
     raw = read_raw_fif(fif_fname)
     events = mne.find_events(raw)
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ def test_crop(tmpdir):
     assert_array_almost_equal(raw.annotations.onset, expected_onset, decimal=2)
 
     # Test IO
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     fname = op.join(tempdir, 'test-annot.fif')
     raw.annotations.save(fname)
     annot_read = read_annotations(fname)
@@ -824,7 +824,7 @@ def _assert_annotations_equal(a, b, tol=0):
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope='function', params=('ch_names', 'fmt'))
-def dummy_annotation_file(tmpdir_factory, ch_names, fmt):
+def dummy_annotation_file(tmp_path_factory, ch_names, fmt):
     """Create csv file for testing."""
     if fmt == 'csv':
         content = ("onset,duration,description\n"
@@ -852,7 +852,7 @@ def dummy_annotation_file(tmpdir_factory, ch_names, fmt):
             content[-1] += ',MEG0111:MEG2563'
             content = '\n'.join(content)
 
-    fname = tmpdir_factory.mktemp('data').join(f'annotations-annot.{fmt}')
+    fname = tmp_path_factory.mktemp('data').join(f'annotations-annot.{fmt}')
     if isinstance(content, str):
         fname.write(content)
     else:
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ def dummy_annotation_file(tmpdir_factory, ch_names, fmt):
     'txt',
     'fif'
 ])
-def test_io_annotation(dummy_annotation_file, tmpdir, fmt, ch_names):
+def test_io_annotation(dummy_annotation_file, tmp_path, fmt, ch_names):
     """Test CSV, TXT, and FIF input/output (which support ch_names)."""
     annot = read_annotations(dummy_annotation_file)
     assert annot.orig_time == _ORIG_TIME
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@ def test_io_annotation(dummy_annotation_file, tmpdir, fmt, ch_names):
         tol=1e-6)
 
     # Now test writing
-    fname = tmpdir.join(f'annotations-annot.{fmt}')
+    fname = tmp_path.join(f'annotations-annot.{fmt}')
     annot.save(fname)
     annot2 = read_annotations(fname)
     _assert_annotations_equal(annot, annot2)
@@ -891,13 +891,13 @@ def test_io_annotation(dummy_annotation_file, tmpdir, fmt, ch_names):
 
 
 @requires_version('pandas')
-def test_broken_csv(tmpdir):
+def test_broken_csv(tmp_path):
     """Test broken .csv that does not use timestamps."""
     content = ("onset,duration,description\n"
                "1.,1.0,AA\n"
                "3.,2.425,BB")
 
-    fname = tmpdir.join('annotations_broken.csv')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('annotations_broken.csv')
     fname.write(content)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='save your CSV as a TXT'):
         read_annotations(fname)
@@ -906,7 +906,7 @@ def test_broken_csv(tmpdir):
 # Test for IO with .txt files
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope='function', params=('ch_names',))
-def dummy_annotation_txt_file(tmpdir_factory, ch_names):
+def dummy_annotation_txt_file(tmp_path_factory, ch_names):
     """Create txt file for testing."""
     content = ("3.14, 42, AA \n"
                "6.28, 48, BB")
@@ -916,13 +916,13 @@ def dummy_annotation_txt_file(tmpdir_factory, ch_names):
         content[1] = content[1].strip() + ', MEG0111:MEG2563'
         content = '\n'.join(content)
 
-    fname = tmpdir_factory.mktemp('data').join('annotations.txt')
+    fname = tmp_path_factory.mktemp('data').join('annotations.txt')
     fname.write(content)
     return fname
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('ch_names', (False, True))
-def test_io_annotation_txt(dummy_annotation_txt_file, tmpdir_factory,
+def test_io_annotation_txt(dummy_annotation_txt_file, tmp_path_factory,
                            ch_names):
     """Test TXT input/output without meas_date."""
     annot = read_annotations(str(dummy_annotation_txt_file))
@@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ def test_io_annotation_txt(dummy_annotation_txt_file, tmpdir_factory,
         annot, Annotations([3.14, 6.28], [42., 48], ['AA', 'BB'], **kwargs))
 
     # Now test writing
-    fname = str(tmpdir_factory.mktemp('data').join('annotations.txt'))
+    fname = str(tmp_path_factory.mktemp('data').join('annotations.txt'))
     annot.save(fname)
     annot2 = read_annotations(fname)
     _assert_annotations_equal(annot, annot2)
@@ -967,7 +967,7 @@ def test_handle_meas_date(meas_date, out):
     assert _handle_meas_date(meas_date) == out
 
 
-def test_read_annotation_txt_header(tmpdir):
+def test_read_annotation_txt_header(tmp_path):
     """Test TXT orig_time recovery."""
     content = ("# A something \n"
                "# orig_time : 42\n"
@@ -975,29 +975,29 @@ def test_read_annotation_txt_header(tmpdir):
                "# orig_time : 42\n"
                "# C\n"
                "Done")
-    fname = tmpdir.join('header.txt')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('header.txt')
     fname.write(content)
     orig_time = _read_annotations_txt_parse_header(fname)
     want = datetime.fromtimestamp(1038942071.7201, timezone.utc)
     assert orig_time == want
 
 
-def test_read_annotation_txt_one_segment(tmpdir):
+def test_read_annotation_txt_one_segment(tmp_path):
     """Test empty TXT input/output."""
     content = ("# MNE-Annotations\n"
                "# onset, duration, description\n"
                "3.14, 42, AA")
-    fname = tmpdir.join('one-annotations.txt')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('one-annotations.txt')
     fname.write(content)
     annot = read_annotations(fname)
     _assert_annotations_equal(annot, Annotations(3.14, 42, ['AA']))
 
 
-def test_read_annotation_txt_empty(tmpdir):
+def test_read_annotation_txt_empty(tmp_path):
     """Test empty TXT input/output."""
     content = ("# MNE-Annotations\n"
                "# onset, duration, description\n")
-    fname = tmpdir.join('empty-annotations.txt')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('empty-annotations.txt')
     fname.write(content)
     annot = read_annotations(fname)
     _assert_annotations_equal(annot, Annotations([], [], []))
@@ -1089,7 +1089,7 @@ def test_sorting():
     assert_array_equal(annot.duration, duration)
 
 
-def test_date_none(tmpdir):
+def test_date_none(tmp_path):
     """Test that DATE_NONE is used properly."""
     # Regression test for gh-5908
     n_chans = 139
@@ -1100,7 +1100,7 @@ def test_date_none(tmpdir):
     info = create_info(ch_names=ch_names, ch_types=ch_types, sfreq=2048)
     assert info['meas_date'] is None
     raw = RawArray(data=data, info=info)
-    fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'test-raw.fif')
+    fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'test-raw.fif')
     raw.save(fname)
     raw_read = read_raw_fif(fname, preload=True)
     assert raw_read.info['meas_date'] is None
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_bem.py b/mne/tests/test_bem.py
index 2ea1f8a565b..d15ac886726 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_bem.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_bem.py
@@ -71,10 +71,10 @@ def _compare_bem_solutions(sol_a, sol_b):
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_h5py
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('ext', ('fif', 'h5'))
-def test_io_bem(tmpdir, ext):
+def test_io_bem(tmp_path, ext):
     """Test reading and writing of bem surfaces and solutions."""
     import h5py
-    temp_bem = op.join(str(tmpdir), f'temp-bem.{ext}')
+    temp_bem = op.join(str(tmp_path), f'temp-bem.{ext}')
     # model
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='BEM data not found'):
         read_bem_surfaces(fname_raw)
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ def test_io_bem(tmpdir, ext):
     # solution
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='No BEM solution found'):
         read_bem_solution(fname_bem_3)
-    temp_sol = op.join(str(tmpdir), f'temp-sol.{ext}')
+    temp_sol = op.join(str(tmp_path), f'temp-sol.{ext}')
     sol = read_bem_solution(fname_bem_sol_3)
     assert 'BEM' in repr(sol)
     write_bem_solution(temp_sol, sol)
@@ -141,9 +141,9 @@ def test_make_sphere_model():
     pytest.param(dict(), fname_bem_3, marks=pytest.mark.slowtest),  # Azure
     [dict(conductivity=[0.3]), fname_bem_1],
 ])
-def test_make_bem_model(tmpdir, kwargs, fname):
+def test_make_bem_model(tmp_path, kwargs, fname):
     """Test BEM model creation from Python with I/O."""
-    fname_temp = tmpdir.join('temp-bem.fif')
+    fname_temp = tmp_path.join('temp-bem.fif')
     with catch_logging() as log:
         model = make_bem_model('sample', ico=2, subjects_dir=subjects_dir,
                                verbose=True, **kwargs)
@@ -166,25 +166,25 @@ def test_make_bem_model(tmpdir, kwargs, fname):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_bem_model_topology(tmpdir):
+def test_bem_model_topology(tmp_path):
     """Test BEM model topological checks."""
     # bad topology (not enough neighboring tris)
-    makedirs(tmpdir.join('foo', 'bem'))
+    makedirs(tmp_path.join('foo', 'bem'))
     for fname in ('inner_skull', 'outer_skull', 'outer_skin'):
         fname += '.surf'
         copy(op.join(subjects_dir, 'sample', 'bem', fname),
-             str(tmpdir.join('foo', 'bem', fname)))
-    outer_fname = tmpdir.join('foo', 'bem', 'outer_skull.surf')
+             str(tmp_path.join('foo', 'bem', fname)))
+    outer_fname = tmp_path.join('foo', 'bem', 'outer_skull.surf')
     rr, tris = read_surface(outer_fname)
     tris = tris[:-1]
     write_surface(outer_fname, rr, tris[:-1], overwrite=True)
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Surface outer skull is not compl'):
-        make_bem_model('foo', None, subjects_dir=tmpdir)
+        make_bem_model('foo', None, subjects_dir=tmp_path)
     # Now get past this error to reach gh-6127 (not enough neighbor tris)
     rr_bad = np.concatenate([rr, np.mean(rr, axis=0, keepdims=True)], axis=0)
     write_surface(outer_fname, rr_bad, tris, overwrite=True)
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='Surface outer skull.*triangles'):
-        make_bem_model('foo', None, subjects_dir=tmpdir)
+        make_bem_model('foo', None, subjects_dir=tmp_path)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ def test_bem_model_topology(tmpdir):
     [(0.3,), fname_bem_sol_1],
     [(0.3, 0.006, 0.3), fname_bem_sol_3],
 ])
-def test_bem_solution(tmpdir, cond, fname):
+def test_bem_solution(tmp_path, cond, fname):
     """Test making a BEM solution from Python with I/O."""
     # test degenerate conditions
     surf = read_bem_surfaces(fname_bem_1)[0]
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ def test_bem_solution(tmpdir, cond, fname):
     pytest.raises(RuntimeError, _check_surface_size, surfs[1])
 
     # actually test functionality
-    fname_temp = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'temp-bem-sol.fif')
+    fname_temp = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'temp-bem-sol.fif')
     # use a model and solution made in Python
     for model_type in ('python', 'c'):
         if model_type == 'python':
@@ -392,10 +392,10 @@ def test_fit_sphere_to_headshape():
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest  # ~2 min on Azure Windows
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_io_head_bem(tmpdir):
+def test_io_head_bem(tmp_path):
     """Test reading and writing of defective head surfaces."""
     head = read_bem_surfaces(fname_dense_head)[0]
-    fname_defect = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'temp-head-defect.fif')
+    fname_defect = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'temp-head-defect.fif')
     # create defects
     head['rr'][0] = np.array([-0.01487014, -0.04563854, -0.12660208])
     head['tris'][0] = np.array([21919, 21918, 21907])
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_chpi.py b/mne/tests/test_chpi.py
index 42031030dd7..c2d194c53ad 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_chpi.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_chpi.py
@@ -99,9 +99,9 @@ def test_chpi_adjust():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_read_write_head_pos(tmpdir):
+def test_read_write_head_pos(tmp_path):
     """Test reading and writing head position quaternion parameters."""
-    temp_name = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'temp.pos')
+    temp_name = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'temp.pos')
     # This isn't a 100% valid quat matrix but it should be okay for tests
     head_pos_rand = np.random.RandomState(0).randn(20, 10)
     # This one is valid
@@ -119,9 +119,9 @@ def test_read_write_head_pos(tmpdir):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_hpi_info(tmpdir):
+def test_hpi_info(tmp_path):
     """Test getting HPI info."""
-    temp_name = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'temp_raw.fif')
+    temp_name = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'temp_raw.fif')
     for fname in (chpi_fif_fname, sss_fif_fname):
         raw = read_raw_fif(fname, allow_maxshield='yes').crop(0, 0.1)
         assert len(raw.info['hpi_subsystem']) > 0
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_coreg.py b/mne/tests/test_coreg.py
index 74cd09602e9..4d6452d1eab 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_coreg.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_coreg.py
@@ -68,11 +68,11 @@ def make_dig(coords, cf):
 @pytest.mark.slowtest  # can take forever on OSX Travis
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('scale', (.9, [1, .2, .8]))
-def test_scale_mri(tmpdir, few_surfaces, scale):
+def test_scale_mri(tmp_path, few_surfaces, scale):
     """Test creating fsaverage and scaling it."""
     # create fsaverage using the testing "fsaverage" instead of the FreeSurfer
     # one
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     fake_home = testing.data_path()
     create_default_subject(subjects_dir=tempdir, fs_home=fake_home,
                            verbose=True)
@@ -167,10 +167,10 @@ def test_scale_mri(tmpdir, few_surfaces, scale):
 @pytest.mark.slowtest  # can take forever on OSX Travis
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_nibabel()
-def test_scale_mri_xfm(tmpdir, few_surfaces):
+def test_scale_mri_xfm(tmp_path, few_surfaces):
     """Test scale_mri transforms and MRI scaling."""
     # scale fsaverage
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     fake_home = testing.data_path()
     # add fsaverage
     create_default_subject(subjects_dir=tempdir, fs_home=fake_home,
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_cov.py b/mne/tests/test_cov.py
index 43bafbb2a63..3e05db1212a 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_cov.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_cov.py
@@ -193,9 +193,9 @@ def _assert_reorder(cov_new, cov_orig, order):
                     cov_orig['data'], atol=1e-20)
 
 
-def test_ad_hoc_cov(tmpdir):
+def test_ad_hoc_cov(tmp_path):
     """Test ad hoc cov creation and I/O."""
-    out_fname = tmpdir.join('test-cov.fif')
+    out_fname = tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif')
     evoked = read_evokeds(ave_fname)[0]
     cov = make_ad_hoc_cov(evoked.info)
     cov.save(out_fname)
@@ -218,13 +218,13 @@ def test_ad_hoc_cov(tmpdir):
         cov._get_square()
 
 
-def test_io_cov(tmpdir):
+def test_io_cov(tmp_path):
     """Test IO for noise covariance matrices."""
     cov = read_cov(cov_fname)
     cov['method'] = 'empirical'
     cov['loglik'] = -np.inf
-    cov.save(tmpdir.join('test-cov.fif'))
-    cov2 = read_cov(tmpdir.join('test-cov.fif'))
+    cov.save(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif'))
+    cov2 = read_cov(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif'))
     assert_array_almost_equal(cov.data, cov2.data)
     assert_equal(cov['method'], cov2['method'])
     assert_equal(cov['loglik'], cov2['loglik'])
@@ -232,24 +232,24 @@ def test_io_cov(tmpdir):
 
     cov2 = read_cov(cov_gz_fname)
     assert_array_almost_equal(cov.data, cov2.data)
-    cov2.save(tmpdir.join('test-cov.fif.gz'))
-    cov2 = read_cov(tmpdir.join('test-cov.fif.gz'))
+    cov2.save(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif.gz'))
+    cov2 = read_cov(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif.gz'))
     assert_array_almost_equal(cov.data, cov2.data)
 
     cov['bads'] = ['EEG 039']
     cov_sel = pick_channels_cov(cov, exclude=cov['bads'])
     assert cov_sel['dim'] == (len(cov['data']) - len(cov['bads']))
     assert cov_sel['data'].shape == (cov_sel['dim'], cov_sel['dim'])
-    cov_sel.save(tmpdir.join('test-cov.fif'))
+    cov_sel.save(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif'))
 
     cov2 = read_cov(cov_gz_fname)
     assert_array_almost_equal(cov.data, cov2.data)
-    cov2.save(tmpdir.join('test-cov.fif.gz'))
-    cov2 = read_cov(tmpdir.join('test-cov.fif.gz'))
+    cov2.save(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif.gz'))
+    cov2 = read_cov(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif.gz'))
     assert_array_almost_equal(cov.data, cov2.data)
 
     # test warnings on bad filenames
-    cov_badname = tmpdir.join('test-bad-name.fif.gz')
+    cov_badname = tmp_path.join('test-bad-name.fif.gz')
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-cov.fif'):
         write_cov(cov_badname, cov)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-cov.fif'):
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ def test_io_cov(tmpdir):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('method', (None, 'empirical', 'shrunk'))
-def test_cov_estimation_on_raw(method, tmpdir):
+def test_cov_estimation_on_raw(method, tmp_path):
     """Test estimation from raw (typically empty room)."""
     if method == 'shrunk':
         try:
@@ -301,8 +301,8 @@ def test_cov_estimation_on_raw(method, tmpdir):
     assert_snr(cov.data, cov_mne.data, 170)
 
     # test IO when computation done in Python
-    cov.save(tmpdir.join('test-cov.fif'))  # test saving
-    cov_read = read_cov(tmpdir.join('test-cov.fif'))
+    cov.save(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif'))  # test saving
+    cov_read = read_cov(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif'))
     assert cov_read.ch_names == cov.ch_names
     assert cov_read.nfree == cov.nfree
     assert_array_almost_equal(cov.data, cov_read.data)
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ def _assert_cov(cov, cov_desired, tol=0.005, nfree=True):
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('rank', ('full', None))
-def test_cov_estimation_with_triggers(rank, tmpdir):
+def test_cov_estimation_with_triggers(rank, tmp_path):
     """Test estimation from raw with triggers."""
     raw = read_raw_fif(raw_fname)
     raw.set_eeg_reference(projection=True).load_data()
@@ -406,8 +406,8 @@ def test_cov_estimation_with_triggers(rank, tmpdir):
                   keep_sample_mean=False, method='shrunk', rank=rank)
 
     # test IO when computation done in Python
-    cov.save(tmpdir.join('test-cov.fif'))  # test saving
-    cov_read = read_cov(tmpdir.join('test-cov.fif'))
+    cov.save(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif'))  # test saving
+    cov_read = read_cov(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif'))
     _assert_cov(cov, cov_read, 1e-5)
 
     # cov with list of epochs with different projectors
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_dipole.py b/mne/tests/test_dipole.py
index 73c45be0069..2cf22de1e0c 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_dipole.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_dipole.py
@@ -75,11 +75,11 @@ def _check_dipole(dip, n_dipoles):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_io_dipoles(tmpdir):
+def test_io_dipoles(tmp_path):
     """Test IO for .dip files."""
     dipole = read_dipole(fname_dip)
     assert 'Dipole ' in repr(dipole)  # test repr
-    out_fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'temp.dip')
+    out_fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'temp.dip')
     dipole.save(out_fname)
     dipole_new = read_dipole(out_fname)
     _compare_dipoles(dipole, dipole_new)
@@ -105,10 +105,10 @@ def test_dipole_fitting_ctf():
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_nibabel()
 @requires_mne
-def test_dipole_fitting(tmpdir):
+def test_dipole_fitting(tmp_path):
     """Test dipole fitting."""
     amp = 100e-9
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
     fname_dtemp = op.join(tempdir, 'test.dip')
     fname_sim = op.join(tempdir, 'test-ave.fif')
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ def test_dipole_fitting(tmpdir):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_dipole_fitting_fixed(tmpdir):
+def test_dipole_fitting_fixed(tmp_path):
     """Test dipole fitting with a fixed position."""
     tpeak = 0.073
     sphere = make_sphere_model(head_radius=0.1)
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ def test_dipole_fitting_fixed(tmpdir):
     assert_allclose(dip_fixed.info['chs'][0]['loc'][3:6], ori)
     assert_allclose(dip_fixed.data[1, t_idx], gof)
     assert_allclose(resid.data, resid_fixed.data[:, [t_idx]])
-    _check_roundtrip_fixed(dip_fixed, tmpdir)
+    _check_roundtrip_fixed(dip_fixed, tmp_path)
     # bad resetting
     evoked.info['bads'] = [evoked.ch_names[3]]
     dip_fixed, resid_fixed = fit_dipole(evoked, cov, sphere, pos=pos, ori=ori)
@@ -380,13 +380,13 @@ def test_accuracy():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_dipole_fixed(tmpdir):
+def test_dipole_fixed(tmp_path):
     """Test reading a fixed-position dipole (from Xfit)."""
     dip = read_dipole(fname_xfit_dip)
     # print the representation of the object DipoleFixed
     assert 'DipoleFixed ' in repr(dip)
 
-    _check_roundtrip_fixed(dip, tmpdir)
+    _check_roundtrip_fixed(dip, tmp_path)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='extra fields'):
         dip_txt = read_dipole(fname_xfit_dip_txt)
     assert_allclose(dip.info['chs'][0]['loc'][:3], dip_txt.pos[0])
@@ -396,9 +396,9 @@ def test_dipole_fixed(tmpdir):
     assert_allclose(dip_txt_seq.gof, [27.3, 46.4, 43.7, 41., 37.3, 32.5])
 
 
-def _check_roundtrip_fixed(dip, tmpdir):
+def _check_roundtrip_fixed(dip, tmp_path):
     """Check roundtrip IO for fixed dipoles."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     dip.save(op.join(tempdir, 'test-dip.fif.gz'))
     dip_read = read_dipole(op.join(tempdir, 'test-dip.fif.gz'))
     assert_allclose(dip_read.data, dip_read.data)
@@ -423,14 +423,14 @@ def test_get_phantom_dipoles():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_confidence(tmpdir):
+def test_confidence(tmp_path):
     """Test confidence limits."""
     evoked = read_evokeds(fname_evo_full, 'Left Auditory', baseline=(None, 0))
     evoked.crop(0.08, 0.08).pick_types(meg=True)  # MEG-only
     cov = make_ad_hoc_cov(evoked.info)
     sphere = make_sphere_model((0., 0., 0.04), 0.08)
     dip_py = fit_dipole(evoked, cov, sphere)[0]
-    fname_test = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'temp-dip.txt')
+    fname_test = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'temp-dip.txt')
     dip_py.save(fname_test)
     dip_read = read_dipole(fname_test)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="'noise/ft/cm', 'prob'"):
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ def test_confidence(tmpdir):
     (fname_dip, fname_bdip),
     (fname_dip_xfit, fname_bdip_xfit),
 ])
-def test_bdip(fname_dip_, fname_bdip_, tmpdir):
+def test_bdip(fname_dip_, fname_bdip_, tmp_path):
     """Test bdip I/O."""
     # use text as veridical
     with pytest.warns(None):  # ignored fields
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ def test_bdip(fname_dip_, fname_bdip_, tmpdir):
     orig_size = os.stat(fname_bdip_).st_size
     bdip = read_dipole(fname_bdip_)
     # test round-trip by writing and reading, too
-    fname = tmpdir.join('test.bdip')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('test.bdip')
     bdip.save(fname)
     bdip_read = read_dipole(fname)
     write_size = os.stat(str(fname)).st_size
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
index 044e644dff5..702fa8543e6 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ def test_savgol_filter():
             np.mean(data_filt[:, :, stop_mask]) * 5)
 
 
-def test_filter(tmpdir):
+def test_filter(tmp_path):
     """Test filtering."""
     h_freq = 40.
     raw, events = _get_data()[:2]
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ def test_filter(tmpdir):
             np.mean(data_filt_fft[:, :, stop_mask]) * 10)
 
     # smoke test for filtering I/O data (gh-5614)
-    temp_fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'test-epo.fif')
+    temp_fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'test-epo.fif')
     epochs_orig.save(temp_fname, overwrite=True)
     epochs = mne.read_epochs(temp_fname)
     epochs.filter(None, h_freq)
@@ -914,7 +914,7 @@ def test_read_epochs_bad_events():
     assert evoked
 
 
-def test_io_epochs_basic(tmpdir):
+def test_io_epochs_basic(tmp_path):
     """Test epochs from raw files with IO as fif file."""
     raw, events, picks = _get_data(preload=True)
     baseline = (None, 0)
@@ -972,7 +972,7 @@ def test_io_epochs_basic(tmpdir):
     pytest.param('delayed', marks=pytest.mark.slowtest),
     False,
 ])
-def test_epochs_io_proj(tmpdir, proj):
+def test_epochs_io_proj(tmp_path, proj):
     """Test epochs I/O with projection."""
     # Test event access on non-preloaded data (#2345)
 
@@ -984,7 +984,7 @@ def test_epochs_io_proj(tmpdir, proj):
     events[::2, 1] = 1
     events[1::2, 2] = 2
     event_ids = dict(a=1, b=2)
-    temp_fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'test-epo.fif')
+    temp_fname = tmp_path / 'test-epo.fif'
 
     epochs = Epochs(raw, events, event_ids, tmin, tmax, picks=picks,
                     proj=proj, reject=reject, flat=dict(),
@@ -1018,14 +1018,14 @@ def test_epochs_io_proj(tmpdir, proj):
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('preload', (False, True))
-def test_epochs_io_preload(tmpdir, preload):
+def test_epochs_io_preload(tmp_path, preload):
     """Test epochs I/O with preloading."""
     # due to reapplication of the proj matrix, this is our quality limit
     # for some tests
     tols = dict(atol=1e-3, rtol=1e-20)
 
     raw, events, picks = _get_data(preload=True)
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     temp_fname = op.join(tempdir, 'test-epo.fif')
     temp_fname_no_bl = op.join(tempdir, 'test_no_bl-epo.fif')
     baseline = (None, 0)
@@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@ def test_epochs_io_preload(tmpdir, preload):
         not check_version('pandas'), reason='Requires Pandas'))
 ])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('concat', (False, True))
-def test_split_saving(tmpdir, split_size, n_epochs, n_files, size, metadata,
+def test_split_saving(tmp_path, split_size, n_epochs, n_files, size, metadata,
                       concat):
     """Test saving split epochs."""
     # See gh-5102
@@ -1205,7 +1205,7 @@ def test_split_saving(tmpdir, split_size, n_epochs, n_files, size, metadata,
         epochs = concatenate_epochs([epochs[ii] for ii in range(len(epochs))])
     epochs_data = epochs.get_data()
     assert len(epochs) == n_epochs
-    fname = str(tmpdir.join('test-epo.fif'))
+    fname = str(tmp_path.join('test-epo.fif'))
     epochs.save(fname, split_size=split_size, overwrite=True)
     got_size = _get_split_size(split_size)
     assert got_size == size
@@ -1218,7 +1218,7 @@ def test_split_saving(tmpdir, split_size, n_epochs, n_files, size, metadata,
 
     # Check that if BIDS is used and no split is needed it defaults to
     # simple writing without _split- entity.
-    split_fname = str(tmpdir.join('test_epo.fif'))
+    split_fname = str(tmp_path.join('test_epo.fif'))
     split_fname_neuromag_part1 = split_fname.replace(
         'epo.fif', f'epo-{n_files + 1}.fif')
     split_fname_bids_part1 = split_fname.replace(
@@ -1243,8 +1243,12 @@ def test_split_saving(tmpdir, split_size, n_epochs, n_files, size, metadata,
     assert op.isfile(split_fname_bids_part1)
 
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 def test_split_many_reset(tmpdir):
+=======
+def test_split_many_reset(tmp_path):
+>>>>>>> 50051e845 (Replace tmpdir with tmp_path)
     """Test splitting with many events and using reset."""
     data = np.zeros((1000, 1, 1024))  # 1 ch, 1024 samples
     assert data[0, 0].nbytes == 8192  # 8 kB per epoch
@@ -1253,7 +1257,7 @@ def test_split_many_reset(tmpdir):
     epochs = EpochsArray(data, info, tmin=0., selection=selection)
     assert len(epochs.drop_log) == 101000
     assert len(epochs) == len(data) == len(epochs.events)
-    fname = str(tmpdir.join('temp-epo.fif'))
+    fname = str(tmp_path.join('temp-epo.fif'))
     for split_size in ('0.5MB', '1MB', '2MB'):  # tons of overhead from sel
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='too small to safely'):
             epochs.save(fname, split_size=split_size, verbose='debug')
@@ -1267,7 +1271,7 @@ def test_split_many_reset(tmpdir):
     mb = 3 * 1024 * 1024
     _assert_splits(fname, 6, mb)
     # reset, then it should work
-    fname = str(tmpdir.join('temp-reset-epo.fif'))
+    fname = str(tmp_path.join('temp-reset-epo.fif'))
     epochs.reset_drop_log_selection()
     epochs.save(fname, split_size=split_size, verbose='debug')
     _assert_splits(fname, 4, mb)
@@ -1291,9 +1295,9 @@ def _assert_splits(fname, n, size):
     assert not op.isfile(bad_fname), f'Errantly wrote {bad_fname}'
 
 
-def test_epochs_proj(tmpdir):
+def test_epochs_proj(tmp_path):
     """Test handling projection (apply proj in Raw or in Epochs)."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     raw, events, picks = _get_data()
     exclude = raw.info['bads'] + ['MEG 2443', 'EEG 053']  # bads + 2 more
     this_picks = pick_types(raw.info, meg=True, eeg=False, stim=True,
@@ -1391,9 +1395,9 @@ def test_evoked_arithmetic():
     assert_equal(evoked_avg.nave, evoked1.nave + evoked2.nave)
 
 
-def test_evoked_io_from_epochs(tmpdir):
+def test_evoked_io_from_epochs(tmp_path):
     """Test IO of evoked data made from epochs."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     raw, events, picks = _get_data()
     with raw.info._unlock():
         raw.info['lowpass'] = 40  # avoid aliasing warnings
@@ -1454,10 +1458,10 @@ def test_evoked_io_from_epochs(tmpdir):
         write_evokeds(fname_temp, evokeds)
 
 
-def test_evoked_standard_error(tmpdir):
+def test_evoked_standard_error(tmp_path):
     """Test calculation and read/write of standard error."""
     raw, events, picks = _get_data()
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     epochs = Epochs(raw, events[:4], event_id, tmin, tmax, picks=picks)
     evoked = [epochs.average(), epochs.standard_error()]
     write_evokeds(op.join(tempdir, 'evoked-ave.fif'), evoked)
@@ -1482,9 +1486,9 @@ def test_evoked_standard_error(tmpdir):
             assert ave.first == ave2.first
 
 
-def test_reject_epochs(tmpdir):
+def test_reject_epochs(tmp_path):
     """Test of epochs rejection."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     temp_fname = op.join(tempdir, 'test-epo.fif')
 
     raw, events, picks = _get_data()
@@ -1664,9 +1668,9 @@ def test_comparision_with_c():
     assert_array_almost_equal(evoked.times, c_evoked.times, 12)
 
 
-def test_crop(tmpdir):
+def test_crop(tmp_path):
     """Test of crop of epochs."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     temp_fname = op.join(tempdir, 'test-epo.fif')
 
     raw, events, picks = _get_data()
@@ -2085,9 +2089,9 @@ def test_epoch_eq():
         epochs.equalize_event_counts(1.5)
 
 
-def test_access_by_name(tmpdir):
+def test_access_by_name(tmp_path):
     """Test accessing epochs by event name and on_missing for rare events."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     raw, events, picks = _get_data()
 
     # Test various invalid inputs
@@ -2672,9 +2676,9 @@ def make_epochs(picks, proj):
     assert_allclose(new_proj[n_meg:, n_meg:], np.eye(n_eeg), atol=1e-12)
 
 
-def test_array_epochs(tmpdir):
+def test_array_epochs(tmp_path):
     """Test creating epochs from array."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
 
     # creating
     data = rng.random_sample((10, 20, 300))
@@ -2911,7 +2915,7 @@ def test_default_values():
 
 
 @requires_pandas
-def test_metadata(tmpdir):
+def test_metadata(tmp_path):
     """Test metadata support with pandas."""
     from pandas import DataFrame
 
@@ -2978,7 +2982,7 @@ def test_metadata(tmpdir):
 
     # I/O
     # Make sure values don't change with I/O
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     temp_fname = op.join(tempdir, 'tmp-epo.fif')
     temp_one_fname = op.join(tempdir, 'tmp-one-epo.fif')
     with catch_logging() as log:
@@ -3198,9 +3202,9 @@ def test_events_list():
     assert (epochs._repr_html_())  # test _repr_html_
 
 
-def test_save_overwrite(tmpdir):
+def test_save_overwrite(tmp_path):
     """Test saving with overwrite functionality."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     raw = mne.io.RawArray(np.random.RandomState(0).randn(100, 10000),
                           mne.create_info(100, 1000.))
 
@@ -3239,14 +3243,14 @@ def test_save_overwrite(tmpdir):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('preload', (True, False))
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('is_complex', (True, False))
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('fmt, rtol', [('single', 2e-6), ('double', 1e-10)])
-def test_save_complex_data(tmpdir, preload, is_complex, fmt, rtol):
+def test_save_complex_data(tmp_path, preload, is_complex, fmt, rtol):
     """Test whether epochs of hilbert-transformed data can be saved."""
     raw, events = _get_data()[:2]
     raw.load_data()
     if is_complex:
         raw.apply_hilbert(envelope=False, n_fft=None)
     epochs = Epochs(raw, events[:1], preload=True)[0]
-    temp_fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'test-epo.fif')
+    temp_fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'test-epo.fif')
     epochs.save(temp_fname, fmt=fmt)
     data = epochs.get_data().copy()
     epochs_read = read_epochs(temp_fname, proj=False, preload=preload)
@@ -3261,21 +3265,21 @@ def test_save_complex_data(tmpdir, preload, is_complex, fmt, rtol):
     assert_allclose(data_read, data, rtol=rtol)
 
 
-def test_no_epochs(tmpdir):
+def test_no_epochs(tmp_path):
     """Test that having the first epoch bad does not break writing."""
     # a regression noticed in #5564
     raw, events = _get_data()[:2]
     reject = dict(grad=4000e-13, mag=4e-12, eog=150e-6)
     raw.info['bads'] = ['MEG 2443', 'EEG 053']
     epochs = mne.Epochs(raw, events, reject=reject)
-    epochs.save(op.join(str(tmpdir), 'sample-epo.fif'), overwrite=True)
+    epochs.save(op.join(str(tmp_path), 'sample-epo.fif'), overwrite=True)
     assert 0 not in epochs.selection
     assert len(epochs) > 0
     # and with no epochs remaining
     raw.info['bads'] = []
     epochs = mne.Epochs(raw, events, reject=reject)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='no data'):
-        epochs.save(op.join(str(tmpdir), 'sample-epo.fif'), overwrite=True)
+        epochs.save(op.join(str(tmp_path), 'sample-epo.fif'), overwrite=True)
     assert len(epochs) == 0  # all dropped
 
 
@@ -3427,9 +3431,9 @@ def _get_selection(epochs):
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('kind', ('file', 'bytes'))
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('preload', (True, False))
-def test_file_like(kind, preload, tmpdir):
+def test_file_like(kind, preload, tmp_path):
     """Test handling with file-like objects."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     raw = mne.io.RawArray(np.random.RandomState(0).randn(100, 10000),
                           mne.create_info(100, 1000.))
     events = mne.make_fixed_length_events(raw, 1)
@@ -3509,7 +3513,7 @@ def test_make_fixed_length_epochs():
     assert '2' in epochs.event_id and len(epochs.event_id) == 1
 
 
-def test_epochs_huge_events(tmpdir):
+def test_epochs_huge_events(tmp_path):
     """Test epochs with event numbers that are too large."""
     data = np.zeros((1, 1, 1000))
     info = create_info(1, 1000., 'eeg')
@@ -3522,7 +3526,7 @@ def test_epochs_huge_events(tmpdir):
     epochs = EpochsArray(data, info)
     epochs.events = events
     with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='exceeds maximum'):
-        epochs.save(tmpdir.join('temp-epo.fif'))
+        epochs.save(tmp_path.join('temp-epo.fif'))
 
 
 def _old_bad_write(fid, kind, arr):
@@ -3532,7 +3536,7 @@ def _old_bad_write(fid, kind, arr):
     return write_int(fid, kind, arr)
 
 
-def test_concat_overflow(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
+def test_concat_overflow(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
     """Test overflow events during concat."""
     data = np.zeros((2, 10, 1000))
     events = np.array([[0, 0, 1], [INT32_MAX, 0, 2]])
@@ -3542,7 +3546,7 @@ def test_concat_overflow(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='consecutive increasing'):
         epochs = mne.concatenate_epochs((epochs_1, epochs_2))
     assert_array_less(0, epochs.events[:, 0])
-    fname = tmpdir.join('temp-epo.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('temp-epo.fif')
     epochs.save(fname)
     epochs = read_epochs(fname)
     assert_array_less(0, epochs.events[:, 0])
@@ -3556,7 +3560,7 @@ def test_concat_overflow(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
     assert_array_less(epochs.events[:, 0], INT32_MAX + 1)
 
 
-def test_epochs_baseline_after_cropping(tmpdir):
+def test_epochs_baseline_after_cropping(tmp_path):
     """Epochs.baseline should be retained if baseline period was cropped."""
     sfreq = 1000
     tstep = 1. / sfreq
@@ -3596,7 +3600,7 @@ def test_epochs_baseline_after_cropping(tmpdir):
                  epochs_orig.get_data().squeeze()[200:])
 
     # Test I/O roundtrip.
-    epochs_fname = tmpdir.join('temp-cropped-epo.fif')
+    epochs_fname = tmp_path.join('temp-cropped-epo.fif')
     epochs_cropped.save(epochs_fname)
     epochs_cropped_read = mne.read_epochs(epochs_fname)
 
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_event.py b/mne/tests/test_event.py
index f58aaf83de4..3d96d531c9f 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_event.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_event.py
@@ -110,11 +110,11 @@ def test_merge_events():
         assert_array_equal(events, events_good)
 
 
-def test_io_events(tmpdir):
+def test_io_events(tmp_path):
     """Test IO for events."""
     # Test binary fif IO
     events = read_events(fname)  # Use as the gold standard
-    fname_temp = tmpdir.join('events-eve.fif')
+    fname_temp = tmp_path.join('events-eve.fif')
     write_events(fname_temp, events)
     events2 = read_events(fname_temp)
     assert_array_almost_equal(events, events2)
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ def test_io_events(tmpdir):
     assert_array_almost_equal(events, events2)
 
     # Test new format text file IO
-    fname_temp = str(tmpdir.join('events.eve'))
+    fname_temp = str(tmp_path.join('events.eve'))
     write_events(fname_temp, events)
     events2 = read_events(fname_temp)
     assert_array_almost_equal(events, events2)
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ def test_io_events(tmpdir):
     assert_array_almost_equal(events, events2)
 
     # Test event selection
-    fname_temp = tmpdir.join('events-eve.fif')
+    fname_temp = tmp_path.join('events-eve.fif')
     a = read_events(fname_temp, include=1)
     b = read_events(fname_temp, include=[1])
     c = read_events(fname_temp, exclude=[2, 3, 4, 5, 32])
@@ -167,13 +167,13 @@ def test_io_events(tmpdir):
     assert_array_almost_equal(events, events2)
 
     # Test text file IO for 1 event
-    fname_temp = str(tmpdir.join('events.eve'))
+    fname_temp = str(tmp_path.join('events.eve'))
     write_events(fname_temp, events)
     events2 = read_events(fname_temp)
     assert_array_almost_equal(events, events2)
 
     # test warnings on bad filenames
-    fname2 = tmpdir.join('test-bad-name.fif')
+    fname2 = tmp_path.join('test-bad-name.fif')
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-eve.fif'):
         write_events(fname2, events)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-eve.fif'):
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_evoked.py b/mne/tests/test_evoked.py
index bc56136e628..402401953d4 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_evoked.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_evoked.py
@@ -176,14 +176,14 @@ def _aspect_kinds():
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('aspect_kind', _aspect_kinds())
-def test_evoked_aspects(aspect_kind, tmpdir):
+def test_evoked_aspects(aspect_kind, tmp_path):
     """Test handling of evoked aspects."""
     # gh-6359
     ave = read_evokeds(fname, 0)
     ave._aspect_kind = aspect_kind
     assert 'Evoked' in repr(ave)
     # for completeness let's try a round-trip
-    temp_fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'test-ave.fif')
+    temp_fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'test-ave.fif')
     ave.save(temp_fname)
     ave_2 = read_evokeds(temp_fname, condition=0)
     assert_allclose(ave.data, ave_2.data)
@@ -191,15 +191,15 @@ def test_evoked_aspects(aspect_kind, tmpdir):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
-def test_io_evoked(tmpdir):
+def test_io_evoked(tmp_path):
     """Test IO for evoked data (fif + gz) with integer and str args."""
     ave = read_evokeds(fname, 0)
     ave_double = ave.copy()
     ave_double.comment = ave.comment + ' doubled nave'
     ave_double.nave = ave.nave * 2
 
-    write_evokeds(tmpdir.join('evoked-ave.fif'), [ave, ave_double])
-    ave2, ave_double = read_evokeds(op.join(tmpdir, 'evoked-ave.fif'))
+    write_evokeds(tmp_path.join('evoked-ave.fif'), [ave, ave_double])
+    ave2, ave_double = read_evokeds(op.join(tmp_path, 'evoked-ave.fif'))
     assert ave2.nave * 2 == ave_double.nave
 
     # This not being assert_array_equal due to windows rounding
@@ -228,8 +228,8 @@ def test_io_evoked(tmpdir):
     aves1 = read_evokeds(fname)[1::2]
     aves2 = read_evokeds(fname, [1, 3])
     aves3 = read_evokeds(fname, ['Right Auditory', 'Right visual'])
-    write_evokeds(tmpdir.join('evoked-ave.fif'), aves1)
-    aves4 = read_evokeds(tmpdir.join('evoked-ave.fif'))
+    write_evokeds(tmp_path.join('evoked-ave.fif'), aves1)
+    aves4 = read_evokeds(tmp_path.join('evoked-ave.fif'))
     for aves in [aves2, aves3, aves4]:
         for [av1, av2] in zip(aves1, aves):
             assert_array_almost_equal(av1.data, av2.data)
@@ -244,20 +244,20 @@ def test_io_evoked(tmpdir):
     # test saving and reading complex numbers in evokeds
     ave_complex = ave.copy()
     ave_complex._data = 1j * ave_complex.data
-    fname_temp = str(tmpdir.join('complex-ave.fif'))
+    fname_temp = str(tmp_path.join('complex-ave.fif'))
     ave_complex.save(fname_temp)
     ave_complex = read_evokeds(fname_temp)[0]
     assert_allclose(ave.data, ave_complex.data.imag)
 
     # test warnings on bad filenames
-    fname2 = tmpdir.join('test-bad-name.fif')
+    fname2 = tmp_path.join('test-bad-name.fif')
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-ave.fif'):
         write_evokeds(fname2, ave)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-ave.fif'):
         read_evokeds(fname2)
 
     # test writing when order of bads doesn't match
-    fname3 = tmpdir.join('test-bad-order-ave.fif')
+    fname3 = tmp_path.join('test-bad-order-ave.fif')
     condition = 'Left Auditory'
     ave4 = read_evokeds(fname, condition)
     ave4.info['bads'] = ave4.ch_names[:3]
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ def test_io_evoked(tmpdir):
     pytest.raises(TypeError, Evoked, fname)
 
     # MaxShield
-    fname_ms = tmpdir.join('test-ave.fif')
+    fname_ms = tmp_path.join('test-ave.fif')
     assert (ave.info['maxshield'] is False)
     with ave.info._unlock():
         ave.info['maxshield'] = True
@@ -282,9 +282,9 @@ def test_io_evoked(tmpdir):
     assert (all(ave.info['maxshield'] is True for ave in aves))
 
 
-def test_shift_time_evoked(tmpdir):
+def test_shift_time_evoked(tmp_path):
     """Test for shifting of time scale."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     # Shift backward
     ave = read_evokeds(fname, 0).shift_time(-0.1, relative=True)
     write_evokeds(op.join(tempdir, 'evoked-ave.fif'), ave)
@@ -349,9 +349,9 @@ def test_tmin_tmax():
     assert evoked.times[-1] == evoked.tmax
 
 
-def test_evoked_resample(tmpdir):
+def test_evoked_resample(tmp_path):
     """Test resampling evoked data."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     # upsample, write it out, read it in
     ave = read_evokeds(fname, 0)
     orig_lp = ave.info['lowpass']
@@ -663,9 +663,9 @@ def test_arithmetic():
     assert evoked1.ch_names == evoked3.ch_names
 
 
-def test_array_epochs(tmpdir):
+def test_array_epochs(tmp_path):
     """Test creating evoked from array."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
 
     # creating
     rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ def test_add_channels():
     pytest.raises(TypeError, evoked_meg.add_channels, evoked_badsf)
 
 
-def test_evoked_baseline(tmpdir):
+def test_evoked_baseline(tmp_path):
     """Test evoked baseline."""
     evoked = read_evokeds(fname, condition=0, baseline=None)
 
@@ -806,7 +806,7 @@ def test_evoked_baseline(tmpdir):
     evoked.apply_baseline(baseline)
     assert_allclose(evoked.baseline, baseline)
 
-    tmp_fname = tmpdir / 'test-ave.fif'
+    tmp_fname = tmp_path / 'test-ave.fif'
     evoked.save(tmp_fname)
     evoked_read = read_evokeds(tmp_fname, condition=0)
     assert_allclose(evoked_read.baseline, evoked.baseline)
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_filter.py b/mne/tests/test_filter.py
index 20d073e8a75..86785b1e3dd 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_filter.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_filter.py
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ def test_filter_array():
 
 
 @requires_mne
-def test_mne_c_design(tmpdir):
+def test_mne_c_design(tmp_path):
     """Test MNE-C filter design."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     temp_fname = op.join(tempdir, 'test_raw.fif')
     out_fname = op.join(tempdir, 'test_c_raw.fif')
     x = np.zeros((1, 10001))
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_freesurfer.py b/mne/tests/test_freesurfer.py
index e580485bfc1..e28f478e62b 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_freesurfer.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_freesurfer.py
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ def test_vertex_to_mni_fs_nibabel(monkeypatch):
     None,
     op.join(op.dirname(mne.__file__), 'data', 'FreeSurferColorLUT.txt'),
 ])
-def test_read_freesurfer_lut(fname, tmpdir):
+def test_read_freesurfer_lut(fname, tmp_path):
     """Test reading volume label names."""
     atlas_ids, colors = read_freesurfer_lut(fname)
     assert list(atlas_ids).count('Brain-Stem') == 1
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ def test_read_freesurfer_lut(fname, tmpdir):
     # long name (only test on one run)
     if fname is not None:
         return
-    fname = str(tmpdir.join('long.txt'))
+    fname = str(tmp_path.join('long.txt'))
     names = ['Anterior_Cingulate_and_Medial_Prefrontal_Cortex-' + hemi
              for hemi in ('lh', 'rh')]
     ids = np.arange(1, len(names) + 1)
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_label.py b/mne/tests/test_label.py
index 5005461e918..1b60e5b514c 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_label.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_label.py
@@ -310,9 +310,9 @@ def test_label_io_and_time_course_estimates():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_label_io(tmpdir):
+def test_label_io(tmp_path):
     """Test IO of label files."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     label = read_label(label_fname)
 
     # label attributes
@@ -345,10 +345,10 @@ def _assert_labels_equal(labels_a, labels_b, ignore_pos=False):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_annot_io(tmpdir):
+def test_annot_io(tmp_path):
     """Test I/O from and to *.annot files."""
     # copy necessary files from fsaverage to tempdir
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     subject = 'fsaverage'
     label_src = os.path.join(subjects_dir, 'fsaverage', 'label')
     surf_src = os.path.join(subjects_dir, 'fsaverage', 'surf')
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ def test_labels_to_stc():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_read_labels_from_annot(tmpdir):
+def test_read_labels_from_annot(tmp_path):
     """Test reading labels from FreeSurfer parcellation."""
     # test some invalid inputs
     pytest.raises(ValueError, read_labels_from_annot, 'sample', hemi='bla',
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ def test_read_labels_from_annot(tmpdir):
     with pytest.raises(IOError, match='does not exist'):
         _read_annot_cands('foo')
     with pytest.raises(IOError, match='no candidate'):
-        _read_annot(str(tmpdir))
+        _read_annot(str(tmp_path))
 
     # read labels using hemi specification
     labels_lh = read_labels_from_annot('sample', hemi='lh',
@@ -522,9 +522,9 @@ def test_read_labels_from_annot_annot2labels():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_write_labels_to_annot(tmpdir):
+def test_write_labels_to_annot(tmp_path):
     """Test writing FreeSurfer parcellation from labels."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
 
     labels = read_labels_from_annot('sample', subjects_dir=subjects_dir)
 
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_line_endings.py b/mne/tests/test_line_endings.py
index 29420c64bc3..17952dbb304 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_line_endings.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_line_endings.py
@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ def _assert_line_endings(dir_):
                              % (len(report), '\n'.join(report)))
 
 
-def test_line_endings(tmpdir):
+def test_line_endings(tmp_path):
     """Test line endings of mne-python."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     with open(op.join(tempdir, 'foo'), 'wb') as fid:
         fid.write('bad\r\ngood\n'.encode('ascii'))
     _assert_line_endings(tempdir)
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_morph.py b/mne/tests/test_morph.py
index b2792d7182b..a523147a693 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_morph.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_morph.py
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ def assert_power_preserved(orig, new, limits=(1., 1.05)):
 
 @requires_h5py
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_surface_vector_source_morph(tmpdir):
+def test_surface_vector_source_morph(tmp_path):
     """Test surface and vector source estimate morph."""
     inverse_operator_surf = read_inverse_operator(fname_inv_surf)
 
@@ -256,9 +256,9 @@ def test_surface_vector_source_morph(tmpdir):
     assert 'surface' in repr(source_morph_surf)
 
     # check loading and saving for surf
-    source_morph_surf.save(tmpdir.join('42.h5'))
+    source_morph_surf.save(tmp_path.join('42.h5'))
 
-    source_morph_surf_r = read_source_morph(tmpdir.join('42.h5'))
+    source_morph_surf_r = read_source_morph(tmp_path.join('42.h5'))
 
     assert (all([read == saved for read, saved in
                  zip(sorted(source_morph_surf_r.__dict__),
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ def test_surface_vector_source_morph(tmpdir):
 @requires_dipy()
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_volume_source_morph_basic(tmpdir):
+def test_volume_source_morph_basic(tmp_path):
     """Test volume source estimate morph, special cases and exceptions."""
     import nibabel as nib
     inverse_operator_vol = read_inverse_operator(fname_inv_vol)
@@ -342,14 +342,14 @@ def test_volume_source_morph_basic(tmpdir):
                              subjects_dir=subjects_dir)
 
     # two different ways of saving
-    source_morph_vol.save(tmpdir.join('vol'))
+    source_morph_vol.save(tmp_path.join('vol'))
 
     # check loading
-    source_morph_vol_r = read_source_morph(tmpdir.join('vol-morph.h5'))
+    source_morph_vol_r = read_source_morph(tmp_path.join('vol-morph.h5'))
 
     # check for invalid file name handling ()
     with pytest.raises(IOError, match='not found'):
-        read_source_morph(tmpdir.join('42'))
+        read_source_morph(tmp_path.join('42'))
 
     # check morph
     stc_vol_morphed = source_morph_vol.apply(stc_vol)
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ def test_volume_source_morph_basic(tmpdir):
         ('sample', 'fsaverage', 7.0, 7.4, float, True),  # morph_mat
     ])
 def test_volume_source_morph_round_trip(
-        tmpdir, subject_from, subject_to, lower, upper, dtype, morph_mat,
+        tmp_path, subject_from, subject_to, lower, upper, dtype, morph_mat,
         monkeypatch):
     """Test volume source estimate morph round-trips well."""
     import nibabel as nib
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ def test_volume_source_morph_round_trip(
     stc_from_unit_rt = morph_to_from.apply(morph_from_to.apply(stc_from_unit))
     assert_power_preserved(stc_from_unit, stc_from_unit_rt, limits=limits)
     if morph_mat:
-        fname = tmpdir.join('temp-morph.h5')
+        fname = tmp_path.join('temp-morph.h5')
         morph_to_from.save(fname)
         morph_to_from = read_source_morph(fname)
         assert morph_to_from.vol_morph_mat is None
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ def test_morph_stc_sparse():
     (slice(1, 2), 51, 204, 12),
     (slice(0, 2), 88, 324, 20),
 ])
-def test_volume_labels_morph(tmpdir, sl, n_real, n_mri, n_orig):
+def test_volume_labels_morph(tmp_path, sl, n_real, n_mri, n_orig):
     """Test generating a source space from volume label."""
     import nibabel as nib
     n_use = (sl.stop - sl.start) // (sl.step or 1)
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_morph_map.py b/mne/tests/test_morph_map.py
index d15249d7be8..fbaabcbbde5 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_morph_map.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_morph_map.py
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_make_morph_maps(tmpdir):
+def test_make_morph_maps(tmp_path):
     """Test reading and creating morph maps."""
     # make a new fake subjects_dir
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     for subject in ('sample', 'sample_ds', 'fsaverage_ds'):
         os.mkdir(op.join(tempdir, subject))
         os.mkdir(op.join(tempdir, subject, 'surf'))
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_proj.py b/mne/tests/test_proj.py
index c3046f9c4f0..e137c20475f 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_proj.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_proj.py
@@ -143,9 +143,9 @@ def test_sensitivity_maps():
     sensitivity_map(fwd)
 
 
-def test_compute_proj_epochs(tmpdir):
+def test_compute_proj_epochs(tmp_path):
     """Test SSP computation on epochs."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     event_id, tmin, tmax = 1, -0.2, 0.3
 
     raw = read_raw_fif(raw_fname, preload=True)
@@ -227,9 +227,9 @@ def test_compute_proj_epochs(tmpdir):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
-def test_compute_proj_raw(tmpdir):
+def test_compute_proj_raw(tmp_path):
     """Test SSP computation on raw."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     # Test that the raw projectors work
     raw_time = 2.5  # Do shorter amount for speed
     raw = read_raw_fif(raw_fname).crop(0, raw_time)
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py b/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
index a4f40f8a300..89fe9f1c2ca 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ def test_spatial_inter_hemi_adjacency():
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_h5py
-def test_volume_stc(tmpdir):
+def test_volume_stc(tmp_path):
     """Test volume STCs."""
     N = 100
     data = np.arange(N)[:, np.newaxis]
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ def test_volume_stc(tmpdir):
             stc = VolVectorSourceEstimate(data, [vertno], 0, 1)
             ext = 'h5'
             klass = VolVectorSourceEstimate
-        fname_temp = tmpdir.join('temp-vl.' + ext)
+        fname_temp = tmp_path.join('temp-vl.' + ext)
         stc_new = stc
         n = 3 if ext == 'h5' else 2
         for ii in range(n):
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ def test_volume_stc(tmpdir):
     pytest.raises(ValueError, stc.save, fname_vol, ftype='whatever')
     for ftype in ['w', 'h5']:
         for _ in range(2):
-            fname_temp = tmpdir.join('temp-vol.%s' % ftype)
+            fname_temp = tmp_path.join('temp-vol.%s' % ftype)
             stc_new.save(fname_temp, ftype=ftype)
             stc_new = read_source_estimate(fname_temp)
             assert (isinstance(stc_new, VolSourceEstimate))
@@ -240,11 +240,11 @@ def test_stc_as_volume():
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_nibabel()
-def test_save_vol_stc_as_nifti(tmpdir):
+def test_save_vol_stc_as_nifti(tmp_path):
     """Save the stc as a nifti file and export."""
     import nibabel as nib
     src = read_source_spaces(fname_vsrc)
-    vol_fname = tmpdir.join('stc.nii.gz')
+    vol_fname = tmp_path.join('stc.nii.gz')
 
     # now let's actually read a MNE-C processed file
     stc = read_source_estimate(fname_vol, 'sample')
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ def test_save_vol_stc_as_nifti(tmpdir):
 
     with pytest.warns(None):  # nib<->numpy
         t1_img = nib.load(fname_t1)
-    stc.save_as_volume(tmpdir.join('stc.nii.gz'), src,
+    stc.save_as_volume(tmp_path.join('stc.nii.gz'), src,
                        dest='mri', mri_resolution=True)
     with pytest.warns(None):  # nib<->numpy
         img = nib.load(str(vol_fname))
@@ -410,11 +410,11 @@ def attempt_assignment(stc, attr, val):
     assert stc.data.shape == (len(data), 1)
 
 
-def test_io_stc(tmpdir):
+def test_io_stc(tmp_path):
     """Test IO for STC files."""
     stc = _fake_stc()
-    stc.save(tmpdir.join("tmp.stc"))
-    stc2 = read_source_estimate(tmpdir.join("tmp.stc"))
+    stc.save(tmp_path.join("tmp.stc"))
+    stc2 = read_source_estimate(tmp_path.join("tmp.stc"))
 
     assert_array_almost_equal(stc.data, stc2.data)
     assert_array_almost_equal(stc.tmin, stc2.tmin)
@@ -425,21 +425,21 @@ def test_io_stc(tmpdir):
     # test warning for complex data
     stc2.data = stc2.data.astype(np.complex128)
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='Cannot save complex-valued STC'):
-        stc2.save(tmpdir.join('complex.stc'))
+        stc2.save(tmp_path.join('complex.stc'))
 
 
 @requires_h5py
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('is_complex', (True, False))
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('vector', (True, False))
-def test_io_stc_h5(tmpdir, is_complex, vector):
+def test_io_stc_h5(tmp_path, is_complex, vector):
     """Test IO for STC files using HDF5."""
     if vector:
         stc = _fake_vec_stc(is_complex=is_complex)
     else:
         stc = _fake_stc(is_complex=is_complex)
-    pytest.raises(ValueError, stc.save, tmpdir.join('tmp'),
+    pytest.raises(ValueError, stc.save, tmp_path.join('tmp'),
                   ftype='foo')
-    out_name = tmpdir.join('tmp')
+    out_name = tmp_path.join('tmp')
     stc.save(out_name, ftype='h5')
     stc.save(out_name, ftype='h5')  # test overwrite
     stc3 = read_source_estimate(out_name)
@@ -457,14 +457,14 @@ def test_io_stc_h5(tmpdir, is_complex, vector):
             assert_array_equal(v1, v2)
 
 
-def test_io_w(tmpdir):
+def test_io_w(tmp_path):
     """Test IO for w files."""
     stc = _fake_stc(n_time=1)
-    w_fname = tmpdir.join('fake')
+    w_fname = tmp_path.join('fake')
     stc.save(w_fname, ftype='w')
     src = read_source_estimate(w_fname)
-    src.save(tmpdir.join('tmp'), ftype='w')
-    src2 = read_source_estimate(tmpdir.join('tmp-lh.w'))
+    src.save(tmp_path.join('tmp'), ftype='w')
+    src2 = read_source_estimate(tmp_path.join('tmp-lh.w'))
     assert_array_almost_equal(src.data, src2.data)
     assert_array_almost_equal(src.lh_vertno, src2.lh_vertno)
     assert_array_almost_equal(src.rh_vertno, src2.rh_vertno)
@@ -1170,7 +1170,7 @@ def test_get_peak(kind, vector, n_times):
 
 @requires_h5py
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_mixed_stc(tmpdir):
+def test_mixed_stc(tmp_path):
     """Test source estimate from mixed source space."""
     N = 90  # number of sources
     T = 2  # number of time points
@@ -1186,7 +1186,7 @@ def test_mixed_stc(tmpdir):
     stc = MixedSourceEstimate(data, vertno, 0, 1)
 
     # make sure error is raised for plotting surface with volume source
-    fname = tmpdir.join('mixed-stc.h5')
+    fname = tmp_path.join('mixed-stc.h5')
     stc.save(fname)
     stc_out = read_source_estimate(fname)
     assert_array_equal(stc_out.vertices, vertno)
@@ -1205,7 +1205,7 @@ def test_mixed_stc(tmpdir):
 ])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', [
     np.float32, np.float64, np.complex64, np.complex128])
-def test_vec_stc_basic(tmpdir, klass, kind, dtype):
+def test_vec_stc_basic(tmp_path, klass, kind, dtype):
     """Test (vol)vector source estimate."""
     nn = np.array([
         [1, 0, 0],
@@ -1278,7 +1278,7 @@ def test_vec_stc_basic(tmpdir, klass, kind, dtype):
     assert_allclose(got_directions, directions * flips)
     assert_allclose(projected.data, amplitudes * flips)
 
-    out_name = tmpdir.join('temp.h5')
+    out_name = tmp_path.join('temp.h5')
     stc.save(out_name)
     stc_read = read_source_estimate(out_name)
     assert_allclose(stc.data, stc_read.data)
@@ -1530,7 +1530,7 @@ def test_vol_mask():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_stc_near_sensors(tmpdir):
+def test_stc_near_sensors(tmp_path):
     """Test stc_near_sensors."""
     info = read_info(fname_evoked)
     # pick the left EEG sensors
@@ -1544,7 +1544,7 @@ def test_stc_near_sensors(tmpdir):
     evoked = EvokedArray(np.eye(info['nchan']), info)
     trans = read_trans(fname_fwd)
     assert trans['to'] == FIFF.FIFFV_COORD_HEAD
-    this_dir = str(tmpdir)
+    this_dir = str(tmp_path)
     # testing does not have pial, so fake it
     os.makedirs(op.join(this_dir, 'sample', 'surf'))
     for hemi in ('lh', 'rh'):
@@ -1660,9 +1660,9 @@ def _make_morph_map_hemi_same(subject_from, subject_to, subjects_dir,
     'surface',
 ))
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('scale', ((1.0, 0.8, 1.2), 1., 0.9))
-def test_scale_morph_labels(kind, scale, monkeypatch, tmpdir):
+def test_scale_morph_labels(kind, scale, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
     """Test label extraction, morphing, and MRI scaling relationships."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     subject_from = 'sample'
     subject_to = 'small'
     testing_dir = op.join(subjects_dir, subject_from)
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_source_space.py b/mne/tests/test_source_space.py
index 3869cd59899..329c79a540b 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_source_space.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_source_space.py
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ def test_add_patch_info(monkeypatch):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_add_source_space_distances_limited(tmpdir):
+def test_add_source_space_distances_limited(tmp_path):
     """Test adding distances to source space with a dist_limit."""
     src = read_source_spaces(fname)
     src_new = read_source_spaces(fname)
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ def test_add_source_space_distances_limited(tmpdir):
     n_do = 200  # limit this for speed
     src_new[0]['vertno'] = src_new[0]['vertno'][:n_do].copy()
     src_new[1]['vertno'] = src_new[1]['vertno'][:n_do].copy()
-    out_name = tmpdir.join('temp-src.fif')
+    out_name = tmp_path.join('temp-src.fif')
     add_source_space_distances(src_new, dist_limit=0.007)
     write_source_spaces(out_name, src_new)
     src_new = read_source_spaces(out_name)
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ def test_add_source_space_distances_limited(tmpdir):
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_add_source_space_distances(tmpdir):
+def test_add_source_space_distances(tmp_path):
     """Test adding distances to source space."""
     src = read_source_spaces(fname)
     src_new = read_source_spaces(fname)
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ def test_add_source_space_distances(tmpdir):
     n_do = 19  # limit this for speed
     src_new[0]['vertno'] = src_new[0]['vertno'][:n_do].copy()
     src_new[1]['vertno'] = src_new[1]['vertno'][:n_do].copy()
-    out_name = tmpdir.join('temp-src.fif')
+    out_name = tmp_path.join('temp-src.fif')
     n_jobs = 2
     assert n_do % n_jobs != 0
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='non-negative'):
@@ -241,15 +241,15 @@ def test_add_source_space_distances(tmpdir):
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_mne
-def test_discrete_source_space(tmpdir):
+def test_discrete_source_space(tmp_path):
     """Test setting up (and reading/writing) discrete source spaces."""
     src = read_source_spaces(fname)
     v = src[0]['vertno']
 
     # let's make a discrete version with the C code, and with ours
-    temp_name = tmpdir.join('temp-src.fif')
+    temp_name = tmp_path.join('temp-src.fif')
     # save
-    temp_pos = tmpdir.join('temp-pos.txt')
+    temp_pos = tmp_path.join('temp-pos.txt')
     np.savetxt(str(temp_pos), np.c_[src[0]['rr'][v], src[0]['nn'][v]])
     # let's try the spherical one (no bem or surf supplied)
     run_subprocess(['mne_volume_source_space', '--meters',
@@ -285,10 +285,10 @@ def test_discrete_source_space(tmpdir):
 @requires_nibabel()
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_volume_source_space(tmpdir):
+def test_volume_source_space(tmp_path):
     """Test setting up volume source spaces."""
     src = read_source_spaces(fname_vol)
-    temp_name = tmpdir.join('temp-src.fif')
+    temp_name = tmp_path.join('temp-src.fif')
     surf = read_bem_surfaces(fname_bem, s_id=FIFF.FIFFV_BEM_SURF_ID_BRAIN)
     surf['rr'] *= 1e3  # convert to mm
     bem_sol = read_bem_solution(fname_bem_3_sol)
@@ -337,13 +337,13 @@ def test_volume_source_space(tmpdir):
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_mne
-def test_other_volume_source_spaces(tmpdir):
+def test_other_volume_source_spaces(tmp_path):
     """Test setting up other volume source spaces."""
     # these are split off because they require the MNE tools, and
     # Travis doesn't seem to like them
 
     # let's try the spherical one (no bem or surf supplied)
-    temp_name = tmpdir.join('temp-src.fif')
+    temp_name = tmp_path.join('temp-src.fif')
     run_subprocess(['mne_volume_source_space',
                     '--grid', '7.0',
                     '--src', temp_name,
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ def test_accumulate_normals():
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_setup_source_space(tmpdir):
+def test_setup_source_space(tmp_path):
     """Test setting up ico, oct, and all source spaces."""
     fname_ico = op.join(data_path, 'subjects', 'fsaverage', 'bem',
                         'fsaverage-ico-5-src.fif')
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ def test_setup_source_space(tmpdir):
 
     # oct-6 (sample) - auto filename + IO
     src = read_source_spaces(fname)
-    temp_name = tmpdir.join('temp-src.fif')
+    temp_name = tmp_path.join('temp-src.fif')
     with pytest.warns(None):  # sklearn equiv neighbors
         src_new = setup_source_space('sample', spacing='oct6',
                                      subjects_dir=subjects_dir, add_dist=False)
@@ -489,13 +489,13 @@ def test_setup_source_space(tmpdir):
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @pytest.mark.timeout(60)
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('spacing', [2, 7])
-def test_setup_source_space_spacing(tmpdir, spacing):
+def test_setup_source_space_spacing(tmp_path, spacing):
     """Test setting up surface source spaces using a given spacing."""
-    copytree(op.join(subjects_dir, 'sample'), str(tmpdir.join('sample')))
+    copytree(op.join(subjects_dir, 'sample'), str(tmp_path.join('sample')))
     args = [] if spacing == 7 else ['--spacing', str(spacing)]
-    with modified_env(SUBJECTS_DIR=str(tmpdir), SUBJECT='sample'):
+    with modified_env(SUBJECTS_DIR=str(tmp_path), SUBJECT='sample'):
         run_subprocess(['mne_setup_source_space'] + args)
-    src = read_source_spaces(tmpdir.join('sample', 'bem',
+    src = read_source_spaces(tmp_path.join('sample', 'bem',
                                          'sample-%d-src.fif' % spacing))
     src_new = setup_source_space('sample', spacing=spacing, add_dist=False,
                                  subjects_dir=subjects_dir)
@@ -531,16 +531,16 @@ def test_read_source_spaces():
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_write_source_space(tmpdir):
+def test_write_source_space(tmp_path):
     """Test reading and writing of source spaces."""
     src0 = read_source_spaces(fname, patch_stats=False)
-    temp_fname = tmpdir.join('tmp-src.fif')
+    temp_fname = tmp_path.join('tmp-src.fif')
     write_source_spaces(temp_fname, src0)
     src1 = read_source_spaces(temp_fname, patch_stats=False)
     _compare_source_spaces(src0, src1)
 
     # test warnings on bad filenames
-    src_badname = tmpdir.join('test-bad-name.fif.gz')
+    src_badname = tmp_path.join('test-bad-name.fif.gz')
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-src.fif'):
         write_source_spaces(src_badname, src0)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-src.fif'):
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ def test_write_source_space(tmpdir):
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_nibabel()
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('pass_ids', (True, False))
-def test_source_space_from_label(tmpdir, pass_ids):
+def test_source_space_from_label(tmp_path, pass_ids):
     """Test generating a source space from volume label."""
     aseg_short = 'aseg.mgz'
     atlas_ids, _ = read_freesurfer_lut()
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ def test_source_space_from_label(tmpdir, pass_ids):
     assert src[0]['nuse'] == 404  # for our given pos and label
 
     # test reading and writing
-    out_name = tmpdir.join('temp-src.fif')
+    out_name = tmp_path.join('temp-src.fif')
     write_source_spaces(out_name, src)
     src_from_file = read_source_spaces(out_name)
     _compare_source_spaces(src, src_from_file, mode='approx')
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ def test_read_volume_from_src():
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @requires_nibabel()
-def test_combine_source_spaces(tmpdir):
+def test_combine_source_spaces(tmp_path):
     """Test combining source spaces."""
     import nibabel as nib
     rng = np.random.RandomState(2)
@@ -705,7 +705,7 @@ def test_combine_source_spaces(tmpdir):
     assert len(src) == 4
 
     # test reading and writing
-    src_out_name = tmpdir.join('temp-src.fif')
+    src_out_name = tmp_path.join('temp-src.fif')
     src.save(src_out_name)
     src_from_file = read_source_spaces(src_out_name)
     _compare_source_spaces(src, src_from_file, mode='approx')
@@ -717,7 +717,7 @@ def test_combine_source_spaces(tmpdir):
     assert (coord_frames == FIFF.FIFFV_COORD_MRI).all()
 
     # test errors for export_volume
-    image_fname = tmpdir.join('temp-image.mgz')
+    image_fname = tmp_path.join('temp-image.mgz')
 
     # source spaces with no volume
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='at least one volume'):
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ def test_combine_source_spaces(tmpdir):
     del disc2
 
     # unrecognized file type
-    bad_image_fname = tmpdir.join('temp-image.png')
+    bad_image_fname = tmp_path.join('temp-image.png')
     # vertices outside vol space warning
     pytest.raises(ValueError, src.export_volume, bad_image_fname,
                   verbose='error')
@@ -744,7 +744,7 @@ def test_combine_source_spaces(tmpdir):
         src_mixed_coord.export_volume(image_fname, verbose='error')
 
     # now actually write it
-    fname_img = tmpdir.join('img.nii')
+    fname_img = tmp_path.join('img.nii')
     for mri_resolution in (False, 'sparse', True):
         for src, up in ((vol, 705),
                         (srf + vol, 27272),
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ def test_combine_source_spaces(tmpdir):
             assert n_src == n_want, src
 
     # gh-8004
-    temp_aseg = tmpdir.join('aseg.mgz')
+    temp_aseg = tmp_path.join('aseg.mgz')
     aseg_img = nib.load(aseg_fname)
     aseg_affine = aseg_img.affine
     aseg_affine[:3, :3] *= 0.7
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_surface.py b/mne/tests/test_surface.py
index 094e82740a1..61c0f0fe141 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_surface.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_surface.py
@@ -117,9 +117,9 @@ def test_compute_nearest():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_io_surface(tmpdir):
+def test_io_surface(tmp_path):
     """Test reading and writing of Freesurfer surface mesh files."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     fname_quad = op.join(data_path, 'subjects', 'bert', 'surf',
                          'lh.inflated.nofix')
     fname_tri = op.join(data_path, 'subjects', 'sample', 'bem',
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_transforms.py b/mne/tests/test_transforms.py
index b8235b315e3..60704d14598 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_transforms.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_transforms.py
@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@ def test_get_trans():
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_io_trans(tmpdir):
+def test_io_trans(tmp_path):
     """Test reading and writing of trans files."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     os.mkdir(op.join(tempdir, 'sample'))
     pytest.raises(RuntimeError, _find_trans, 'sample', subjects_dir=tempdir)
     trans0 = read_trans(fname)
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ def test_average_quats():
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('subject', ('fsaverage', 'sample'))
-def test_fs_xfm(subject, tmpdir):
+def test_fs_xfm(subject, tmp_path):
     """Test reading and writing of Freesurfer transforms."""
     fname = op.join(data_path, 'subjects', subject, 'mri', 'transforms',
                     'talairach.xfm')
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ def test_fs_xfm(subject, tmpdir):
     if subject == 'fsaverage':
         assert_allclose(xfm, np.eye(4), atol=1e-5)  # fsaverage is in MNI
     assert kind == 'MNI Transform File'
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     fname_out = op.join(tempdir, 'out.xfm')
     _write_fs_xfm(fname_out, xfm, kind)
     xfm_read, kind_read = _read_fs_xfm(fname_out)
diff --git a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_csd.py b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_csd.py
index 94c52226b28..221297e05c6 100644
--- a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_csd.py
+++ b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_csd.py
@@ -221,10 +221,10 @@ def test_csd_get_data():
 
 
 @requires_h5py
-def test_csd_save(tmpdir):
+def test_csd_save(tmp_path):
     """Test saving and loading a CrossSpectralDensity."""
     csd = _make_csd()
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     fname = op.join(tempdir, 'csd.h5')
     csd.save(fname)
     csd2 = read_csd(fname)
@@ -236,10 +236,10 @@ def test_csd_save(tmpdir):
     assert csd._is_sum == csd2._is_sum
 
 
-def test_csd_pickle(tmpdir):
+def test_csd_pickle(tmp_path):
     """Test pickling and unpickling a CrossSpectralDensity."""
     csd = _make_csd()
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     fname = op.join(tempdir, 'csd.dat')
     with open(fname, 'wb') as f:
         pickle.dump(csd, f)
diff --git a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_tfr.py b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_tfr.py
index b9a39bb3700..58b0413d772 100644
--- a/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_tfr.py
+++ b/mne/time_frequency/tests/test_tfr.py
@@ -406,10 +406,10 @@ def test_crop():
 
 @requires_h5py
 @requires_pandas
-def test_io(tmpdir):
+def test_io(tmp_path):
     """Test TFR IO capacities."""
     from pandas import DataFrame
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     fname = op.join(tempdir, 'test-tfr.h5')
     data = np.zeros((3, 2, 3))
     times = np.array([.1, .2, .3])
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py
index 9df1e485114..fdf978ccf2a 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_check(tmpdir):
+def test_check(tmp_path):
     """Test checking functions."""
     pytest.raises(ValueError, check_random_state, 'foo')
     pytest.raises(TypeError, _check_fname, 1)
     _check_fname(Path('./foo'))
-    fname = str(tmpdir.join('foo'))
+    fname = str(tmp_path.join('foo'))
     with open(fname, 'wb'):
         pass
     assert op.isfile(fname)
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ def test_check(tmpdir):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('suffix',
                          ('_meg.fif', '_eeg.fif', '_ieeg.fif',
                           '_meg.fif.gz', '_eeg.fif.gz', '_ieeg.fif.gz'))
-def test_check_fname_suffixes(suffix, tmpdir):
+def test_check_fname_suffixes(suffix, tmp_path):
     """Test checking for valid filename suffixes."""
-    new_fname = str(tmpdir.join(op.basename(fname_raw)
+    new_fname = str(tmp_path.join(op.basename(fname_raw)
                                 .replace('_raw.fif', suffix)))
     raw = mne.io.read_raw_fif(fname_raw).crop(0, 0.1)
     raw.save(new_fname)
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_config.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_config.py
index 17db9fc5ee7..1c33468fcb9 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_config.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_config.py
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@
                        ClosingStringIO, get_subjects_dir)
 
 
-def test_config(tmpdir):
+def test_config(tmp_path):
     """Test mne-python config file support."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     key = '_MNE_PYTHON_CONFIG_TESTING'
     value = '123456'
     value2 = '123'
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_logging.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_logging.py
index d68f5f9f6ba..021555cb588 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_logging.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_logging.py
@@ -63,12 +63,12 @@ def clean_lines(lines=[]):
             for line in lines]
 
 
-def test_logging_options(tmpdir):
+def test_logging_options(tmp_path):
     """Test logging (to file)."""
     with use_log_level(None):  # just ensure it's set back
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid value for the 'verbose"):
             set_log_level('foo')
-        tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+        tempdir = str(tmp_path)
         test_name = op.join(tempdir, 'test.log')
         with open(fname_log, 'r') as old_log_file:
             # [:-1] used to strip an extra "No baseline correction applied"
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ def test_verbose_method(verbose):
     assert log == ''
 
 
-def test_warn(capsys, tmpdir, monkeypatch):
+def test_warn(capsys, tmp_path, monkeypatch):
     """Test the smart warn() function."""
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='foo'):
         warn('foo')
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ def test_warn(capsys, tmpdir, monkeypatch):
     assert captured.out == ''  # gh-5592
     assert captured.err == ''  # this is because pytest.warns took it already
     # test ignore_namespaces
-    bad_name = tmpdir.join('bad.fif')
+    bad_name = tmp_path.join('bad.fif')
     raw = RawArray(np.zeros((1, 1)), create_info(1, 1000., 'eeg'))
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='filename') as ws:
         raw.save(bad_name)
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_numerics.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_numerics.py
index 106191c8a09..693d402d272 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_numerics.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_numerics.py
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ def test_get_inst_data():
     pytest.raises(TypeError, _get_inst_data, 'foo')
 
 
-def test_hashfunc(tmpdir):
+def test_hashfunc(tmp_path):
     """Test md5/sha1 hash calculations."""
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     fname1 = op.join(tempdir, 'foo')
     fname2 = op.join(tempdir, 'bar')
     with open(fname1, 'wb') as fid:
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py
index 54b1f769221..656dad2c390 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py
@@ -32,14 +32,14 @@ def test_tempdir():
     assert (not op.isdir(x))
 
 
-def test_datasets(monkeypatch, tmpdir):
+def test_datasets(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
     """Test dataset config."""
     # gh-4192
-    fake_path = tmpdir.mkdir('MNE-testing-data')
+    fake_path = tmp_path.mkdir('MNE-testing-data')
     with open(fake_path.join('version.txt'), 'w') as fid:
         fid.write('9999.9999')
-    monkeypatch.setenv('_MNE_FAKE_HOME_DIR', str(tmpdir))
-    monkeypatch.setenv('MNE_DATASETS_TESTING_PATH', str(tmpdir))
+    monkeypatch.setenv('_MNE_FAKE_HOME_DIR', str(tmp_path))
+    monkeypatch.setenv('MNE_DATASETS_TESTING_PATH', str(tmp_path))
     assert testing.data_path(download=False, verbose='debug') == str(fake_path)
 
 
diff --git a/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py b/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py
index 123d84d8313..9959fc92ffc 100644
--- a/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py
+++ b/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ def test_brain_routines(renderer, brain_gc):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_brain_init(renderer_pyvistaqt, tmpdir, pixel_ratio, brain_gc):
+def test_brain_init(renderer_pyvistaqt, tmp_path, pixel_ratio, brain_gc):
     """Test initialization of the Brain instance."""
     from mne.source_estimate import _BaseSourceEstimate
 
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ def __init__(self):
         brain.show_view(view=dict(azimuth=180., elevation=90.))
 
     # image and screenshot
-    fname = op.join(str(tmpdir), 'test.png')
+    fname = op.join(str(tmp_path), 'test.png')
     assert not op.isfile(fname)
     brain.save_image(fname)
     assert op.isfile(fname)
@@ -435,14 +435,14 @@ def test_single_hemi(hemi, renderer_interactive_pyvistaqt, brain_gc):
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
-def test_brain_save_movie(tmpdir, renderer, brain_gc):
+def test_brain_save_movie(tmp_path, renderer, brain_gc):
     """Test saving a movie of a Brain instance."""
     if renderer._get_3d_backend() == "mayavi":
         pytest.skip('Save movie only supported on PyVista')
     from imageio_ffmpeg import count_frames_and_secs
     brain = _create_testing_brain(hemi='lh', time_viewer=False,
                                   cortex=['r', 'b'])  # custom binarized
-    filename = str(op.join(tmpdir, "brain_test.mov"))
+    filename = str(op.join(tmp_path, "brain_test.mov"))
     for interactive_state in (False, True):
         # for coverage, we set interactivity
         if interactive_state:
@@ -469,12 +469,12 @@ def test_brain_save_movie(tmpdir, renderer, brain_gc):
 _TINY_SIZE = (350, 300)
 
 
-def tiny(tmpdir):
+def tiny(tmp_path):
     """Create a tiny fake brain."""
     # This is a minimal version of what we need for our viz-with-timeviewer
     # support currently
     subject = 'test'
-    subject_dir = tmpdir.mkdir(subject)
+    subject_dir = tmp_path.mkdir(subject)
     surf_dir = subject_dir.mkdir('surf')
     rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
     rr = rng.randn(4, 3)
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ def tiny(tmpdir):
     vertices = [np.arange(len(rr)), []]
     data = rng.randn(len(rr), 10)
     stc = SourceEstimate(data, vertices, 0, 1, subject)
-    brain = stc.plot(subjects_dir=tmpdir, hemi='lh', surface='white',
+    brain = stc.plot(subjects_dir=tmp_path, hemi='lh', surface='white',
                      size=_TINY_SIZE)
     # in principle this should be sufficient:
     #
@@ -504,12 +504,12 @@ def tiny(tmpdir):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.filterwarnings('ignore:.*constrained_layout not applied.*:')
-def test_brain_screenshot(renderer_interactive_pyvistaqt, tmpdir, brain_gc):
+def test_brain_screenshot(renderer_interactive_pyvistaqt, tmp_path, brain_gc):
     """Test time viewer screenshot."""
     # XXX disable for sprint because it's too unreliable
     if sys.platform == 'darwin' and os.getenv('GITHUB_ACTIONS', '') == 'true':
         pytest.skip('Test is unreliable on GitHub Actions macOS')
-    tiny_brain, ratio = tiny(tmpdir)
+    tiny_brain, ratio = tiny(tmp_path)
     img_nv = tiny_brain.screenshot(time_viewer=False)
     want = (_TINY_SIZE[1] * ratio, _TINY_SIZE[0] * ratio, 3)
     assert img_nv.shape == want
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ def test_brain_time_viewer(renderer_interactive_pyvistaqt, pixel_ratio,
     pytest.param('mixed', marks=pytest.mark.slowtest),
 ])
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
-def test_brain_traces(renderer_interactive_pyvistaqt, hemi, src, tmpdir,
+def test_brain_traces(renderer_interactive_pyvistaqt, hemi, src, tmp_path,
                       brain_gc):
     """Test brain traces."""
     hemi_str = list()
@@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ def test_brain_traces(renderer_interactive_pyvistaqt, hemi, src, tmpdir,
             check_version('sphinx_gallery')):
         brain.close()
         return
-    fnames = [str(tmpdir.join(f'temp_{ii}.png')) for ii in range(2)]
+    fnames = [str(tmp_path.join(f'temp_{ii}.png')) for ii in range(2)]
     block_vars = dict(image_path_iterator=iter(fnames),
                       example_globals=dict(brain=brain))
     block = ('code', """
@@ -805,7 +805,7 @@ def test_brain_traces(renderer_interactive_pyvistaqt, hemi, src, tmpdir,
 #                  interpolation='linear', time_viewer=True)
 #
 """, 1)
-    gallery_conf = dict(src_dir=str(tmpdir), compress_images=[])
+    gallery_conf = dict(src_dir=str(tmp_path), compress_images=[])
     scraper = _BrainScraper()
     rst = scraper(block, block_vars, gallery_conf)
     assert brain.plotter is None  # closed
diff --git a/mne/viz/backends/tests/test_renderer.py b/mne/viz/backends/tests/test_renderer.py
index 43a199990f7..e5fcd262922 100644
--- a/mne/viz/backends/tests/test_renderer.py
+++ b/mne/viz/backends/tests/test_renderer.py
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ def test_renderer(renderer, monkeypatch):
     run_subprocess(cmd)
 
 
-def test_set_3d_backend_bad(monkeypatch, tmpdir):
+def test_set_3d_backend_bad(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
     """Test that the error emitted when a bad backend name is used."""
     match = "Allowed values are 'pyvistaqt', 'mayavi', and 'notebook'"
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=match):
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ def fail(x):
     monkeypatch.setattr(
         'mne.viz.backends.renderer.MNE_3D_BACKEND', None)
     # avoid using the config
-    monkeypatch.setenv('_MNE_FAKE_HOME_DIR', str(tmpdir))
+    monkeypatch.setenv('_MNE_FAKE_HOME_DIR', str(tmp_path))
     match = 'Could not load any valid 3D.*\npyvistaqt: .*'
     assert get_3d_backend() is None
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=match):
diff --git a/mne/viz/tests/test_3d.py b/mne/viz/tests/test_3d.py
index da88939ff42..71abca6ee01 100644
--- a/mne/viz/tests/test_3d.py
+++ b/mne/viz/tests/test_3d.py
@@ -221,10 +221,10 @@ def test_plot_alignment_surf(renderer):
 @pytest.mark.slowtest  # can be slow on OSX
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 @traits_test
-def test_plot_alignment_basic(tmpdir, renderer, mixed_fwd_cov_evoked):
+def test_plot_alignment_basic(tmp_path, renderer, mixed_fwd_cov_evoked):
     """Test plotting of -trans.fif files and MEG sensor layouts."""
     # generate fiducials file for testing
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
+    tempdir = str(tmp_path)
     fiducials_path = op.join(tempdir, 'fiducials.fif')
     fid = [{'coord_frame': 5, 'ident': 1, 'kind': 1,
             'r': [-0.08061612, -0.02908875, -0.04131077]},
@@ -433,16 +433,16 @@ def test_plot_alignment_basic(tmpdir, renderer, mixed_fwd_cov_evoked):
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_plot_alignment_fnirs(renderer, tmpdir):
+def test_plot_alignment_fnirs(renderer, tmp_path):
     """Test fNIRS plotting."""
-    # Here we use subjects_dir=tmpdir, since no surfaces should actually
+    # Here we use subjects_dir=tmp_path, since no surfaces should actually
     # be loaded!
 
     # fNIRS (default is pairs)
     info = read_raw_nirx(nirx_fname).info
     assert info['nchan'] == 26
     kwargs = dict(trans='fsaverage', subject='fsaverage', surfaces=(),
-                  verbose=True, subjects_dir=tmpdir)
+                  verbose=True, subjects_dir=tmp_path)
     with catch_logging() as log:
         fig = plot_alignment(info, **kwargs)
     log = log.getvalue()

From 4a445078e4d2a7121820af44af1b0ea6c4b98fbf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Oct 2021 19:51:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 02/23] Fix flake8

---
 mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py            |  3 +-
 .../sleep_physionet/tests/test_physionet.py   | 38 +++++++++----------
 mne/io/tests/test_constants.py                |  3 +-
 mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_inverse.py        |  3 +-
 mne/tests/test_source_space.py                |  2 +-
 mne/utils/tests/test_check.py                 |  4 +-
 6 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py b/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
index 5225ab0e275..df777caa855 100644
--- a/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
+++ b/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
@@ -1006,7 +1006,8 @@ def test_read_dig_captrak(tmp_path):
     )
 
     montage = transform_to_head(montage)  # transform_to_head has to be tested
-    _check_roundtrip(montage=montage, fname=str(tmp_path.join('bvct_test.fif')))
+    _check_roundtrip(montage=montage,
+                     fname=str(tmp_path.join('bvct_test.fif')))
 
     fid, _ = _get_fid_coords(montage.dig)
     assert_allclose(
diff --git a/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/tests/test_physionet.py b/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/tests/test_physionet.py
index e510a1e6c0b..7fbff8b4224 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/tests/test_physionet.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/sleep_physionet/tests/test_physionet.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope='session')
-def physionet_tmp_path(tmp_path_factory):
+def physionet_tmpdir(tmp_path_factory):
     """Fixture exposing a temporary directory for testing."""
     return str(tmp_path_factory.mktemp('physionet_files'))
 
@@ -88,63 +88,63 @@ def test_run_update_age_records(tmp_path):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('subject', [39, 68, 69, 78, 79, 83])
-def test_sleep_physionet_age_missing_subjects(physionet_tmp_path, subject,
+def test_sleep_physionet_age_missing_subjects(physionet_tmpdir, subject,
                                               download_is_error):
     """Test handling of missing subjects in Sleep Physionet age fetcher."""
     with pytest.raises(
             ValueError, match='This dataset contains subjects 0 to 82'):
         age.fetch_data(
             subjects=[subject], recording=[1], on_missing='raise',
-            path=physionet_tmp_path)
+            path=physionet_tmpdir)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning,
                       match='This dataset contains subjects 0 to 82'):
         age.fetch_data(
             subjects=[subject], recording=[1], on_missing='warn',
-            path=physionet_tmp_path)
+            path=physionet_tmpdir)
     paths = age.fetch_data(
         subjects=[subject], recording=[1], on_missing='ignore',
-        path=physionet_tmp_path)
+        path=physionet_tmpdir)
     assert paths == []
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('subject,recording', [(13, 2), (36, 1), (52, 1)])
-def test_sleep_physionet_age_missing_recordings(physionet_tmp_path, subject,
+def test_sleep_physionet_age_missing_recordings(physionet_tmpdir, subject,
                                                 recording, download_is_error):
     """Test handling of missing recordings in Sleep Physionet age fetcher."""
     with pytest.raises(
             ValueError, match=f'Requested recording {recording} for subject'):
         age.fetch_data(subjects=[subject], recording=[recording],
-                       on_missing='raise', path=physionet_tmp_path)
+                       on_missing='raise', path=physionet_tmpdir)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning,
                       match=f'Requested recording {recording} for subject'):
         age.fetch_data(subjects=[subject], recording=[recording],
-                       on_missing='warn', path=physionet_tmp_path)
+                       on_missing='warn', path=physionet_tmpdir)
     paths = age.fetch_data(subjects=[subject], recording=[recording],
-                           on_missing='ignore', path=physionet_tmp_path)
+                           on_missing='ignore', path=physionet_tmpdir)
     assert paths == []
 
 
-def test_sleep_physionet_age(physionet_tmp_path, monkeypatch, download_is_error):
+def test_sleep_physionet_age(physionet_tmpdir, monkeypatch, download_is_error):
     """Test Sleep Physionet URL handling."""
     # check download_is_error patching
     with pytest.raises(AssertionError, match='Test should not download'):
-        age.fetch_data(subjects=[0], recording=[1], path=physionet_tmp_path)
+        age.fetch_data(subjects=[0], recording=[1], path=physionet_tmpdir)
     # then patch
     my_func = _FakeFetch()
     monkeypatch.setattr(pooch, 'retrieve', my_func)
 
-    paths = age.fetch_data(subjects=[0], recording=[1], path=physionet_tmp_path)
+    paths = age.fetch_data(subjects=[0], recording=[1], path=physionet_tmpdir)
     assert_array_equal(_keep_basename_only(paths),
                        [['SC4001E0-PSG.edf', 'SC4001EC-Hypnogram.edf']])
 
     paths = age.fetch_data(subjects=[0, 1], recording=[1],
-                           path=physionet_tmp_path)
+                           path=physionet_tmpdir)
     assert_array_equal(_keep_basename_only(paths),
                        [['SC4001E0-PSG.edf', 'SC4001EC-Hypnogram.edf'],
                         ['SC4011E0-PSG.edf', 'SC4011EH-Hypnogram.edf']])
 
     paths = age.fetch_data(subjects=[0], recording=[1, 2],
-                           path=physionet_tmp_path)
+                           path=physionet_tmpdir)
     assert_array_equal(_keep_basename_only(paths),
                        [['SC4001E0-PSG.edf', 'SC4001EC-Hypnogram.edf'],
                         ['SC4002E0-PSG.edf', 'SC4002EC-Hypnogram.edf']])
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ def test_sleep_physionet_age(physionet_tmp_path, monkeypatch, download_is_error)
          'hash': 'c6b6d7a8605cc7e7602b6028ee77f6fbf5f7581d'},
         {'name': 'SC4002EC-Hypnogram.edf',
          'hash': '386230188a3552b1fc90bba0fb7476ceaca174b6'})
-    base_path = age.data_path(path=physionet_tmp_path)
+    base_path = age.data_path(path=physionet_tmpdir)
     _check_mocked_function_calls(my_func, EXPECTED_CALLS, base_path)
 
 
@@ -189,12 +189,12 @@ def test_run_update_temazepam_records(tmp_path):
         data, pd.read_csv(TEMAZEPAM_SLEEP_RECORDS))
 
 
-def test_sleep_physionet_temazepam(physionet_tmp_path, monkeypatch):
+def test_sleep_physionet_temazepam(physionet_tmpdir, monkeypatch):
     """Test Sleep Physionet URL handling."""
     my_func = _FakeFetch()
     monkeypatch.setattr(pooch, 'retrieve', my_func)
 
-    paths = temazepam.fetch_data(subjects=[0], path=physionet_tmp_path)
+    paths = temazepam.fetch_data(subjects=[0], path=physionet_tmpdir)
     assert_array_equal(_keep_basename_only(paths),
                        [['ST7011J0-PSG.edf', 'ST7011JP-Hypnogram.edf']])
 
@@ -203,9 +203,9 @@ def test_sleep_physionet_temazepam(physionet_tmp_path, monkeypatch):
          'hash': 'b9d11484126ebff1884034396d6a20c62c0ef48d'},
         {'name': 'ST7011JP-Hypnogram.edf',
          'hash': 'ff28e5e01296cefed49ae0c27cfb3ebc42e710bf'})
-    base_path = temazepam.data_path(path=physionet_tmp_path)
+    base_path = temazepam.data_path(path=physionet_tmpdir)
     _check_mocked_function_calls(my_func, EXPECTED_CALLS, base_path)
 
     with pytest.raises(
             ValueError, match='This dataset contains subjects 0 to 21'):
-        paths = temazepam.fetch_data(subjects=[22], path=physionet_tmp_path)
+        paths = temazepam.fetch_data(subjects=[22], path=physionet_tmpdir)
diff --git a/mne/io/tests/test_constants.py b/mne/io/tests/test_constants.py
index 0a3832ed837..361616a7d19 100644
--- a/mne/io/tests/test_constants.py
+++ b/mne/io/tests/test_constants.py
@@ -100,7 +100,8 @@ def test_constants(tmp_path):
             if 'Dictionary' in name:
                 ff.extract(name, tmp_path)
                 names.append(op.basename(name))
-                shutil.move(op.join(tmp_path, name), op.join(tmp_path, names[-1]))
+                shutil.move(op.join(tmp_path, name),
+                            op.join(tmp_path, names[-1]))
     names = sorted(names)
     assert names == ['DictionaryIOD.txt', 'DictionaryIOD_MNE.txt',
                      'DictionaryStructures.txt',
diff --git a/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_inverse.py b/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_inverse.py
index 62c1f270bae..92c2ba2f1cf 100644
--- a/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_inverse.py
+++ b/mne/minimum_norm/tests/test_inverse.py
@@ -774,7 +774,8 @@ def test_make_inverse_operator_vector(evoked, noise_cov):
                     atol=1e-20)
 
 
-def test_make_inverse_operator_diag(evoked, noise_cov, tmp_path, azure_windows):
+def test_make_inverse_operator_diag(evoked, noise_cov, tmp_path,
+                                    azure_windows):
     """Test MNE inverse computation with diagonal noise cov."""
     noise_cov = noise_cov.as_diag()
     fwd_op = convert_forward_solution(read_forward_solution(fname_fwd),
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_source_space.py b/mne/tests/test_source_space.py
index 329c79a540b..1bc5b836d1a 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_source_space.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_source_space.py
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ def test_setup_source_space_spacing(tmp_path, spacing):
     with modified_env(SUBJECTS_DIR=str(tmp_path), SUBJECT='sample'):
         run_subprocess(['mne_setup_source_space'] + args)
     src = read_source_spaces(tmp_path.join('sample', 'bem',
-                                         'sample-%d-src.fif' % spacing))
+                                           'sample-%d-src.fif' % spacing))
     src_new = setup_source_space('sample', spacing=spacing, add_dist=False,
                                  subjects_dir=subjects_dir)
     _compare_source_spaces(src, src_new, mode='approx', nearest=True)
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py
index fdf978ccf2a..8ed9d8a0245 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ def test_check(tmp_path):
                           '_meg.fif.gz', '_eeg.fif.gz', '_ieeg.fif.gz'))
 def test_check_fname_suffixes(suffix, tmp_path):
     """Test checking for valid filename suffixes."""
-    new_fname = str(tmp_path.join(op.basename(fname_raw)
-                                .replace('_raw.fif', suffix)))
+    new_fname = str(tmp_path.join(op.basename(fname_raw).replace('_raw.fif',
+                                                                 suffix)))
     raw = mne.io.read_raw_fif(fname_raw).crop(0, 0.1)
     raw.save(new_fname)
     mne.io.read_raw_fif(new_fname)

From bbd664173b1058ef9e5275e8cc0aeedbe58cb3fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Oct 2021 21:30:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 03/23] Fix some joins

---
 mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py  | 6 +++---
 mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py | 2 +-
 mne/tests/test_annotations.py       | 6 +++---
 mne/tests/test_source_space.py      | 5 +++--
 mne/utils/tests/test_check.py       | 3 +--
 5 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py b/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
index df777caa855..f10e3f776c7 100644
--- a/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
+++ b/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def test_dig_montage_trans(tmp_path):
     trans = compute_native_head_t(montage)
     _ensure_trans(trans)
     # ensure that we can save and load it, too
-    fname = tmp_path.join('temp-mon.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'temp-mon.fif'
     _check_roundtrip(montage, fname, 'mri')
     # test applying a trans
     position1 = montage.get_positions()
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ def test_read_dig_montage_using_polhemus_fastscan_error_handling(tmp_path):
     with open(op.join(kit_dir, 'test_elp.txt')) as fid:
         content = fid.read().replace('FastSCAN', 'XxxxXXXX')
 
-    fname = str(tmp_path.join('faulty_FastSCAN.txt'))
+    fname = str(tmp_path).join('faulty_FastSCAN.txt')
     with open(fname, 'w') as fid:
         fid.write(content)
 
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ def isotrak_eeg(tmp_path_factory):
     N_ROWS, N_COLS = 5, 3
     content = np.random.RandomState(_SEED).randn(N_ROWS, N_COLS)
 
-    fname = tmp_path_factory.mktemp('data').join('test.eeg')
+    fname = tmp_path_factory.mktemp('data') / 'test.eeg'
     with open(str(fname), 'w') as fid:
         fid.write((
             '3	200\n'
diff --git a/mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py b/mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py
index efe0f4c5e38..4af9f2f259f 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def test_datasets_basic(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
     _set_montage_coreg_path()
     sd = get_subjects_dir()
     assert sd.endswith('MNE-fsaverage-data')
-    monkeypatch.setenv('MNE_DATA', str(tmp_path.join('foo')))
+    monkeypatch.setenv('MNE_DATA', tmp_path / 'foo')
     with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError, match='as specified by MNE_DAT'):
         testing.data_path(download=False)
 
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_annotations.py b/mne/tests/test_annotations.py
index 0f97167ed8b..0aca49868fe 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_annotations.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_annotations.py
@@ -852,7 +852,7 @@ def dummy_annotation_file(tmp_path_factory, ch_names, fmt):
             content[-1] += ',MEG0111:MEG2563'
             content = '\n'.join(content)
 
-    fname = tmp_path_factory.mktemp('data').join(f'annotations-annot.{fmt}')
+    fname = tmp_path_factory.mktemp('data') / f'annotations-annot.{fmt}'
     if isinstance(content, str):
         fname.write(content)
     else:
@@ -916,7 +916,7 @@ def dummy_annotation_txt_file(tmp_path_factory, ch_names):
         content[1] = content[1].strip() + ', MEG0111:MEG2563'
         content = '\n'.join(content)
 
-    fname = tmp_path_factory.mktemp('data').join('annotations.txt')
+    fname = tmp_path_factory.mktemp('data') / 'annotations.txt'
     fname.write(content)
     return fname
 
@@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ def test_io_annotation_txt(dummy_annotation_txt_file, tmp_path_factory,
         annot, Annotations([3.14, 6.28], [42., 48], ['AA', 'BB'], **kwargs))
 
     # Now test writing
-    fname = str(tmp_path_factory.mktemp('data').join('annotations.txt'))
+    fname = tmp_path_factory.mktemp('data') / 'annotations.txt'
     annot.save(fname)
     annot2 = read_annotations(fname)
     _assert_annotations_equal(annot, annot2)
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_source_space.py b/mne/tests/test_source_space.py
index 1bc5b836d1a..80a9b703ccc 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_source_space.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_source_space.py
@@ -495,8 +495,9 @@ def test_setup_source_space_spacing(tmp_path, spacing):
     args = [] if spacing == 7 else ['--spacing', str(spacing)]
     with modified_env(SUBJECTS_DIR=str(tmp_path), SUBJECT='sample'):
         run_subprocess(['mne_setup_source_space'] + args)
-    src = read_source_spaces(tmp_path.join('sample', 'bem',
-                                           'sample-%d-src.fif' % spacing))
+    src = read_source_spaces(
+        tmp_path / 'sample' / 'bem' / 'sample-%d-src.fif' % spacing
+    )
     src_new = setup_source_space('sample', spacing=spacing, add_dist=False,
                                  subjects_dir=subjects_dir)
     _compare_source_spaces(src, src_new, mode='approx', nearest=True)
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py
index 8ed9d8a0245..fcdad7ad3f0 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py
@@ -68,8 +68,7 @@ def test_check(tmp_path):
                           '_meg.fif.gz', '_eeg.fif.gz', '_ieeg.fif.gz'))
 def test_check_fname_suffixes(suffix, tmp_path):
     """Test checking for valid filename suffixes."""
-    new_fname = str(tmp_path.join(op.basename(fname_raw).replace('_raw.fif',
-                                                                 suffix)))
+    new_fname = tmp_path / op.basename(fname_raw).replace('_raw.fif', suffix)
     raw = mne.io.read_raw_fif(fname_raw).crop(0, 0.1)
     raw.save(new_fname)
     mne.io.read_raw_fif(new_fname)

From ccb6ada681c14300ea1df3f6d2304ed023a16c22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Oct 2021 22:07:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 04/23] Fix test_annotations.py

---
 mne/tests/test_annotations.py | 30 ++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mne/tests/test_annotations.py b/mne/tests/test_annotations.py
index 0aca49868fe..77997b093ef 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_annotations.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_annotations.py
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def test_basics():
 def test_annot_sanitizing(tmp_path):
     """Test description sanitizing."""
     annot = Annotations([0], [1], ['a;:b'])
-    fname = str(tmp_path.join('custom-annot.fif'))
+    fname = tmp_path / 'custom-annot.fif'
     annot.save(fname)
     annot_read = read_annotations(fname)
     _assert_annotations_equal(annot, annot_read)
@@ -854,7 +854,8 @@ def dummy_annotation_file(tmp_path_factory, ch_names, fmt):
 
     fname = tmp_path_factory.mktemp('data') / f'annotations-annot.{fmt}'
     if isinstance(content, str):
-        fname.write(content)
+        with open(fname, "w") as f:
+            f.write(content)
     else:
         content.save(fname)
     return fname
@@ -878,7 +879,7 @@ def test_io_annotation(dummy_annotation_file, tmp_path, fmt, ch_names):
         tol=1e-6)
 
     # Now test writing
-    fname = tmp_path.join(f'annotations-annot.{fmt}')
+    fname = tmp_path / f'annotations-annot.{fmt}'
     annot.save(fname)
     annot2 = read_annotations(fname)
     _assert_annotations_equal(annot, annot2)
@@ -897,8 +898,9 @@ def test_broken_csv(tmp_path):
                "1.,1.0,AA\n"
                "3.,2.425,BB")
 
-    fname = tmp_path.join('annotations_broken.csv')
-    fname.write(content)
+    fname = tmp_path / 'annotations_broken.csv'
+    with open(fname, "w") as f:
+        f.write(content)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='save your CSV as a TXT'):
         read_annotations(fname)
 
@@ -917,7 +919,8 @@ def dummy_annotation_txt_file(tmp_path_factory, ch_names):
         content = '\n'.join(content)
 
     fname = tmp_path_factory.mktemp('data') / 'annotations.txt'
-    fname.write(content)
+    with open(fname, "w") as f:
+        f.write(content)
     return fname
 
 
@@ -975,8 +978,9 @@ def test_read_annotation_txt_header(tmp_path):
                "# orig_time : 42\n"
                "# C\n"
                "Done")
-    fname = tmp_path.join('header.txt')
-    fname.write(content)
+    fname = tmp_path / 'header.txt'
+    with open(fname, "w") as f:
+        f.write(content)
     orig_time = _read_annotations_txt_parse_header(fname)
     want = datetime.fromtimestamp(1038942071.7201, timezone.utc)
     assert orig_time == want
@@ -987,8 +991,9 @@ def test_read_annotation_txt_one_segment(tmp_path):
     content = ("# MNE-Annotations\n"
                "# onset, duration, description\n"
                "3.14, 42, AA")
-    fname = tmp_path.join('one-annotations.txt')
-    fname.write(content)
+    fname = tmp_path / 'one-annotations.txt'
+    with open(fname, "w") as f:
+        f.write(content)
     annot = read_annotations(fname)
     _assert_annotations_equal(annot, Annotations(3.14, 42, ['AA']))
 
@@ -997,8 +1002,9 @@ def test_read_annotation_txt_empty(tmp_path):
     """Test empty TXT input/output."""
     content = ("# MNE-Annotations\n"
                "# onset, duration, description\n")
-    fname = tmp_path.join('empty-annotations.txt')
-    fname.write(content)
+    fname = tmp_path / 'empty-annotations.txt'
+    with open(fname, "w") as f:
+        f.write(content)
     annot = read_annotations(fname)
     _assert_annotations_equal(annot, Annotations([], [], []))
 

From 0a6b50ee698bcf27d95a704cc332c48f2fab090e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Oct 2021 22:43:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 05/23] More path join fixes

---
 mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py     |  2 +-
 mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py    |  2 +-
 mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py |  2 +-
 mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py           |  6 +++---
 mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py     | 12 +++++------
 mne/io/hitachi/tests/test_hitachi.py   |  2 +-
 mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py         | 18 ++++++++--------
 mne/io/tests/test_write.py             |  2 +-
 mne/tests/test_cov.py                  | 24 ++++++++++-----------
 mne/tests/test_epochs.py               | 12 +++++------
 mne/tests/test_event.py                | 10 ++++-----
 mne/tests/test_evoked.py               |  2 +-
 mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py      | 29 +++++++++++++-------------
 mne/utils/tests/test_logging.py        |  2 +-
 mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py        |  2 +-
 15 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py b/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
index f10e3f776c7..d1afdaa1142 100644
--- a/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
+++ b/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ def test_read_dig_montage_using_polhemus_fastscan_error_handling(tmp_path):
     with open(op.join(kit_dir, 'test_elp.txt')) as fid:
         content = fid.read().replace('FastSCAN', 'XxxxXXXX')
 
-    fname = str(tmp_path).join('faulty_FastSCAN.txt')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'faulty_FastSCAN.txt'
     with open(fname, 'w') as fid:
         fid.write(content)
 
diff --git a/mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py b/mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py
index 4af9f2f259f..b1212b10f24 100644
--- a/mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py
+++ b/mne/datasets/tests/test_datasets.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def test_datasets_basic(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
     _set_montage_coreg_path()
     sd = get_subjects_dir()
     assert sd.endswith('MNE-fsaverage-data')
-    monkeypatch.setenv('MNE_DATA', tmp_path / 'foo')
+    monkeypatch.setenv('MNE_DATA', str(tmp_path / 'foo'))
     with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError, match='as specified by MNE_DAT'):
         testing.data_path(download=False)
 
diff --git a/mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py b/mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py
index 30605734b57..ef9ee5e87ce 100644
--- a/mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py
+++ b/mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ def test_use_coil_def(tmp_path):
     trans = Transform('head', 'mri', None)
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='coil definition not found'):
         make_forward_solution(info, trans, src, sphere)
-    coil_fname = tmp_path.join('coil_def.dat')
+    coil_fname = tmp_path / 'coil_def.dat'
     with open(coil_fname, 'w') as fid:
         fid.write("""# custom cube coil def
 1   9999    2   8  3e-03  0.000e+00     "Test"
diff --git a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
index 12a4d711e9b..c31595ee023 100644
--- a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
+++ b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ def test_subject_info(tmp_path):
     want = {'id': 'X', 'sex': 'X', 'birthday': 'X', 'name': 'X'}
     for key, val in want.items():
         assert edf_info['subject_info'][key] == val, key
-    fname = tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'test_raw.fif'
     raw.save(fname)
     raw = read_raw_fif(fname)
     assert raw.info['subject_info'] is None  # XXX should eventually round-trip
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ def test_parse_annotation(tmp_path):
              b'+3.14\x1504.20\x14nothing\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00'
              b'+1800.2\x1525.5\x14Apnea\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
              b'+123\x14\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
-    annot_file = tmp_path.join('annotations.txt')
+    annot_file = tmp_path / 'annotations.txt'
     annot_file.write(annot)
 
     annot = [a for a in bytes(annot)]
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ def test_read_annot(tmp_path):
              b'+3.14\x1504.20\x14nothing\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00'
              b'+1800.2\x1525.5\x14Apnea\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
              b'+123\x14\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
-    annot_file = tmp_path.join('annotations.txt')
+    annot_file = tmp_path / 'annotations.txt'
     annot_file.write(annot)
 
     onset, duration, desc = _read_annotations_edf(annotations=str(annot_file))
diff --git a/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py b/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
index 80b26e4d3c5..8aa54bf61e9 100644
--- a/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
+++ b/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ def test_concat(tmp_path):
     # we trim the file to save lots of memory and some time
     raw = read_raw_fif(test_fif_fname)
     raw.crop(0, 2.)
-    test_name = tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif')
+    test_name = tmp_path / 'test_raw.fif'
     raw.save(test_name)
     # now run the standard test
     _test_concat(partial(read_raw_fif), test_name)
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ def test_split_numbers(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
     monkeypatch.setattr(base, 'write_string', _no_write_file_name)
     raw = read_raw_fif(test_fif_fname).pick('eeg')
     # gh-8339
-    dashes_fname = tmp_path.join('sub-1_ses-2_task-3_raw.fif')
+    dashes_fname = tmp_path / 'sub-1_ses-2_task-3_raw.fif'
     raw.save(dashes_fname, split_size='5MB',
              buffer_size_sec=1.)
     assert op.isfile(dashes_fname)
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ def test_load_bad_channels(tmp_path):
     # Test normal case
     raw.load_bad_channels(bad_file_works)
     # Write it out, read it in, and check
-    raw.save(tmp_path.join('foo_raw.fif'))
+    raw.save(tmp_path / 'foo_raw.fif')
     raw_new = read_raw_fif(tmp_path.join('foo_raw.fif'))
     assert correct_bads == raw_new.info['bads']
     # Reset it
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ def test_io_raw(tmp_path):
     (ctf_fname, 'raw.fif')])
 def test_io_raw_additional(fname_in, fname_out, tmp_path):
     """Test IO for raw data (Neuromag + CTF + gz)."""
-    fname_out = tmp_path.join(fname_out)
+    fname_out = tmp_path / fname_out
     raw = read_raw_fif(fname_in).crop(0, 2)
 
     nchan = raw.info['nchan']
@@ -1514,7 +1514,7 @@ def test_compensation_raw(tmp_path):
             assert_allclose(data_3, data_3_new, **tols)
 
     # Try IO with compensation
-    temp_file = tmp_path.join('raw.fif')
+    temp_file = tmp_path / 'raw.fif'
     raw_3.save(temp_file, overwrite=True)
     for preload in (True, False):
         raw_read = read_raw_fif(temp_file, preload=preload)
@@ -1644,7 +1644,7 @@ def test_equalize_channels():
 def test_memmap(tmp_path):
     """Test some interesting memmapping cases."""
     # concatenate_raw
-    memmaps = [tmp_path.join(str(ii)) for ii in range(3)]
+    memmaps = [tmp_path / str(ii) for ii in range(3)]
     raw_0 = read_raw_fif(test_fif_fname, preload=memmaps[0])
     assert raw_0._data.filename == memmaps[0]
     raw_1 = read_raw_fif(test_fif_fname, preload=memmaps[1])
diff --git a/mne/io/hitachi/tests/test_hitachi.py b/mne/io/hitachi/tests/test_hitachi.py
index fa838457269..d0dc58ff758 100644
--- a/mne/io/hitachi/tests/test_hitachi.py
+++ b/mne/io/hitachi/tests/test_hitachi.py
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@
 def test_hitachi_basic(preload, version, n_ch, n_times, lowpass, sex, date,
                        end, tmp_path):
     """Test NIRSport1 file with no saturation."""
-    fname = str(tmp_path.join('test.csv'))
+    fname = tmp_path / 'test.csv'
     contents = CONTENTS[version]
     if end is not None:
         contents = contents.replace(b'\r', b'\n').replace(b'\n\n', b'\n')
diff --git a/mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py b/mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py
index 2d8ba85c8f3..b4c9a160e84 100644
--- a/mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py
+++ b/mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ def test_fiducials_io(tmp_path):
     assert pts[0]['coord_frame'] == FIFF.FIFFV_COORD_MRI
     assert pts[0]['ident'] == FIFF.FIFFV_POINT_CARDINAL
 
-    temp_fname = tmp_path.join('test.fif')
+    temp_fname = tmp_path / 'test.fif'
     write_fiducials(temp_fname, pts, coord_frame)
     pts_1, coord_frame_1 = read_fiducials(temp_fname)
     assert coord_frame == coord_frame_1
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ def test_info():
 def test_read_write_info(tmp_path):
     """Test IO of info."""
     info = read_info(raw_fname)
-    temp_file = str(tmp_path.join('info.fif'))
+    temp_file = tmp_path / 'info.fif'
     # check for bug `#1198`
     info['dev_head_t']['trans'] = np.eye(4)
     t1 = info['dev_head_t']['trans']
@@ -301,8 +301,8 @@ def test_io_dig_points(tmp_path):
     """Test Writing for dig files."""
     points = read_polhemus_fastscan(hsp_fname, on_header_missing='ignore')
 
-    dest = str(tmp_path.join('test.txt'))
-    dest_bad = str(tmp_path.join('test.mne'))
+    dest = tmp_path / 'test.txt'
+    dest_bad = tmp_path / 'test.mne'
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='must be of shape'):
         _write_dig_points(dest, points[:, :2])
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='extension'):
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ def test_io_dig_points(tmp_path):
 
 def test_io_coord_frame(tmp_path):
     """Test round trip for coordinate frame."""
-    fname = tmp_path.join('test.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'test.fif'
     for ch_type in ('eeg', 'seeg', 'ecog', 'dbs', 'hbo', 'hbr'):
         info = create_info(
             ch_names=['Test Ch'], sfreq=1000., ch_types=[ch_type])
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ def test_anonymize(tmp_path):
         # write to disk & read back
         inst_type = 'raw' if isinstance(inst, BaseRaw) else 'epo'
         fname = 'tmp_raw.fif' if inst_type == 'raw' else 'tmp_epo.fif'
-        out_path = tmp_path.join(fname)
+        out_path = tmp_path / fname
         inst.save(out_path, overwrite=True)
         if inst_type == 'raw':
             read_raw_fif(out_path)
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ def test_anonymize_with_io(tmp_path):
     """Test that IO does not break anonymization."""
     raw = read_raw_fif(raw_fname)
 
-    temp_path = tmp_path.join('tmp_raw.fif')
+    temp_path = tmp_path / 'tmp_raw.fif'
     raw.save(temp_path)
 
     raw2 = read_raw_fif(temp_path)
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ def test_field_round_trip(tmp_path):
         info['helium_info'] = dict(
             he_level_raw=1., helium_level=2.,
             orig_file_guid='e', meas_date=(1, 2))
-    fname = tmp_path.join('temp-info.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'temp-info.fif'
     write_info(fname, info)
     info_read = read_info(fname)
     assert_object_equal(info, info_read)
@@ -902,7 +902,7 @@ def test_channel_name_limit(tmp_path, monkeypatch, fname):
     raw.info.normalize_proj()
     raw.pick_channels(data_names + ref_names).crop(0, 2)
     long_names = ['123456789abcdefg' + name for name in raw.ch_names]
-    fname = tmp_path.join('test-raw.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'test-raw.fif'
     with catch_logging() as log:
         raw.save(fname)
     log = log.getvalue()
diff --git a/mne/io/tests/test_write.py b/mne/io/tests/test_write.py
index fb4ac07741c..2a67566c61f 100644
--- a/mne/io/tests/test_write.py
+++ b/mne/io/tests/test_write.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 def test_write_int(tmp_path):
     """Test that write_int raises an error on bad values."""
-    with start_file(tmp_path.join('temp.fif')) as fid:
+    with start_file(tmp_path / 'temp.fif') as fid:
         write_int(fid, FIFF.FIFF_MNE_EVENT_LIST, [2147483647])  # 2 ** 31 - 1
         write_int(fid, FIFF.FIFF_MNE_EVENT_LIST, [])  # 2 ** 31 - 1
         with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=r'.*exceeds max.*EVENT_LIST\)'):
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_cov.py b/mne/tests/test_cov.py
index 3e05db1212a..bfc66f4fbfd 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_cov.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_cov.py
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ def _assert_reorder(cov_new, cov_orig, order):
 
 def test_ad_hoc_cov(tmp_path):
     """Test ad hoc cov creation and I/O."""
-    out_fname = tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif')
+    out_fname = tmp_path / 'test-cov.fif'
     evoked = read_evokeds(ave_fname)[0]
     cov = make_ad_hoc_cov(evoked.info)
     cov.save(out_fname)
@@ -223,8 +223,8 @@ def test_io_cov(tmp_path):
     cov = read_cov(cov_fname)
     cov['method'] = 'empirical'
     cov['loglik'] = -np.inf
-    cov.save(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif'))
-    cov2 = read_cov(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif'))
+    cov.save(tmp_path / 'test-cov.fif')
+    cov2 = read_cov(tmp_path / 'test-cov.fif')
     assert_array_almost_equal(cov.data, cov2.data)
     assert_equal(cov['method'], cov2['method'])
     assert_equal(cov['loglik'], cov2['loglik'])
@@ -232,24 +232,24 @@ def test_io_cov(tmp_path):
 
     cov2 = read_cov(cov_gz_fname)
     assert_array_almost_equal(cov.data, cov2.data)
-    cov2.save(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif.gz'))
-    cov2 = read_cov(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif.gz'))
+    cov2.save(tmp_path / 'test-cov.fif.gz')
+    cov2 = read_cov(tmp_path / 'test-cov.fif.gz')
     assert_array_almost_equal(cov.data, cov2.data)
 
     cov['bads'] = ['EEG 039']
     cov_sel = pick_channels_cov(cov, exclude=cov['bads'])
     assert cov_sel['dim'] == (len(cov['data']) - len(cov['bads']))
     assert cov_sel['data'].shape == (cov_sel['dim'], cov_sel['dim'])
-    cov_sel.save(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif'))
+    cov_sel.save(tmp_path / 'test-cov.fif')
 
     cov2 = read_cov(cov_gz_fname)
     assert_array_almost_equal(cov.data, cov2.data)
-    cov2.save(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif.gz'))
-    cov2 = read_cov(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif.gz'))
+    cov2.save(tmp_path / 'test-cov.fif.gz')
+    cov2 = read_cov(tmp_path / 'test-cov.fif.gz')
     assert_array_almost_equal(cov.data, cov2.data)
 
     # test warnings on bad filenames
-    cov_badname = tmp_path.join('test-bad-name.fif.gz')
+    cov_badname = tmp_path / 'test-bad-name.fif.gz'
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-cov.fif'):
         write_cov(cov_badname, cov)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-cov.fif'):
@@ -301,8 +301,8 @@ def test_cov_estimation_on_raw(method, tmp_path):
     assert_snr(cov.data, cov_mne.data, 170)
 
     # test IO when computation done in Python
-    cov.save(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif'))  # test saving
-    cov_read = read_cov(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif'))
+    cov.save(tmp_path / 'test-cov.fif')  # test saving
+    cov_read = read_cov(tmp_path / 'test-cov.fif')
     assert cov_read.ch_names == cov.ch_names
     assert cov_read.nfree == cov.nfree
     assert_array_almost_equal(cov.data, cov_read.data)
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ def test_cov_estimation_with_triggers(rank, tmp_path):
                   keep_sample_mean=False, method='shrunk', rank=rank)
 
     # test IO when computation done in Python
-    cov.save(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif'))  # test saving
+    cov.save(tmp_path / 'test-cov.fif')  # test saving
     cov_read = read_cov(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif'))
     _assert_cov(cov, cov_read, 1e-5)
 
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
index 702fa8543e6..a6b173a790a 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
@@ -1205,7 +1205,7 @@ def test_split_saving(tmp_path, split_size, n_epochs, n_files, size, metadata,
         epochs = concatenate_epochs([epochs[ii] for ii in range(len(epochs))])
     epochs_data = epochs.get_data()
     assert len(epochs) == n_epochs
-    fname = str(tmp_path.join('test-epo.fif'))
+    fname = tmp_path / 'test-epo.fif'
     epochs.save(fname, split_size=split_size, overwrite=True)
     got_size = _get_split_size(split_size)
     assert got_size == size
@@ -1218,7 +1218,7 @@ def test_split_saving(tmp_path, split_size, n_epochs, n_files, size, metadata,
 
     # Check that if BIDS is used and no split is needed it defaults to
     # simple writing without _split- entity.
-    split_fname = str(tmp_path.join('test_epo.fif'))
+    split_fname = tmp_path / 'test_epo.fif'
     split_fname_neuromag_part1 = split_fname.replace(
         'epo.fif', f'epo-{n_files + 1}.fif')
     split_fname_bids_part1 = split_fname.replace(
@@ -1257,7 +1257,7 @@ def test_split_many_reset(tmp_path):
     epochs = EpochsArray(data, info, tmin=0., selection=selection)
     assert len(epochs.drop_log) == 101000
     assert len(epochs) == len(data) == len(epochs.events)
-    fname = str(tmp_path.join('temp-epo.fif'))
+    fname = tmp_path / 'temp-epo.fif'
     for split_size in ('0.5MB', '1MB', '2MB'):  # tons of overhead from sel
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='too small to safely'):
             epochs.save(fname, split_size=split_size, verbose='debug')
@@ -3526,7 +3526,7 @@ def test_epochs_huge_events(tmp_path):
     epochs = EpochsArray(data, info)
     epochs.events = events
     with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='exceeds maximum'):
-        epochs.save(tmp_path.join('temp-epo.fif'))
+        epochs.save(tmp_path / 'temp-epo.fif')
 
 
 def _old_bad_write(fid, kind, arr):
@@ -3546,7 +3546,7 @@ def test_concat_overflow(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='consecutive increasing'):
         epochs = mne.concatenate_epochs((epochs_1, epochs_2))
     assert_array_less(0, epochs.events[:, 0])
-    fname = tmp_path.join('temp-epo.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'temp-epo.fif'
     epochs.save(fname)
     epochs = read_epochs(fname)
     assert_array_less(0, epochs.events[:, 0])
@@ -3600,7 +3600,7 @@ def test_epochs_baseline_after_cropping(tmp_path):
                  epochs_orig.get_data().squeeze()[200:])
 
     # Test I/O roundtrip.
-    epochs_fname = tmp_path.join('temp-cropped-epo.fif')
+    epochs_fname = tmp_path / 'temp-cropped-epo.fif'
     epochs_cropped.save(epochs_fname)
     epochs_cropped_read = mne.read_epochs(epochs_fname)
 
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_event.py b/mne/tests/test_event.py
index 3d96d531c9f..4f1c7a76956 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_event.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_event.py
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ def test_io_events(tmp_path):
     """Test IO for events."""
     # Test binary fif IO
     events = read_events(fname)  # Use as the gold standard
-    fname_temp = tmp_path.join('events-eve.fif')
+    fname_temp = tmp_path / 'events-eve.fif'
     write_events(fname_temp, events)
     events2 = read_events(fname_temp)
     assert_array_almost_equal(events, events2)
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ def test_io_events(tmp_path):
     assert_array_almost_equal(events, events2)
 
     # Test new format text file IO
-    fname_temp = str(tmp_path.join('events.eve'))
+    fname_temp = tmp_path / 'events.eve'
     write_events(fname_temp, events)
     events2 = read_events(fname_temp)
     assert_array_almost_equal(events, events2)
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ def test_io_events(tmp_path):
     assert_array_almost_equal(events, events2)
 
     # Test event selection
-    fname_temp = tmp_path.join('events-eve.fif')
+    fname_temp = tmp_path / 'events-eve.fif'
     a = read_events(fname_temp, include=1)
     b = read_events(fname_temp, include=[1])
     c = read_events(fname_temp, exclude=[2, 3, 4, 5, 32])
@@ -167,13 +167,13 @@ def test_io_events(tmp_path):
     assert_array_almost_equal(events, events2)
 
     # Test text file IO for 1 event
-    fname_temp = str(tmp_path.join('events.eve'))
+    fname_temp = tmp_path / 'events.eve'
     write_events(fname_temp, events)
     events2 = read_events(fname_temp)
     assert_array_almost_equal(events, events2)
 
     # test warnings on bad filenames
-    fname2 = tmp_path.join('test-bad-name.fif')
+    fname2 = tmp_path / 'test-bad-name.fif'
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-eve.fif'):
         write_events(fname2, events)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-eve.fif'):
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_evoked.py b/mne/tests/test_evoked.py
index 402401953d4..beb8321c0c6 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_evoked.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_evoked.py
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ def test_io_evoked(tmp_path):
     ave_double.comment = ave.comment + ' doubled nave'
     ave_double.nave = ave.nave * 2
 
-    write_evokeds(tmp_path.join('evoked-ave.fif'), [ave, ave_double])
+    write_evokeds(tmp_path / 'evoked-ave.fif', [ave, ave_double])
     ave2, ave_double = read_evokeds(op.join(tmp_path, 'evoked-ave.fif'))
     assert ave2.nave * 2 == ave_double.nave
 
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py b/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
index 89fe9f1c2ca..8cf8ea67ff0 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ def test_volume_stc(tmp_path):
             stc = VolVectorSourceEstimate(data, [vertno], 0, 1)
             ext = 'h5'
             klass = VolVectorSourceEstimate
-        fname_temp = tmp_path.join('temp-vl.' + ext)
+        fname_temp = tmp_path / 'temp-vl.' + ext
         stc_new = stc
         n = 3 if ext == 'h5' else 2
         for ii in range(n):
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ def test_volume_stc(tmp_path):
     pytest.raises(ValueError, stc.save, fname_vol, ftype='whatever')
     for ftype in ['w', 'h5']:
         for _ in range(2):
-            fname_temp = tmp_path.join('temp-vol.%s' % ftype)
+            fname_temp = tmp_path / ('temp-vol.%s' % ftype)
             stc_new.save(fname_temp, ftype=ftype)
             stc_new = read_source_estimate(fname_temp)
             assert (isinstance(stc_new, VolSourceEstimate))
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ def test_save_vol_stc_as_nifti(tmp_path):
     """Save the stc as a nifti file and export."""
     import nibabel as nib
     src = read_source_spaces(fname_vsrc)
-    vol_fname = tmp_path.join('stc.nii.gz')
+    vol_fname = tmp_path / 'stc.nii.gz'
 
     # now let's actually read a MNE-C processed file
     stc = read_source_estimate(fname_vol, 'sample')
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ def test_save_vol_stc_as_nifti(tmp_path):
 
     with pytest.warns(None):  # nib<->numpy
         t1_img = nib.load(fname_t1)
-    stc.save_as_volume(tmp_path.join('stc.nii.gz'), src,
+    stc.save_as_volume(tmp_path / 'stc.nii.gz', src,
                        dest='mri', mri_resolution=True)
     with pytest.warns(None):  # nib<->numpy
         img = nib.load(str(vol_fname))
@@ -413,8 +413,8 @@ def attempt_assignment(stc, attr, val):
 def test_io_stc(tmp_path):
     """Test IO for STC files."""
     stc = _fake_stc()
-    stc.save(tmp_path.join("tmp.stc"))
-    stc2 = read_source_estimate(tmp_path.join("tmp.stc"))
+    stc.save(tmp_path / "tmp.stc")
+    stc2 = read_source_estimate(tmp_path / "tmp.stc")
 
     assert_array_almost_equal(stc.data, stc2.data)
     assert_array_almost_equal(stc.tmin, stc2.tmin)
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ def test_io_stc(tmp_path):
     # test warning for complex data
     stc2.data = stc2.data.astype(np.complex128)
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='Cannot save complex-valued STC'):
-        stc2.save(tmp_path.join('complex.stc'))
+        stc2.save(tmp_path / 'complex.stc')
 
 
 @requires_h5py
@@ -437,9 +437,8 @@ def test_io_stc_h5(tmp_path, is_complex, vector):
         stc = _fake_vec_stc(is_complex=is_complex)
     else:
         stc = _fake_stc(is_complex=is_complex)
-    pytest.raises(ValueError, stc.save, tmp_path.join('tmp'),
-                  ftype='foo')
-    out_name = tmp_path.join('tmp')
+    pytest.raises(ValueError, stc.save, tmp_path / 'tmp', ftype='foo')
+    out_name = tmp_path / 'tmp'
     stc.save(out_name, ftype='h5')
     stc.save(out_name, ftype='h5')  # test overwrite
     stc3 = read_source_estimate(out_name)
@@ -460,11 +459,11 @@ def test_io_stc_h5(tmp_path, is_complex, vector):
 def test_io_w(tmp_path):
     """Test IO for w files."""
     stc = _fake_stc(n_time=1)
-    w_fname = tmp_path.join('fake')
+    w_fname = tmp_path / 'fake'
     stc.save(w_fname, ftype='w')
     src = read_source_estimate(w_fname)
-    src.save(tmp_path.join('tmp'), ftype='w')
-    src2 = read_source_estimate(tmp_path.join('tmp-lh.w'))
+    src.save(tmp_path / 'tmp', ftype='w')
+    src2 = read_source_estimate(tmp_path / 'tmp-lh.w')
     assert_array_almost_equal(src.data, src2.data)
     assert_array_almost_equal(src.lh_vertno, src2.lh_vertno)
     assert_array_almost_equal(src.rh_vertno, src2.rh_vertno)
@@ -1186,7 +1185,7 @@ def test_mixed_stc(tmp_path):
     stc = MixedSourceEstimate(data, vertno, 0, 1)
 
     # make sure error is raised for plotting surface with volume source
-    fname = tmp_path.join('mixed-stc.h5')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'mixed-stc.h5'
     stc.save(fname)
     stc_out = read_source_estimate(fname)
     assert_array_equal(stc_out.vertices, vertno)
@@ -1278,7 +1277,7 @@ def test_vec_stc_basic(tmp_path, klass, kind, dtype):
     assert_allclose(got_directions, directions * flips)
     assert_allclose(projected.data, amplitudes * flips)
 
-    out_name = tmp_path.join('temp.h5')
+    out_name = tmp_path / 'temp.h5'
     stc.save(out_name)
     stc_read = read_source_estimate(out_name)
     assert_allclose(stc.data, stc_read.data)
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_logging.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_logging.py
index 021555cb588..f912312e124 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_logging.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_logging.py
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ def test_warn(capsys, tmp_path, monkeypatch):
     assert captured.out == ''  # gh-5592
     assert captured.err == ''  # this is because pytest.warns took it already
     # test ignore_namespaces
-    bad_name = tmp_path.join('bad.fif')
+    bad_name = tmp_path / 'bad.fif'
     raw = RawArray(np.zeros((1, 1)), create_info(1, 1000., 'eeg'))
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='filename') as ws:
         raw.save(bad_name)
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py
index 656dad2c390..8c7c97ffa33 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def test_datasets(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
     """Test dataset config."""
     # gh-4192
     fake_path = tmp_path.mkdir('MNE-testing-data')
-    with open(fake_path.join('version.txt'), 'w') as fid:
+    with open(fake_path / 'version.txt', 'w') as fid:
         fid.write('9999.9999')
     monkeypatch.setenv('_MNE_FAKE_HOME_DIR', str(tmp_path))
     monkeypatch.setenv('MNE_DATASETS_TESTING_PATH', str(tmp_path))

From 3b124a0dc50cf65017e46f341736303ee7d6f7b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Oct 2021 23:18:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 06/23] Even more fixes

---
 mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py |  2 +-
 mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py       | 10 +++--
 mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py | 61 +++++++++++++++---------------
 mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py     | 18 ++++-----
 mne/tests/test_cov.py              |  2 +-
 mne/tests/test_epochs.py           |  4 +-
 mne/tests/test_event.py            |  2 +-
 mne/tests/test_evoked.py           | 12 +++---
 8 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py b/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
index d1afdaa1142..36b15dac6a0 100644
--- a/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
+++ b/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
@@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ def test_read_dig_montage_using_polhemus_fastscan_error_handling(tmp_path):
 
     EXPECTED_ERR_MSG = "allowed value is '.txt', but got '.bar' instead"
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=EXPECTED_ERR_MSG):
-        _ = read_polhemus_fastscan(fname=tmp_path.join('foo.bar'))
+        _ = read_polhemus_fastscan(fname=tmp_path / 'foo.bar')
 
 
 def test_read_dig_polhemus_isotrak_hsp():
diff --git a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
index c31595ee023..9f22d8d95ac 100644
--- a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
+++ b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
@@ -198,14 +198,15 @@ def test_parse_annotation(tmp_path):
              b'+1800.2\x1525.5\x14Apnea\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
              b'+123\x14\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
     annot_file = tmp_path / 'annotations.txt'
-    annot_file.write(annot)
+    with open(annot_file, "w") as f:
+        f.write(annot)
 
     annot = [a for a in bytes(annot)]
     annot[1::2] = [a * 256 for a in annot[1::2]]
     tal_channel_A = np.array(list(map(sum, zip(annot[0::2], annot[1::2]))),
                              dtype=np.int64)
 
-    with open(str(annot_file), 'rb') as fid:
+    with open(annot_file, 'rb') as fid:
         # ch_data = np.fromfile(fid, dtype='<i2', count=len(annot))
         tal_channel_B = _read_ch(fid, subtype='EDF', dtype='<i2',
                                  samp=(len(annot) - 1) // 2,
@@ -316,7 +317,8 @@ def test_read_annot(tmp_path):
              b'+1800.2\x1525.5\x14Apnea\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
              b'+123\x14\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
     annot_file = tmp_path / 'annotations.txt'
-    annot_file.write(annot)
+    with open(annot_file, "w") as f:
+        f.write(annot)
 
     onset, duration, desc = _read_annotations_edf(annotations=str(annot_file))
     annotation = Annotations(onset=onset, duration=duration, description=desc,
@@ -324,7 +326,7 @@ def test_read_annot(tmp_path):
     _assert_annotations_equal(annotation, EXPECTED_ANNOTATIONS)
 
     # Now test when reading from buffer of data
-    with open(str(annot_file), 'rb') as fid:
+    with open(annot_file, 'rb') as fid:
         ch_data = np.fromfile(fid, dtype='<i2', count=len(annot))
     onset, duration, desc = _read_annotations_edf([ch_data])
     annotation = Annotations(onset=onset, duration=duration, description=desc,
diff --git a/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py b/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
index 8aa54bf61e9..2dc41d4a66f 100644
--- a/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
+++ b/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def test_acq_skip(tmp_path):
     assert_allclose(data, np.concatenate(expected_data, axis=-1), atol=1e-22)
 
     # Check that acquisition skips are handled properly during I/O
-    fname = tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'test_raw.fif'
     raw.save(fname, fmt=raw.orig_format)
     # first: file size should not increase much (orig data is missing
     # 7 of 17 buffers, so if we write them out it should increase the file
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ def test_subject_info(tmp_path):
     for key, val in zip(keys, vals):
         subject_info[key] = val
     raw.info['subject_info'] = subject_info
-    out_fname = tmp_path.join('test_subj_info_raw.fif')
+    out_fname = tmp_path / 'test_subj_info_raw.fif'
     raw.save(out_fname, overwrite=True)
     raw_read = read_raw_fif(out_fname)
     for key in keys:
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ def test_output_formats(tmp_path):
     # let's fake a raw file with different formats
     raw = read_raw_fif(test_fif_fname).crop(0, 1)
 
-    temp_file = tmp_path.join('raw.fif')
+    temp_file = tmp_path / 'raw.fif'
     for ii, (fmt, tol) in enumerate(zip(formats, tols)):
         # Let's test the overwriting error throwing while we're at it
         if ii > 0:
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ def test_multiple_files(tmp_path):
     # going in reverse order so the last fname is the first file (need later)
     raws = [None] * len(tmins)
     for ri in range(len(tmins) - 1, -1, -1):
-        fname = tmp_path.join('test_raw_split-%d_raw.fif' % ri)
+        fname = tmp_path / ('test_raw_split-%d_raw.fif' % ri)
         raw.save(fname, tmin=tmins[ri], tmax=tmaxs[ri])
         raws[ri] = read_raw_fif(fname)
         assert (len(raws[ri].times) ==
@@ -393,11 +393,11 @@ def test_split_files(tmp_path, mod, monkeypatch):
     # Test a very close corner case
 
     assert_allclose(raw_1.buffer_size_sec, 10., atol=1e-2)  # samp rate
-    split_fname = tmp_path.join(f'split_raw_{mod}.fif')
+    split_fname = tmp_path / f'split_raw_{mod}.fif'
     # intended filenames
-    split_fname_elekta_part2 = tmp_path.join(f'split_raw_{mod}-1.fif')
-    split_fname_bids_part1 = tmp_path.join(f'split_raw_split-01_{mod}.fif')
-    split_fname_bids_part2 = tmp_path.join(f'split_raw_split-02_{mod}.fif')
+    split_fname_elekta_part2 = tmp_path / f'split_raw_{mod}-1.fif'
+    split_fname_bids_part1 = tmp_path / f'split_raw_split-01_{mod}.fif'
+    split_fname_bids_part2 = tmp_path / f'split_raw_split-02_{mod}.fif'
     raw_1.set_annotations(Annotations([2.], [5.5], 'test'))
 
     # Check that if BIDS is used and no split is needed it defaults to
@@ -515,15 +515,15 @@ def test_split_files(tmp_path, mod, monkeypatch):
     assert op.isdir(tmp_path)
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='must end with an underscore'):
         raw_crop.save(
-            tmp_path.join('test.fif'), split_naming='bids', verbose='error')
+            tmp_path / 'test.fif', split_naming='bids', verbose='error')
 
     # reserved file is deleted
-    fname = tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'test_raw.fif'
     monkeypatch.setattr(base, '_write_raw_fid', _err)
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='Killed mid-write'):
         raw_1.save(fname, split_size='10MB', split_naming='bids')
     assert op.isfile(fname)
-    assert not op.isfile(tmp_path.join('test_split-01_raw.fif'))
+    assert not op.isfile(tmp_path / 'test_split-01_raw.fif')
 
 
 def _err(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ def test_load_bad_channels(tmp_path):
     raw.load_bad_channels(bad_file_works)
     # Write it out, read it in, and check
     raw.save(tmp_path / 'foo_raw.fif')
-    raw_new = read_raw_fif(tmp_path.join('foo_raw.fif'))
+    raw_new = read_raw_fif(tmp_path / 'foo_raw.fif')
     assert correct_bads == raw_new.info['bads']
     # Reset it
     raw.info['bads'] = []
@@ -576,14 +576,14 @@ def test_load_bad_channels(tmp_path):
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='1 bad channel'):
         raw.load_bad_channels(bad_file_wrong, force=True)
         # write it out, read it in, and check
-    raw.save(tmp_path.join('foo_raw.fif'), overwrite=True)
-    raw_new = read_raw_fif(tmp_path.join('foo_raw.fif'))
+    raw.save(tmp_path / 'foo_raw.fif', overwrite=True)
+    raw_new = read_raw_fif(tmp_path / 'foo_raw.fif')
     assert correct_bads == raw_new.info['bads']
 
     # Check that bad channels are cleared
     raw.load_bad_channels(None)
-    raw.save(tmp_path.join('foo_raw.fif'), overwrite=True)
-    raw_new = read_raw_fif(tmp_path.join('foo_raw.fif'))
+    raw.save(tmp_path / 'foo_raw.fif', overwrite=True)
+    raw_new = read_raw_fif(tmp_path / 'foo_raw.fif')
     assert raw_new.info['bads'] == []
 
 
@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ def test_io_raw(tmp_path):
             assert ('Raw' in repr(r))
             assert (op.basename(fif_fname) in repr(r))
             r.info['description'] = chars
-            temp_file = tmp_path.join('raw.fif')
+            temp_file = tmp_path / 'raw.fif'
             r.save(temp_file, overwrite=True)
             with read_raw_fif(temp_file) as r2:
                 desc2 = r2.info['description']
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ def test_io_raw(tmp_path):
     data = rng.randn(raw._data.shape[0], raw._data.shape[1])
     raw._data[:, :] = data
     # save it somewhere
-    fname = tmp_path.join('test_copy_raw.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'test_copy_raw.fif'
     raw.save(fname, buffer_size_sec=1.0)
     # read it in, make sure the whole thing matches
     raw = read_raw_fif(fname)
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ def test_io_raw_additional(fname_in, fname_out, tmp_path):
         assert_allclose(raw.info['dig'][0]['r'], raw2.info['dig'][0]['r'])
 
     # test warnings on bad filenames
-    raw_badname = tmp_path.join('test-bad-name.fif.gz')
+    raw_badname = tmp_path / 'test-bad-name.fif.gz'
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='raw.fif'):
         raw.save(raw_badname)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='raw.fif'):
@@ -796,8 +796,8 @@ def test_proj(tmp_path):
         raw = read_raw_fif(fif_fname, preload=preload)
 
         # write the file with proj. activated, make sure proj has been applied
-        raw.save(tmp_path.join('raw.fif'), proj=True, overwrite=True)
-        raw2 = read_raw_fif(tmp_path.join('raw.fif'))
+        raw.save(tmp_path / 'raw.fif', proj=True, overwrite=True)
+        raw2 = read_raw_fif(tmp_path / 'raw.fif')
         data_proj_2, _ = raw2[:, 0:2]
         assert_allclose(data_proj_1, data_proj_2)
         assert (all(p['active'] for p in raw2.info['projs']))
@@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ def test_proj(tmp_path):
 
     # I/O roundtrip of an MEG projector with a Raw that only contains EEG
     # data.
-    out_fname = tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif')
+    out_fname = tmp_path / 'test_raw.fif'
     raw = read_raw_fif(test_fif_fname, preload=True).crop(0, 0.002)
     proj = raw.info['projs'][-1]
     raw.pick_types(meg=False, eeg=True)
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@ def test_preload_modify(preload, tmp_path):
         else:
             raise
 
-    tmp_fname = tmp_path.join('raw.fif')
+    tmp_fname = tmp_path / 'raw.fif'
     raw.save(tmp_fname, overwrite=True)
 
     raw_new = read_raw_fif(tmp_fname)
@@ -1098,9 +1098,8 @@ def test_resample(tmp_path, preload, n, npad):
     # test parallel on upsample
     raw_resamp.resample(sfreq * 2, n_jobs=2, npad=npad)
     assert raw_resamp.n_times == len(raw_resamp.times)
-    raw_resamp.save(tmp_path.join('raw_resamp-raw.fif'))
-    raw_resamp = read_raw_fif(tmp_path.join('raw_resamp-raw.fif'),
-                              preload=True)
+    raw_resamp.save(tmp_path / 'raw_resamp-raw.fif')
+    raw_resamp = read_raw_fif(tmp_path / 'raw_resamp-raw.fif', preload=True)
     assert sfreq == raw_resamp.info['sfreq'] / 2
     assert raw.n_times == raw_resamp.n_times // 2
     assert raw_resamp.get_data().shape[1] == raw_resamp.n_times
@@ -1378,7 +1377,7 @@ def test_add_channels():
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 def test_save(tmp_path):
     """Test saving raw."""
-    temp_fname = tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif')
+    temp_fname = tmp_path / 'test_raw.fif'
     shutil.copyfile(fif_fname, temp_fname)
     raw = read_raw_fif(temp_fname, preload=False)
     # can't write over file being read
@@ -1394,7 +1393,7 @@ def test_save(tmp_path):
     annot = Annotations([10], [5], ['test'], orig_time=orig_time)
     raw.set_annotations(annot)
     annot = raw.annotations
-    new_fname = tmp_path.join('break_raw.fif')
+    new_fname = tmp_path / 'break_raw.fif'
     raw.save(new_fname, overwrite=True)
     new_raw = read_raw_fif(new_fname, preload=False)
     pytest.raises(ValueError, new_raw.save, new_fname)
@@ -1437,7 +1436,7 @@ def test_annotation_crop(tmp_path):
                     [1., 1. + 1. / raw.info['sfreq']], atol=1e-3)
 
     # make sure we can overwrite the file we loaded when preload=True
-    new_fname = tmp_path.join('break_raw.fif')
+    new_fname = tmp_path / 'break_raw.fif'
     raw.save(new_fname)
     new_raw = read_raw_fif(new_fname, preload=True)
     new_raw.save(new_fname, overwrite=True)
@@ -1553,7 +1552,7 @@ def test_compensation_raw(tmp_path):
 def test_compensation_raw_mne(tmp_path):
     """Test Raw compensation by comparing with MNE-C."""
     def compensate_mne(fname, grad):
-        tmp_fname = tmp_path.join('mne_ctf_test_raw.fif')
+        tmp_fname = tmp_path / 'mne_ctf_test_raw.fif'
         cmd = ['mne_process_raw', '--raw', fname, '--save', tmp_fname,
                '--grad', str(grad), '--projoff', '--filteroff']
         run_subprocess(cmd)
@@ -1786,7 +1785,7 @@ def test_corrupted(tmp_path):
         assert dirpos == 12641532
         fid.seek(0)
         data = fid.read(dirpos)
-    bad_fname = tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif')
+    bad_fname = tmp_path / 'test_raw.fif'
     with open(bad_fname, 'wb') as fid:
         fid.write(data)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='.*tag directory.*corrupt.*'):
diff --git a/mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py b/mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py
index b4c9a160e84..fcdc3c43141 100644
--- a/mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py
+++ b/mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ def test_read_write_info(tmp_path):
     with open(temp_file, 'rb') as fid:
         m1.update(fid.read())
     m1 = m1.hexdigest()
-    temp_file_2 = tmp_path.join('info2.fif')
+    temp_file_2 = tmp_path / 'info2.fif'
     assert temp_file_2 != temp_file
     write_info(temp_file_2, info)
     m2 = hashlib.md5()
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ def test_read_write_info(tmp_path):
         info['meas_date'] = None
     anonymize_info(info, verbose='error')
     assert info['meas_date'] is None
-    tmp_fname_3 = tmp_path.join('info3.fif')
+    tmp_fname_3 = tmp_path / 'info3.fif'
     write_info(tmp_fname_3, info)
     assert info['meas_date'] is None
     info2 = read_info(tmp_fname_3)
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ def test_read_write_info(tmp_path):
     # Check that having a very old date in fine until you try to save it to fif
     with info._unlock(check_after=True):
         info['meas_date'] = datetime(1800, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
-    fname = tmp_path.join('test.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'test.fif'
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match='must be between '):
         write_info(fname, info)
 
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ def test_csr_csc(tmp_path):
     ct = sss_ctc['decoupler'].copy()
     # CSC
     assert isinstance(ct, sparse.csc_matrix)
-    fname = tmp_path.join('test.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'test.fif'
     write_info(fname, info)
     info_read = read_info(fname)
     ct_read = info_read['proc_history'][0]['max_info']['sss_ctc']['decoupler']
@@ -774,7 +774,7 @@ def test_csr_csc(tmp_path):
     assert isinstance(csr, sparse.csr_matrix)
     assert_array_equal(csr.toarray(), ct.toarray())
     info['proc_history'][0]['max_info']['sss_ctc']['decoupler'] = csr
-    fname = tmp_path.join('test1.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'test1.fif'
     write_info(fname, info)
     info_read = read_info(fname)
     ct_read = info_read['proc_history'][0]['max_info']['sss_ctc']['decoupler']
@@ -960,7 +960,7 @@ def test_channel_name_limit(tmp_path, monkeypatch, fname):
     # epochs
     #
     epochs = Epochs(raw, make_fixed_length_events(raw))
-    fname = tmp_path.join('test-epo.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'test-epo.fif'
     epochs.save(fname)
     epochs_read = read_epochs(fname)
     for ep in (epochs, epochs_read):
@@ -970,7 +970,7 @@ def test_channel_name_limit(tmp_path, monkeypatch, fname):
     # cov
     epochs.info['bads'] = []
     cov = compute_covariance(epochs, verbose='error')
-    fname = tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'test-cov.fif'
     write_cov(fname, cov)
     cov_read = read_cov(fname)
     for co in (cov, cov_read):
@@ -984,7 +984,7 @@ def test_channel_name_limit(tmp_path, monkeypatch, fname):
     evoked = epochs.average()
     evoked.info['bads'] = bads
     assert evoked.nave == 1
-    fname = tmp_path.join('test-ave.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'test-ave.fif'
     evoked.save(fname)
     evoked_read = read_evokeds(fname)[0]
     for ev in (evoked, evoked_read):
@@ -1000,7 +1000,7 @@ def test_channel_name_limit(tmp_path, monkeypatch, fname):
     src = setup_volume_source_space(
         pos=dict(rr=[[0, 0, 0.04]], nn=[[0, 1., 0.]]))
     fwd = make_forward_solution(evoked.info, None, src, sphere)
-    fname = tmp_path.join('temp-fwd.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'temp-fwd.fif'
     write_forward_solution(fname, fwd)
     fwd_read = read_forward_solution(fname)
     for fw in (fwd, fwd_read):
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_cov.py b/mne/tests/test_cov.py
index bfc66f4fbfd..8001a3f59d5 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_cov.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_cov.py
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ def test_cov_estimation_with_triggers(rank, tmp_path):
 
     # test IO when computation done in Python
     cov.save(tmp_path / 'test-cov.fif')  # test saving
-    cov_read = read_cov(tmp_path.join('test-cov.fif'))
+    cov_read = read_cov(tmp_path / 'test-cov.fif')
     _assert_cov(cov, cov_read, 1e-5)
 
     # cov with list of epochs with different projectors
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
index a6b173a790a..f196bf33317 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
@@ -1282,8 +1282,8 @@ def test_split_many_reset(tmp_path):
 def _assert_splits(fname, n, size):
     __tracebackhide__ = True
     assert n >= 0
-    next_fnames = [fname] + [
-        fname[:-4] + '-%d.fif' % ii for ii in range(1, n + 2)]
+    next_fnames = [str(fname)] + [
+        str(fname)[:-4] + '-%d.fif' % ii for ii in range(1, n + 2)]
     bad_fname = next_fnames.pop(-1)
     for ii, this_fname in enumerate(next_fnames[:-1]):
         assert op.isfile(this_fname), f'Missing file: {this_fname}'
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_event.py b/mne/tests/test_event.py
index 4f1c7a76956..a20b7d7b838 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_event.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_event.py
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ def test_io_events(tmp_path):
     # Test binary fif.gz IO
     events2 = read_events(fname_gz)  # Use as the gold standard
     assert_array_almost_equal(events, events2)
-    fname_temp += '.gz'
+    fname_temp = str(fname_temp) + '.gz'
     write_events(fname_temp, events2)
     events2 = read_events(fname_temp)
     assert_array_almost_equal(events, events2)
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_evoked.py b/mne/tests/test_evoked.py
index beb8321c0c6..f5499580297 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_evoked.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_evoked.py
@@ -228,8 +228,8 @@ def test_io_evoked(tmp_path):
     aves1 = read_evokeds(fname)[1::2]
     aves2 = read_evokeds(fname, [1, 3])
     aves3 = read_evokeds(fname, ['Right Auditory', 'Right visual'])
-    write_evokeds(tmp_path.join('evoked-ave.fif'), aves1)
-    aves4 = read_evokeds(tmp_path.join('evoked-ave.fif'))
+    write_evokeds(tmp_path / 'evoked-ave.fif', aves1)
+    aves4 = read_evokeds(tmp_path / 'evoked-ave.fif')
     for aves in [aves2, aves3, aves4]:
         for [av1, av2] in zip(aves1, aves):
             assert_array_almost_equal(av1.data, av2.data)
@@ -244,20 +244,20 @@ def test_io_evoked(tmp_path):
     # test saving and reading complex numbers in evokeds
     ave_complex = ave.copy()
     ave_complex._data = 1j * ave_complex.data
-    fname_temp = str(tmp_path.join('complex-ave.fif'))
+    fname_temp = str(tmp_path / 'complex-ave.fif')
     ave_complex.save(fname_temp)
     ave_complex = read_evokeds(fname_temp)[0]
     assert_allclose(ave.data, ave_complex.data.imag)
 
     # test warnings on bad filenames
-    fname2 = tmp_path.join('test-bad-name.fif')
+    fname2 = tmp_path / 'test-bad-name.fif'
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-ave.fif'):
         write_evokeds(fname2, ave)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-ave.fif'):
         read_evokeds(fname2)
 
     # test writing when order of bads doesn't match
-    fname3 = tmp_path.join('test-bad-order-ave.fif')
+    fname3 = tmp_path / 'test-bad-order-ave.fif'
     condition = 'Left Auditory'
     ave4 = read_evokeds(fname, condition)
     ave4.info['bads'] = ave4.ch_names[:3]
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ def test_io_evoked(tmp_path):
     pytest.raises(TypeError, Evoked, fname)
 
     # MaxShield
-    fname_ms = tmp_path.join('test-ave.fif')
+    fname_ms = tmp_path / 'test-ave.fif'
     assert (ave.info['maxshield'] is False)
     with ave.info._unlock():
         ave.info['maxshield'] = True

From 33fd802ea3f64e9f64f0176db3b5e550aa9615b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Oct 2021 23:40:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 07/23] More fixes

---
 mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py       | 4 ++--
 mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py | 2 +-
 mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py     | 2 +-
 mne/tests/test_epochs.py           | 4 ++--
 mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py    | 2 +-
 5 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
index 9f22d8d95ac..4dba6b1727c 100644
--- a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
+++ b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ def test_parse_annotation(tmp_path):
              b'+1800.2\x1525.5\x14Apnea\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
              b'+123\x14\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
     annot_file = tmp_path / 'annotations.txt'
-    with open(annot_file, "w") as f:
+    with open(annot_file, "wb") as f:
         f.write(annot)
 
     annot = [a for a in bytes(annot)]
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ def test_read_annot(tmp_path):
              b'+1800.2\x1525.5\x14Apnea\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
              b'+123\x14\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
     annot_file = tmp_path / 'annotations.txt'
-    with open(annot_file, "w") as f:
+    with open(annot_file, "wb") as f:
         f.write(annot)
 
     onset, duration, desc = _read_annotations_edf(annotations=str(annot_file))
diff --git a/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py b/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
index 2dc41d4a66f..554843078ec 100644
--- a/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
+++ b/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
@@ -1643,7 +1643,7 @@ def test_equalize_channels():
 def test_memmap(tmp_path):
     """Test some interesting memmapping cases."""
     # concatenate_raw
-    memmaps = [tmp_path / str(ii) for ii in range(3)]
+    memmaps = [str(tmp_path / str(ii)) for ii in range(3)]
     raw_0 = read_raw_fif(test_fif_fname, preload=memmaps[0])
     assert raw_0._data.filename == memmaps[0]
     raw_1 = read_raw_fif(test_fif_fname, preload=memmaps[1])
diff --git a/mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py b/mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py
index fcdc3c43141..94ffe5385d7 100644
--- a/mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py
+++ b/mne/io/tests/test_meas_info.py
@@ -1013,7 +1013,7 @@ def test_channel_name_limit(tmp_path, monkeypatch, fname):
     # inv
     #
     inv = make_inverse_operator(evoked.info, fwd, cov)
-    fname = tmp_path.join('test-inv.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'test-inv.fif'
     write_inverse_operator(fname, inv)
     inv_read = read_inverse_operator(fname)
     for iv in (inv, inv_read):
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
index f196bf33317..893bde81845 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
@@ -1210,7 +1210,7 @@ def test_split_saving(tmp_path, split_size, n_epochs, n_files, size, metadata,
     got_size = _get_split_size(split_size)
     assert got_size == size
     _assert_splits(fname, n_files, size)
-    assert not op.isfile(f'{fname[:-4]}-{n_files + 1}.fif')
+    assert not op.isfile(f'{str(fname)[:-4]}-{n_files + 1}.fif')
     for preload in (True, False):
         epochs2 = mne.read_epochs(fname, preload=preload)
         assert_allclose(epochs2.get_data(), epochs_data)
@@ -1271,7 +1271,7 @@ def test_split_many_reset(tmp_path):
     mb = 3 * 1024 * 1024
     _assert_splits(fname, 6, mb)
     # reset, then it should work
-    fname = str(tmp_path.join('temp-reset-epo.fif'))
+    fname = tmp_path / 'temp-reset-epo.fif'
     epochs.reset_drop_log_selection()
     epochs.save(fname, split_size=split_size, verbose='debug')
     _assert_splits(fname, 4, mb)
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py
index 8c7c97ffa33..c2b21c027c8 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def test_tempdir():
 def test_datasets(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
     """Test dataset config."""
     # gh-4192
-    fake_path = tmp_path.mkdir('MNE-testing-data')
+    fake_path = (tmp_path / 'MNE-testing-data').mkdir()
     with open(fake_path / 'version.txt', 'w') as fid:
         fid.write('9999.9999')
     monkeypatch.setenv('_MNE_FAKE_HOME_DIR', str(tmp_path))

From ef99a113edec05a22511d0657dda3554eb826f00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Oct 2021 23:56:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 08/23] Hopefully final set of fixes

---
 mne/tests/test_epochs.py        | 2 +-
 mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py | 3 ++-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
index 893bde81845..ca2f11e09a4 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
@@ -1218,7 +1218,7 @@ def test_split_saving(tmp_path, split_size, n_epochs, n_files, size, metadata,
 
     # Check that if BIDS is used and no split is needed it defaults to
     # simple writing without _split- entity.
-    split_fname = tmp_path / 'test_epo.fif'
+    split_fname = str(tmp_path / 'test_epo.fif')
     split_fname_neuromag_part1 = split_fname.replace(
         'epo.fif', f'epo-{n_files + 1}.fif')
     split_fname_bids_part1 = split_fname.replace(
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py
index c2b21c027c8..cfcf5fe16fa 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_testing.py
@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ def test_tempdir():
 def test_datasets(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
     """Test dataset config."""
     # gh-4192
-    fake_path = (tmp_path / 'MNE-testing-data').mkdir()
+    fake_path = tmp_path / 'MNE-testing-data'
+    fake_path.mkdir()
     with open(fake_path / 'version.txt', 'w') as fid:
         fid.write('9999.9999')
     monkeypatch.setenv('_MNE_FAKE_HOME_DIR', str(tmp_path))

From 2e83b330c5a3a61e7c53eda3d19174678a92f01c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 08:57:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 09/23] More fun with tmp_dir.joins

---
 mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py           |  4 +--
 mne/forward/tests/test_forward.py            | 10 +++---
 mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py       | 14 ++++-----
 mne/io/brainvision/tests/test_brainvision.py |  2 +-
 mne/io/curry/tests/test_curry.py             |  4 +--
 mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py                 |  2 +-
 mne/io/edf/tests/test_gdf.py                 |  2 +-
 mne/io/eeglab/tests/test_eeglab.py           |  2 +-
 mne/io/egi/tests/test_egi.py                 |  4 +--
 mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py           | 13 +++++---
 mne/io/nirx/tests/test_nirx.py               |  2 +-
 mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py          | 16 +++++-----
 mne/tests/test_bem.py                        |  8 ++---
 mne/tests/test_dipole.py                     |  2 +-
 mne/tests/test_freesurfer.py                 |  2 +-
 mne/tests/test_source_space.py               | 32 ++++++++++----------
 mne/utils/tests/test_check.py                |  2 +-
 17 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py b/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
index 36b15dac6a0..18941e65578 100644
--- a/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
+++ b/mne/channels/tests/test_montage.py
@@ -957,7 +957,7 @@ def test_egi_dig_montage(tmp_path):
     )
 
     # test round-trip IO
-    fname_temp = tmp_path.join('egi_test.fif')
+    fname_temp = tmp_path / 'egi_test.fif'
     _check_roundtrip(dig_montage, fname_temp, 'unknown')
     _check_roundtrip(dig_montage_in_head, fname_temp)
 
@@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@ def test_read_dig_captrak(tmp_path):
 
     montage = transform_to_head(montage)  # transform_to_head has to be tested
     _check_roundtrip(montage=montage,
-                     fname=str(tmp_path.join('bvct_test.fif')))
+                     fname=str(tmp_path / 'bvct_test.fif'))
 
     fid, _ = _get_fid_coords(montage.dig)
     assert_allclose(
diff --git a/mne/forward/tests/test_forward.py b/mne/forward/tests/test_forward.py
index 166ae988712..cfc9cd8a51c 100644
--- a/mne/forward/tests/test_forward.py
+++ b/mne/forward/tests/test_forward.py
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ def test_io_forward(tmp_path):
     leadfield = fwd['sol']['data']
     assert_equal(leadfield.shape, (n_channels, n_src))
     assert_equal(len(fwd['sol']['row_names']), n_channels)
-    fname_temp = tmp_path.join('test-fwd.fif')
+    fname_temp = tmp_path / 'test-fwd.fif'
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='stored on disk'):
         write_forward_solution(fname_temp, fwd, overwrite=True)
 
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ def test_io_forward(tmp_path):
 
     # test warnings on bad filenames
     fwd = read_forward_solution(fname_meeg_grad)
-    fwd_badname = tmp_path.join('test-bad-name.fif.gz')
+    fwd_badname = tmp_path / 'test-bad-name.fif.gz'
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='end with'):
         write_forward_solution(fwd_badname, fwd)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='end with'):
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ def test_restrict_forward_to_stc(tmp_path):
 
     # Test saving the restricted forward object. This only works if all fields
     # are properly accounted for.
-    fname_copy = tmp_path.join('copy-fwd.fif')
+    fname_copy = tmp_path / 'copy-fwd.fif'
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='stored on disk'):
         write_forward_solution(fname_copy, fwd_out, overwrite=True)
     fwd_out_read = read_forward_solution(fname_copy)
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ def test_restrict_forward_to_label(tmp_path):
 
     # Test saving the restricted forward object. This only works if all fields
     # are properly accounted for.
-    fname_copy = tmp_path.join('copy-fwd.fif')
+    fname_copy = tmp_path / 'copy-fwd.fif'
     write_forward_solution(fname_copy, fwd_out, overwrite=True)
     fwd_out_read = read_forward_solution(fname_copy)
     assert_forward_allclose(fwd_out, fwd_out_read)
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ def test_average_forward_solution(tmp_path):
 
     # modify a fwd solution, save it, use MNE to average with old one
     fwd_copy['sol']['data'] *= 0.5
-    fname_copy = str(tmp_path.join('copy-fwd.fif'))
+    fname_copy = str(tmp_path / 'copy-fwd.fif')
     write_forward_solution(fname_copy, fwd_copy, overwrite=True)
     cmd = ('mne_average_forward_solutions', '--fwd', fname_meeg, '--fwd',
            fname_copy, '--out', fname_copy)
diff --git a/mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py b/mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py
index ef9ee5e87ce..ebfeab87479 100644
--- a/mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py
+++ b/mne/forward/tests/test_make_forward.py
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ def test_make_forward_solution_kit(tmp_path):
                             'data', 'test_ctf_comp_raw.fif')
 
     # first set up a small testing source space
-    fname_src_small = tmp_path.join('sample-oct-2-src.fif')
+    fname_src_small = tmp_path / 'sample-oct-2-src.fif'
     src = setup_source_space('sample', 'oct2', subjects_dir=subjects_dir,
                              add_dist=False)
     write_source_spaces(fname_src_small, src)  # to enable working with MNE-C
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ def test_make_forward_solution_kit(tmp_path):
                                subjects_dir=subjects_dir)
     _compare_forwards(fwd, fwd_py, 274, n_src)
 
-    fname_temp = tmp_path.join('test-ctf-fwd.fif')
+    fname_temp = tmp_path / 'test-ctf-fwd.fif'
     write_forward_solution(fname_temp, fwd_py)
     fwd_py2 = read_forward_solution(fname_temp)
     _compare_forwards(fwd_py, fwd_py2, 274, n_src)
@@ -255,11 +255,11 @@ def test_make_forward_solution_discrete(tmp_path):
 @pytest.mark.timeout(90)  # can take longer than 60 sec on Travis
 def test_make_forward_solution_sphere(tmp_path):
     """Test making a forward solution with a sphere model."""
-    fname_src_small = tmp_path.join('sample-oct-2-src.fif')
+    fname_src_small = tmp_path / 'sample-oct-2-src.fif'
     src = setup_source_space('sample', 'oct2', subjects_dir=subjects_dir,
                              add_dist=False)
     write_source_spaces(fname_src_small, src)  # to enable working with MNE-C
-    out_name = tmp_path.join('tmp-fwd.fif')
+    out_name = tmp_path / 'tmp-fwd.fif'
     run_subprocess(['mne_forward_solution', '--meg', '--eeg',
                     '--meas', fname_raw, '--src', fname_src_small,
                     '--mri', fname_trans, '--fwd', out_name])
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ def test_forward_mixed_source_space(tmp_path):
     assert ((coord_frames == FIFF.FIFFV_COORD_HEAD).all())
 
     # run tests for SourceSpaces.export_volume
-    fname_img = tmp_path.join('temp-image.mgz')
+    fname_img = tmp_path / 'temp-image.mgz'
 
     # head coordinates and mri_resolution, but trans file
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='trans containing mri to head'):
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ def test_make_forward_dipole(tmp_path):
     dip_even_samp = Dipole(times, pos, amplitude, ori, gof)
 
     # I/O round-trip
-    fname = str(tmp_path.join('test-fwd.fif'))
+    fname = str(tmp_path / 'test-fwd.fif')
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='free orientation'):
         write_forward_solution(fname, fwd)
     fwd_read = convert_forward_solution(
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ def test_make_forward_no_meg(tmp_path):
     montage = make_standard_montage('standard_1020')
     info = create_info(['Cz'], 1000., 'eeg').set_montage(montage)
     fwd = make_forward_solution(info, trans, src, bem)
-    fname = tmp_path.join('test-fwd.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'test-fwd.fif'
     write_forward_solution(fname, fwd)
     fwd_read = read_forward_solution(fname)
     assert_allclose(fwd['sol']['data'], fwd_read['sol']['data'])
diff --git a/mne/io/brainvision/tests/test_brainvision.py b/mne/io/brainvision/tests/test_brainvision.py
index 18ac6ad9f4e..96a27d37174 100644
--- a/mne/io/brainvision/tests/test_brainvision.py
+++ b/mne/io/brainvision/tests/test_brainvision.py
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ def test_read_vmrk_annotations(tmp_path):
     # delete=False is for Windows compatibility
     with open(vmrk_path) as myfile:
         head = [next(myfile) for x in range(6)]
-    fname = tmp_path.join('temp.vmrk')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'temp.vmrk'
     with open(str(fname), 'w') as temp:
         for item in head:
             temp.write(item)
diff --git a/mne/io/curry/tests/test_curry.py b/mne/io/curry/tests/test_curry.py
index 6836c3146a5..7cd1736b5fc 100644
--- a/mne/io/curry/tests/test_curry.py
+++ b/mne/io/curry/tests/test_curry.py
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ def sfreq_testing_data(tmp_path, request):
     sfreq, time_step = request.param['sfreq'], request.param['time_step']
 
     in_base_name = curry7_bdf_file.strip('dat')
-    out_base_name = str(tmp_path.join('curry.'))
+    out_base_name = str(tmp_path / 'curry.')
 
     # create dummy empty files for 'dat' and 'rs3'
     for fname in [out_base_name + ext for ext in ['dat', 'rs3']]:
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ def _get_read_annotations_mock_info(name_part, mock_dir):
     version = _get_curry_version(ext)
     original['info'] = original['base'] + FILE_EXTENSIONS[version]["info"]
 
-    modified['base'] = str(mock_dir.join('curry'))
+    modified['base'] = str(mock_dir / 'curry')
     modified['event'] = (modified['base'] +
                          FILE_EXTENSIONS[version]["events_cef"])
     modified['info'] = modified['base'] + FILE_EXTENSIONS[version]["info"]
diff --git a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
index 4dba6b1727c..f3f59bd464a 100644
--- a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
+++ b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_edf.py
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ def test_bdf_data():
 def test_bdf_crop_save_stim_channel(tmp_path):
     """Test EDF with various sampling rates."""
     raw = read_raw_bdf(bdf_stim_channel_path)
-    raw.save(tmp_path.join('test-raw.fif'), tmin=1.2, tmax=4.0, overwrite=True)
+    raw.save(tmp_path / 'test-raw.fif', tmin=1.2, tmax=4.0, overwrite=True)
 
 
 @testing.requires_testing_data
diff --git a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_gdf.py b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_gdf.py
index b8f3fd66ece..d9184d46dbe 100644
--- a/mne/io/edf/tests/test_gdf.py
+++ b/mne/io/edf/tests/test_gdf.py
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def test_gdf_data():
 @testing.requires_testing_data
 def test_gdf2_birthday(tmp_path):
     """Test reading raw GDF 2.x files."""
-    new_fname = str(tmp_path.join('temp.gdf'))
+    new_fname = tmp_path / 'temp.gdf'
     shutil.copyfile(gdf2_path + '.gdf', new_fname)
     # go back 44.5 years so the subject should show up as 44
     offset_edf = (  # to their ref
diff --git a/mne/io/eeglab/tests/test_eeglab.py b/mne/io/eeglab/tests/test_eeglab.py
index 311bcd33172..9596f6a0898 100644
--- a/mne/io/eeglab/tests/test_eeglab.py
+++ b/mne/io/eeglab/tests/test_eeglab.py
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ def one_chanpos_fname(tmp_path_factory):
     Notes from when this code was factorized:
     # test reading file with one event (read old version)
     """
-    fname = str(tmp_path_factory.mktemp('data').join('test_chanpos.set'))
+    fname = str(tmp_path_factory.mktemp('data') / 'test_chanpos.set')
     file_conent = dict(EEG={
         'trials': 1, 'nbchan': 3, 'pnts': 3, 'epoch': [], 'event': [],
         'srate': 128, 'times': np.array([0., 0.1, 0.2]),
diff --git a/mne/io/egi/tests/test_egi.py b/mne/io/egi/tests/test_egi.py
index 8e1694090fe..e9a5d4dd7f2 100644
--- a/mne/io/egi/tests/test_egi.py
+++ b/mne/io/egi/tests/test_egi.py
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ def test_egi_mff_pause(fname, skip_times, event_times):
 ])
 def test_egi_mff_pause_chunks(fname, tmp_path):
     """Test that on-demand of all short segments works (via I/O)."""
-    fname_temp = tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif')
+    fname_temp = tmp_path / 'test_raw.fif'
     raw_data = read_raw_egi(fname, preload=True).get_data()
     raw = read_raw_egi(fname)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='Acquisition skips detected'):
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ def test_io_egi_pns_mff(tmp_path):
         assert_array_equal(mat_data, raw_data)
 
     # EEG missing
-    new_mff = str(tmp_path.join('temp.mff'))
+    new_mff = tmp_path / 'temp.mff'
     shutil.copytree(egi_mff_pns_fname, new_mff)
     read_raw_egi(new_mff, verbose='error')
     os.remove(op.join(new_mff, 'info1.xml'))
diff --git a/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py b/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
index 554843078ec..d1dc61cc5b0 100644
--- a/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
+++ b/mne/io/fiff/tests/test_raw_fiff.py
@@ -1756,14 +1756,17 @@ def test_bad_acq(fname):
 def test_split_symlink(tmp_path):
     """Test split files with symlinks."""
     # regression test for gh-9221
-    first = str(tmp_path.mkdir('first').join('test_raw.fif'))
+    (tmp_path / 'first').mkdir()
+    first = tmp_path / 'first' / 'test_raw.fif'
     raw = read_raw_fif(fif_fname).pick('meg').load_data()
     raw.save(first, buffer_size_sec=1, split_size='10MB', verbose=True)
-    second = first[:-4] + '-1.fif'
+    second = str(first)[:-4] + '-1.fif'
     assert op.isfile(second)
-    assert not op.isfile(first[:-4] + '-2.fif')
-    new_first = tmp_path.mkdir('a').join('test_raw.fif')
-    new_second = tmp_path.mkdir('b').join('test_raw-1.fif')
+    assert not op.isfile(str(first)[:-4] + '-2.fif')
+    (tmp_path / 'a').mkdir()
+    (tmp_path / 'b').mkdir()
+    new_first = tmp_path / 'a' / 'test_raw.fif'
+    new_second = tmp_path / 'b' / 'test_raw-1.fif'
     shutil.move(first, new_first)
     shutil.move(second, new_second)
     os.symlink(new_first, first)
diff --git a/mne/io/nirx/tests/test_nirx.py b/mne/io/nirx/tests/test_nirx.py
index 6340e8659d8..f75a69386b3 100644
--- a/mne/io/nirx/tests/test_nirx.py
+++ b/mne/io/nirx/tests/test_nirx.py
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ def test_nirx_15_3_short():
 @requires_testing_data
 def test_encoding(tmp_path):
     """Test NIRx encoding."""
-    fname = str(tmp_path.join('latin'))
+    fname = tmp_path / 'latin'
     shutil.copytree(fname_nirx_15_2, fname)
     hdr_fname = op.join(fname, 'NIRS-2019-10-02_003.hdr')
     hdr = list()
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
index 618d944a4f7..ca2e925c8c7 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/tests/test_ica.py
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ def test_ica_noop(n_components, n_pca_components, tmp_path):
     assert_allclose(raw.get_data(), raw_new.get_data(), err_msg='Id failure')
     _assert_ica_attributes(ica, data)
     # and with I/O
-    fname = tmp_path.join('temp-ica.fif')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'temp-ica.fif'
     ica.save(fname)
     ica = read_ica(fname)
     raw_new = ica.apply(raw.copy())
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ def test_ica_n_iter_(method, tmp_path):
     assert_equal(ica.n_iter_, max_iter)
 
     # Test I/O roundtrip.
-    output_fname = tmp_path.join('test_ica-ica.fif')
+    output_fname = tmp_path / 'test_ica-ica.fif'
     _assert_ica_attributes(ica, raw.get_data('data'), limits=(5, 110))
     ica.save(output_fname)
     ica = read_ica(output_fname)
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ def test_ica_additional(method, tmp_path, short_raw_epochs):
         corrmap([ica_different_channels, ica], (0, 0))
 
     # test warnings on bad filenames
-    ica_badname = tmp_path.join('test-bad-name.fif.gz')
+    ica_badname = tmp_path / 'test-bad-name.fif.gz'
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-ica.fif'):
         ica.save(ica_badname)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-ica.fif'):
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@ def test_ica_additional(method, tmp_path, short_raw_epochs):
     ica_raw.notch_filter([10], trans_bandwidth=10, fir_design='firwin')
     assert ((d1 != ica_raw._data[0]).any())
 
-    test_ica_fname = tmp_path.join('test-ica.fif')
+    test_ica_fname = tmp_path / 'test-ica.fif'
     ica.n_pca_components = 2
     ica.method = 'fake'
     ica.save(test_ica_fname)
@@ -980,7 +980,7 @@ def test_ica_cov(method, cov, tmp_path, short_raw_epochs):
         cov = read_cov(cov)
 
     # test reading and writing
-    test_ica_fname = tmp_path.join('test-ica.fif')
+    test_ica_fname = tmp_path / 'test-ica.fif'
     kwargs = dict(n_pca_components=4)
 
     ica = ICA(noise_cov=cov, n_components=2, method=method, max_iter=1)
@@ -1240,7 +1240,7 @@ def test_n_components_none(method, tmp_path):
     n_components = None
     random_state = 12345
 
-    output_fname = tmp_path.join('test_ica-ica.fif')
+    output_fname = tmp_path / 'test_ica-ica.fif'
     ica = ICA(method=method, n_components=n_components,
               random_state=random_state)
     with pytest.warns(None):
@@ -1452,8 +1452,8 @@ def test_read_ica_eeglab_mismatch(tmp_path):
     """Test read_ica_eeglab function when there is a mismatch."""
     fname_orig = op.join(test_base_dir, "EEGLAB", "test_raw.set")
     base = op.basename(fname_orig)[:-3]
-    shutil.copyfile(fname_orig[:-3] + 'fdt', tmp_path.join(base + 'fdt'))
-    fname = tmp_path.join(base)
+    shutil.copyfile(fname_orig[:-3] + 'fdt', tmp_path / (base + 'fdt'))
+    fname = tmp_path / base
     data = loadmat(fname_orig)
     w = data['EEG']['icaweights'][0][0]
     w[:] = np.random.RandomState(0).randn(*w.shape)
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_bem.py b/mne/tests/test_bem.py
index d15ac886726..3e759fdf344 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_bem.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_bem.py
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ def test_make_sphere_model():
 ])
 def test_make_bem_model(tmp_path, kwargs, fname):
     """Test BEM model creation from Python with I/O."""
-    fname_temp = tmp_path.join('temp-bem.fif')
+    fname_temp = tmp_path / 'temp-bem.fif'
     with catch_logging() as log:
         model = make_bem_model('sample', ico=2, subjects_dir=subjects_dir,
                                verbose=True, **kwargs)
@@ -169,12 +169,12 @@ def test_make_bem_model(tmp_path, kwargs, fname):
 def test_bem_model_topology(tmp_path):
     """Test BEM model topological checks."""
     # bad topology (not enough neighboring tris)
-    makedirs(tmp_path.join('foo', 'bem'))
+    makedirs(tmp_path / 'foo' / 'bem'
     for fname in ('inner_skull', 'outer_skull', 'outer_skin'):
         fname += '.surf'
         copy(op.join(subjects_dir, 'sample', 'bem', fname),
-             str(tmp_path.join('foo', 'bem', fname)))
-    outer_fname = tmp_path.join('foo', 'bem', 'outer_skull.surf')
+             tmp_path / 'foo' / 'bem' / fname)
+    outer_fname = tmp_path / 'foo' / 'bem' / 'outer_skull.surf'
     rr, tris = read_surface(outer_fname)
     tris = tris[:-1]
     write_surface(outer_fname, rr, tris[:-1], overwrite=True)
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_dipole.py b/mne/tests/test_dipole.py
index 2cf22de1e0c..fad3a93fd75 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_dipole.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_dipole.py
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ def test_bdip(fname_dip_, fname_bdip_, tmp_path):
     orig_size = os.stat(fname_bdip_).st_size
     bdip = read_dipole(fname_bdip_)
     # test round-trip by writing and reading, too
-    fname = tmp_path.join('test.bdip')
+    fname = tmp_path / 'test.bdip'
     bdip.save(fname)
     bdip_read = read_dipole(fname)
     write_size = os.stat(str(fname)).st_size
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_freesurfer.py b/mne/tests/test_freesurfer.py
index e28f478e62b..c2583c36812 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_freesurfer.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_freesurfer.py
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ def test_read_freesurfer_lut(fname, tmp_path):
     # long name (only test on one run)
     if fname is not None:
         return
-    fname = str(tmp_path.join('long.txt'))
+    fname = tmp_path / 'long.txt'
     names = ['Anterior_Cingulate_and_Medial_Prefrontal_Cortex-' + hemi
              for hemi in ('lh', 'rh')]
     ids = np.arange(1, len(names) + 1)
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_source_space.py b/mne/tests/test_source_space.py
index 80a9b703ccc..b0b998c698d 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_source_space.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_source_space.py
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ def test_add_source_space_distances_limited(tmp_path):
     n_do = 200  # limit this for speed
     src_new[0]['vertno'] = src_new[0]['vertno'][:n_do].copy()
     src_new[1]['vertno'] = src_new[1]['vertno'][:n_do].copy()
-    out_name = tmp_path.join('temp-src.fif')
+    out_name = tmp_path / 'temp-src.fif'
     add_source_space_distances(src_new, dist_limit=0.007)
     write_source_spaces(out_name, src_new)
     src_new = read_source_spaces(out_name)
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ def test_add_source_space_distances(tmp_path):
     n_do = 19  # limit this for speed
     src_new[0]['vertno'] = src_new[0]['vertno'][:n_do].copy()
     src_new[1]['vertno'] = src_new[1]['vertno'][:n_do].copy()
-    out_name = tmp_path.join('temp-src.fif')
+    out_name = tmp_path / 'temp-src.fif'
     n_jobs = 2
     assert n_do % n_jobs != 0
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='non-negative'):
@@ -247,9 +247,9 @@ def test_discrete_source_space(tmp_path):
     v = src[0]['vertno']
 
     # let's make a discrete version with the C code, and with ours
-    temp_name = tmp_path.join('temp-src.fif')
+    temp_name = tmp_path / 'temp-src.fif'
     # save
-    temp_pos = tmp_path.join('temp-pos.txt')
+    temp_pos = tmp_path / 'temp-pos.txt'
     np.savetxt(str(temp_pos), np.c_[src[0]['rr'][v], src[0]['nn'][v]])
     # let's try the spherical one (no bem or surf supplied)
     run_subprocess(['mne_volume_source_space', '--meters',
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ def test_discrete_source_space(tmp_path):
 def test_volume_source_space(tmp_path):
     """Test setting up volume source spaces."""
     src = read_source_spaces(fname_vol)
-    temp_name = tmp_path.join('temp-src.fif')
+    temp_name = tmp_path / 'temp-src.fif'
     surf = read_bem_surfaces(fname_bem, s_id=FIFF.FIFFV_BEM_SURF_ID_BRAIN)
     surf['rr'] *= 1e3  # convert to mm
     bem_sol = read_bem_solution(fname_bem_3_sol)
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ def test_other_volume_source_spaces(tmp_path):
     # Travis doesn't seem to like them
 
     # let's try the spherical one (no bem or surf supplied)
-    temp_name = tmp_path.join('temp-src.fif')
+    temp_name = tmp_path / 'temp-src.fif'
     run_subprocess(['mne_volume_source_space',
                     '--grid', '7.0',
                     '--src', temp_name,
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ def test_setup_source_space(tmp_path):
 
     # oct-6 (sample) - auto filename + IO
     src = read_source_spaces(fname)
-    temp_name = tmp_path.join('temp-src.fif')
+    temp_name = tmp_path / 'temp-src.fif'
     with pytest.warns(None):  # sklearn equiv neighbors
         src_new = setup_source_space('sample', spacing='oct6',
                                      subjects_dir=subjects_dir, add_dist=False)
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ def test_setup_source_space(tmp_path):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('spacing', [2, 7])
 def test_setup_source_space_spacing(tmp_path, spacing):
     """Test setting up surface source spaces using a given spacing."""
-    copytree(op.join(subjects_dir, 'sample'), str(tmp_path.join('sample')))
+    copytree(op.join(subjects_dir, 'sample'), tmp_path / 'sample')
     args = [] if spacing == 7 else ['--spacing', str(spacing)]
     with modified_env(SUBJECTS_DIR=str(tmp_path), SUBJECT='sample'):
         run_subprocess(['mne_setup_source_space'] + args)
@@ -535,13 +535,13 @@ def test_read_source_spaces():
 def test_write_source_space(tmp_path):
     """Test reading and writing of source spaces."""
     src0 = read_source_spaces(fname, patch_stats=False)
-    temp_fname = tmp_path.join('tmp-src.fif')
+    temp_fname = tmp_path / 'tmp-src.fif'
     write_source_spaces(temp_fname, src0)
     src1 = read_source_spaces(temp_fname, patch_stats=False)
     _compare_source_spaces(src0, src1)
 
     # test warnings on bad filenames
-    src_badname = tmp_path.join('test-bad-name.fif.gz')
+    src_badname = tmp_path / 'test-bad-name.fif.gz'
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-src.fif'):
         write_source_spaces(src_badname, src0)
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='-src.fif'):
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ def test_source_space_from_label(tmp_path, pass_ids):
     assert src[0]['nuse'] == 404  # for our given pos and label
 
     # test reading and writing
-    out_name = tmp_path.join('temp-src.fif')
+    out_name = tmp_path / 'temp-src.fif'
     write_source_spaces(out_name, src)
     src_from_file = read_source_spaces(out_name)
     _compare_source_spaces(src, src_from_file, mode='approx')
@@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ def test_combine_source_spaces(tmp_path):
     assert len(src) == 4
 
     # test reading and writing
-    src_out_name = tmp_path.join('temp-src.fif')
+    src_out_name = tmp_path / 'temp-src.fif'
     src.save(src_out_name)
     src_from_file = read_source_spaces(src_out_name)
     _compare_source_spaces(src, src_from_file, mode='approx')
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ def test_combine_source_spaces(tmp_path):
     assert (coord_frames == FIFF.FIFFV_COORD_MRI).all()
 
     # test errors for export_volume
-    image_fname = tmp_path.join('temp-image.mgz')
+    image_fname = tmp_path / 'temp-image.mgz'
 
     # source spaces with no volume
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='at least one volume'):
@@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ def test_combine_source_spaces(tmp_path):
     del disc2
 
     # unrecognized file type
-    bad_image_fname = tmp_path.join('temp-image.png')
+    bad_image_fname = tmp_path / 'temp-image.png'
     # vertices outside vol space warning
     pytest.raises(ValueError, src.export_volume, bad_image_fname,
                   verbose='error')
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ def test_combine_source_spaces(tmp_path):
         src_mixed_coord.export_volume(image_fname, verbose='error')
 
     # now actually write it
-    fname_img = tmp_path.join('img.nii')
+    fname_img = tmp_path / 'img.nii'
     for mri_resolution in (False, 'sparse', True):
         for src, up in ((vol, 705),
                         (srf + vol, 27272),
@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ def test_combine_source_spaces(tmp_path):
             assert n_src == n_want, src
 
     # gh-8004
-    temp_aseg = tmp_path.join('aseg.mgz')
+    temp_aseg = tmp_path / 'aseg.mgz'
     aseg_img = nib.load(aseg_fname)
     aseg_affine = aseg_img.affine
     aseg_affine[:3, :3] *= 0.7
diff --git a/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py b/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py
index fcdad7ad3f0..8e3c92b3fb8 100644
--- a/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py
+++ b/mne/utils/tests/test_check.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def test_check(tmp_path):
     pytest.raises(ValueError, check_random_state, 'foo')
     pytest.raises(TypeError, _check_fname, 1)
     _check_fname(Path('./foo'))
-    fname = str(tmp_path.join('foo'))
+    fname = tmp_path / 'foo'
     with open(fname, 'wb'):
         pass
     assert op.isfile(fname)

From 8b7d51e7abca9e6d67e8186e0b39a6340f6d99b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 09:01:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 10/23] Missing )

---
 mne/tests/test_bem.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mne/tests/test_bem.py b/mne/tests/test_bem.py
index 3e759fdf344..4dd933f4134 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_bem.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_bem.py
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ def test_make_bem_model(tmp_path, kwargs, fname):
 def test_bem_model_topology(tmp_path):
     """Test BEM model topological checks."""
     # bad topology (not enough neighboring tris)
-    makedirs(tmp_path / 'foo' / 'bem'
+    makedirs(tmp_path / 'foo' / 'bem')
     for fname in ('inner_skull', 'outer_skull', 'outer_skin'):
         fname += '.surf'
         copy(op.join(subjects_dir, 'sample', 'bem', fname),

From 7d8e9bb2d4c8c317d2f919ee6d2b51393231a938 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 09:47:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 11/23] More...

---
 mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_beer_lambert_law.py | 4 ++--
 mne/tests/test_source_space.py                        | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_beer_lambert_law.py b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_beer_lambert_law.py
index 95a8b66c969..10bc0ffb650 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_beer_lambert_law.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/nirs/tests/test_beer_lambert_law.py
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ def test_beer_lambert(fname, fmt, tmp_path):
     assert fmt in ('nirx', 'fif')
     raw = read_raw_nirx(fname)
     if fmt == 'fif':
-        raw.save(tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif'))
-        raw = read_raw_fif(tmp_path.join('test_raw.fif'))
+        raw.save(tmp_path / 'test_raw.fif')
+        raw = read_raw_fif(tmp_path / 'test_raw.fif')
     assert 'fnirs_cw_amplitude' in raw
     assert 'fnirs_od' not in raw
     raw = optical_density(raw)
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_source_space.py b/mne/tests/test_source_space.py
index b0b998c698d..d48f55e9ff6 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_source_space.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_source_space.py
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ def test_setup_source_space_spacing(tmp_path, spacing):
     with modified_env(SUBJECTS_DIR=str(tmp_path), SUBJECT='sample'):
         run_subprocess(['mne_setup_source_space'] + args)
     src = read_source_spaces(
-        tmp_path / 'sample' / 'bem' / 'sample-%d-src.fif' % spacing
+        tmp_path / 'sample' / 'bem' / ('sample-%d-src.fif' % spacing)
     )
     src_new = setup_source_space('sample', spacing=spacing, add_dist=False,
                                  subjects_dir=subjects_dir)

From 0d6f2a2b3dac77c2dbafed73b81a97b8890b1bc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Oct 2021 13:51:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 12/23] Moar!

---
 mne/gui/tests/test_ieeg_locate_gui.py |  4 ++--
 mne/tests/test_morph.py               | 12 ++++++------
 mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py     |  2 +-
 mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py    |  8 +++++---
 4 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mne/gui/tests/test_ieeg_locate_gui.py b/mne/gui/tests/test_ieeg_locate_gui.py
index 4eb28a64868..5229b206a67 100644
--- a/mne/gui/tests/test_ieeg_locate_gui.py
+++ b/mne/gui/tests/test_ieeg_locate_gui.py
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ def test_locate_scraper(_locate_ieeg, _fake_CT_coords, tmp_path):
     with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='`pial` surface not found'):
         gui = _locate_ieeg(raw.info, trans, aligned_ct,
                            subject=subject, subjects_dir=subjects_dir)
-    tmp_path.mkdir('_images')
-    image_path = str(tmp_path.join('_images', 'temp.png'))
+    (tmp_path / '_images').mkdir()
+    image_path = str(tmp_path / '_images' / 'temp.png')
     gallery_conf = dict(builder_name='html', src_dir=str(tmp_path))
     block_vars = dict(
         example_globals=dict(gui=gui),
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_morph.py b/mne/tests/test_morph.py
index a523147a693..d993e2cd1b8 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_morph.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_morph.py
@@ -256,9 +256,9 @@ def test_surface_vector_source_morph(tmp_path):
     assert 'surface' in repr(source_morph_surf)
 
     # check loading and saving for surf
-    source_morph_surf.save(tmp_path.join('42.h5'))
+    source_morph_surf.save(tmp_path / '42.h5')
 
-    source_morph_surf_r = read_source_morph(tmp_path.join('42.h5'))
+    source_morph_surf_r = read_source_morph(tmp_path / '42.h5')
 
     assert (all([read == saved for read, saved in
                  zip(sorted(source_morph_surf_r.__dict__),
@@ -342,14 +342,14 @@ def test_volume_source_morph_basic(tmp_path):
                              subjects_dir=subjects_dir)
 
     # two different ways of saving
-    source_morph_vol.save(tmp_path.join('vol'))
+    source_morph_vol.save(tmp_path / 'vol')
 
     # check loading
-    source_morph_vol_r = read_source_morph(tmp_path.join('vol-morph.h5'))
+    source_morph_vol_r = read_source_morph(tmp_path / 'vol-morph.h5')
 
     # check for invalid file name handling ()
     with pytest.raises(IOError, match='not found'):
-        read_source_morph(tmp_path.join('42'))
+        read_source_morph(tmp_path / '42')
 
     # check morph
     stc_vol_morphed = source_morph_vol.apply(stc_vol)
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ def test_volume_source_morph_round_trip(
     stc_from_unit_rt = morph_to_from.apply(morph_from_to.apply(stc_from_unit))
     assert_power_preserved(stc_from_unit, stc_from_unit_rt, limits=limits)
     if morph_mat:
-        fname = tmp_path.join('temp-morph.h5')
+        fname = tmp_path / 'temp-morph.h5'
         morph_to_from.save(fname)
         morph_to_from = read_source_morph(fname)
         assert morph_to_from.vol_morph_mat is None
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py b/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
index 8cf8ea67ff0..d1f8cc4a203 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ def test_io_stc_h5(tmp_path, is_complex, vector):
     else:
         stc = _fake_stc(is_complex=is_complex)
     pytest.raises(ValueError, stc.save, tmp_path / 'tmp', ftype='foo')
-    out_name = tmp_path / 'tmp'
+    out_name = str(tmp_path / 'tmp')
     stc.save(out_name, ftype='h5')
     stc.save(out_name, ftype='h5')  # test overwrite
     stc3 = read_source_estimate(out_name)
diff --git a/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py b/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py
index 9959fc92ffc..7709799bdd2 100644
--- a/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py
+++ b/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py
@@ -474,8 +474,10 @@ def tiny(tmp_path):
     # This is a minimal version of what we need for our viz-with-timeviewer
     # support currently
     subject = 'test'
-    subject_dir = tmp_path.mkdir(subject)
-    surf_dir = subject_dir.mkdir('surf')
+    (tmp_path / subject).mkdir()
+    subject_dir = tmp_path / subject
+    (subject_dir / 'surf').mkdir()
+    surf_dir = subject_dir / 'surf'
     rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
     rr = rng.randn(4, 3)
     tris = np.array([[0, 1, 2], [2, 1, 3]])
@@ -796,7 +798,7 @@ def test_brain_traces(renderer_interactive_pyvistaqt, hemi, src, tmp_path,
             check_version('sphinx_gallery')):
         brain.close()
         return
-    fnames = [str(tmp_path.join(f'temp_{ii}.png')) for ii in range(2)]
+    fnames = [str(tmp_path / f'temp_{ii}.png') for ii in range(2)]
     block_vars = dict(image_path_iterator=iter(fnames),
                       example_globals=dict(brain=brain))
     block = ('code', """

From a2c835eb400b13f2a3de2cb1832fffcd9afd5646 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Nov 2021 19:55:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 13/23] Fix test

---
 mne/io/base.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mne/io/base.py b/mne/io/base.py
index b8ce6a0294a..6f2fb7f4161 100644
--- a/mne/io/base.py
+++ b/mne/io/base.py
@@ -1424,7 +1424,7 @@ def save(self, fname, picks=None, tmin=0, tmax=None, buffer_size_sec=None,
         check_fname(fname, 'raw', endings, endings_err=endings_err)
 
         split_size = _get_split_size(split_size)
-        if not self.preload and fname in self._filenames:
+        if not self.preload and str(fname) in self._filenames:
             raise ValueError('You cannot save data to the same file.'
                              ' Please use a different filename.')
 

From 68c1b0cfb4f2c531a55b4fc63eb982be3c550275 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Nov 2021 20:03:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 14/23] Use _check_fname() instead of str()

---
 mne/io/base.py | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mne/io/base.py b/mne/io/base.py
index 6f2fb7f4161..e8dc4f55bb5 100644
--- a/mne/io/base.py
+++ b/mne/io/base.py
@@ -1421,10 +1421,11 @@ def save(self, fname, picks=None, tmin=0, tmax=None, buffer_size_sec=None,
                    '_meg.fif', '_eeg.fif', '_ieeg.fif')
         endings += tuple([f'{e}.gz' for e in endings])
         endings_err = ('.fif', '.fif.gz')
+        fname = _check_fname()
         check_fname(fname, 'raw', endings, endings_err=endings_err)
 
         split_size = _get_split_size(split_size)
-        if not self.preload and str(fname) in self._filenames:
+        if not self.preload and fname in self._filenames:
             raise ValueError('You cannot save data to the same file.'
                              ' Please use a different filename.')
 

From e5d5e116e1dbcdcc0220d296300e3b11d6bcefbe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Nov 2021 20:13:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 15/23] Forgot argument

---
 mne/io/base.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mne/io/base.py b/mne/io/base.py
index e8dc4f55bb5..a131b99a6cf 100644
--- a/mne/io/base.py
+++ b/mne/io/base.py
@@ -1421,7 +1421,7 @@ def save(self, fname, picks=None, tmin=0, tmax=None, buffer_size_sec=None,
                    '_meg.fif', '_eeg.fif', '_ieeg.fif')
         endings += tuple([f'{e}.gz' for e in endings])
         endings_err = ('.fif', '.fif.gz')
-        fname = _check_fname()
+        fname = _check_fname(fname)
         check_fname(fname, 'raw', endings, endings_err=endings_err)
 
         split_size = _get_split_size(split_size)

From e09fcf432910809d906db72cb44e6383fcfb8c4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Nov 2021 20:55:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 16/23] Set overwrite=True

---
 mne/io/base.py | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mne/io/base.py b/mne/io/base.py
index a131b99a6cf..4cbeffbd1c6 100644
--- a/mne/io/base.py
+++ b/mne/io/base.py
@@ -1421,7 +1421,9 @@ def save(self, fname, picks=None, tmin=0, tmax=None, buffer_size_sec=None,
                    '_meg.fif', '_eeg.fif', '_ieeg.fif')
         endings += tuple([f'{e}.gz' for e in endings])
         endings_err = ('.fif', '.fif.gz')
-        fname = _check_fname(fname)
+
+        # convert to str, check for overwrite a few lines later
+        fname = _check_fname(fname, overwrite=True)
         check_fname(fname, 'raw', endings, endings_err=endings_err)
 
         split_size = _get_split_size(split_size)

From 784a7691ab75754808ae756eedcc82ae7d123076 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Nov 2021 21:33:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 17/23] Fix more joins

---
 mne/conftest.py                    | 2 +-
 mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mne/conftest.py b/mne/conftest.py
index fbea072900d..d8f335fa594 100644
--- a/mne/conftest.py
+++ b/mne/conftest.py
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ def pixel_ratio():
 def subjects_dir_tmp(tmp_path):
     """Copy MNE-testing-data subjects_dir to a temp dir for manipulation."""
     for key in ('sample', 'fsaverage'):
-        shutil.copytree(op.join(subjects_dir, key), str(tmp_path.join(key)))
+        shutil.copytree(op.join(subjects_dir, key), str(tmp_path / key))
     return str(tmp_path)
 
 
diff --git a/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py b/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py
index 7709799bdd2..5972df336b8 100644
--- a/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py
+++ b/mne/viz/_brain/tests/test_brain.py
@@ -482,12 +482,12 @@ def tiny(tmp_path):
     rr = rng.randn(4, 3)
     tris = np.array([[0, 1, 2], [2, 1, 3]])
     curv = rng.randn(len(rr))
-    with open(surf_dir.join('lh.curv'), 'wb') as fid:
+    with open(surf_dir / 'lh.curv', 'wb') as fid:
         fid.write(np.array([255, 255, 255], dtype=np.uint8))
         fid.write(np.array([len(rr), 0, 1], dtype='>i4'))
         fid.write(curv.astype('>f4'))
-    write_surface(surf_dir.join('lh.white'), rr, tris)
-    write_surface(surf_dir.join('rh.white'), rr, tris)  # needed for vertex tc
+    write_surface(surf_dir / 'lh.white', rr, tris)
+    write_surface(surf_dir / 'rh.white', rr, tris)  # needed for vertex tc
     vertices = [np.arange(len(rr)), []]
     data = rng.randn(len(rr), 10)
     stc = SourceEstimate(data, vertices, 0, 1, subject)

From 983e5612dd6f844f0636ae7ee960563d0a531311 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Nov 2021 22:34:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 18/23] Missing parens

---
 mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py b/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
index d1f8cc4a203..56a5216b4a0 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ def test_volume_stc(tmp_path):
             stc = VolVectorSourceEstimate(data, [vertno], 0, 1)
             ext = 'h5'
             klass = VolVectorSourceEstimate
-        fname_temp = tmp_path / 'temp-vl.' + ext
+        fname_temp = tmp_path / ('temp-vl.' + ext)
         stc_new = stc
         n = 3 if ext == 'h5' else 2
         for ii in range(n):

From f8746f1bb3a49d6784855213e793a1d4ae263b24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Nov 2021 11:10:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 19/23] Replace more tmpdir with tmp_path

---
 mne/gui/tests/test_coreg_gui.py | 11 ++++-------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mne/gui/tests/test_coreg_gui.py b/mne/gui/tests/test_coreg_gui.py
index 56c38bb4385..3ea1486ed1a 100644
--- a/mne/gui/tests/test_coreg_gui.py
+++ b/mne/gui/tests/test_coreg_gui.py
@@ -385,12 +385,11 @@ def GetEventPosition(self):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     'inst_path', (raw_path, 'gen_montage', ctf_raw_path, nirx_15_0_raw_path,
                   nirsport2_raw_path, snirf_nirsport2_raw_path))
-def test_coreg_gui_pyvista_file_support(inst_path, tmpdir,
+def test_coreg_gui_pyvista_file_support(inst_path, tmp_path,
                                         renderer_interactive_pyvistaqt):
     """Test reading supported files."""
     from mne.gui import coregistration
 
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
     if inst_path == 'gen_montage':
         # generate a montage fig to use as inst.
         tmp_info = read_info(raw_path)
@@ -401,7 +400,7 @@ def test_coreg_gui_pyvista_file_support(inst_path, tmpdir,
 
         dig = DigMontage(dig=tmp_info['dig'],
                          ch_names=eeg_chans)
-        inst_path = op.join(tempdir, 'tmp-dig.fif')
+        inst_path = tmp_path / 'tmp-dig.fif'
         dig.save(inst_path)
 
     # Suppressing warnings here is not ideal.
@@ -416,13 +415,11 @@ def test_coreg_gui_pyvista_file_support(inst_path, tmpdir,
 
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
 @testing.requires_testing_data
-def test_coreg_gui_pyvista(tmpdir, renderer_interactive_pyvistaqt):
+def test_coreg_gui_pyvista(tmp_path, renderer_interactive_pyvistaqt):
     """Test that using CoregistrationUI matches mne coreg."""
     from mne.gui import coregistration
-    tempdir = str(tmpdir)
     config = get_config(home_dir=os.environ.get('_MNE_FAKE_HOME_DIR'))
-    tmp_trans = op.join(tempdir, 'tmp-trans.fif')
-
+    tmp_trans = tmp_path / 'tmp-trans.fif'
     coreg = coregistration(subject='sample', subjects_dir=subjects_dir,
                            trans=fname_trans)
     assert not coreg._lock_fids

From f44ee99825a425ad3db3d1f480f957650b6e3429 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Nov 2021 12:14:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 20/23] Convert Path to str

---
 mne/gui/_coreg.py | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/mne/gui/_coreg.py b/mne/gui/_coreg.py
index fb319bfe751..ac5861eaf29 100644
--- a/mne/gui/_coreg.py
+++ b/mne/gui/_coreg.py
@@ -230,6 +230,8 @@ def _set_info_file(self, fname):
             self._widgets["info_file"].set_value(0, '')
             return
 
+        fname = _check_fname(fname)  # convert to str
+
         # ctf ds `files` are actually directories
         if fname.endswith(('.ds',)):
             self._info_file = _check_fname(

From 46604490a633c0baed0dcb57652102c6b5734be9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Nov 2021 13:21:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 21/23] Overwrite

---
 mne/gui/_coreg.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mne/gui/_coreg.py b/mne/gui/_coreg.py
index ac5861eaf29..4c859f6c99b 100644
--- a/mne/gui/_coreg.py
+++ b/mne/gui/_coreg.py
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ def _set_info_file(self, fname):
             self._widgets["info_file"].set_value(0, '')
             return
 
-        fname = _check_fname(fname)  # convert to str
+        fname = _check_fname(fname, overwrite=True)  # convert to str
 
         # ctf ds `files` are actually directories
         if fname.endswith(('.ds',)):

From a70f25c783f722eb82c6dc2c1585ec136f880aad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clemens Brunner <clemens.brunner@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Nov 2021 14:42:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 22/23] Forgot merge conflict

---
 mne/tests/test_epochs.py | 4 ----
 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
index ca2f11e09a4..26c544084d8 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
@@ -1243,12 +1243,8 @@ def test_split_saving(tmp_path, split_size, n_epochs, n_files, size, metadata,
     assert op.isfile(split_fname_bids_part1)
 
 
-<<<<<<< HEAD
 @pytest.mark.slowtest
-def test_split_many_reset(tmpdir):
-=======
 def test_split_many_reset(tmp_path):
->>>>>>> 50051e845 (Replace tmpdir with tmp_path)
     """Test splitting with many events and using reset."""
     data = np.zeros((1000, 1, 1024))  # 1 ch, 1024 samples
     assert data[0, 0].nbytes == 8192  # 8 kB per epoch

From 1c2e4442deec80f13a917b4c121d761e3b4bbdef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Eric Larson <larson.eric.d@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Nov 2021 15:49:53 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 23/23] FIX: Specific

---
 mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py b/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
index 56a5216b4a0..4f20833b360 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_source_estimate.py
@@ -437,7 +437,9 @@ def test_io_stc_h5(tmp_path, is_complex, vector):
         stc = _fake_vec_stc(is_complex=is_complex)
     else:
         stc = _fake_stc(is_complex=is_complex)
-    pytest.raises(ValueError, stc.save, tmp_path / 'tmp', ftype='foo')
+    match = 'can only be written' if vector else "Invalid value for the 'ftype"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=match):
+        stc.save(tmp_path / 'tmp.h5', ftype='foo')
     out_name = str(tmp_path / 'tmp')
     stc.save(out_name, ftype='h5')
     stc.save(out_name, ftype='h5')  # test overwrite