diff --git a/src/channel.js b/src/channel.js
index 3a6b468c86..e5b8460d98 100644
--- a/src/channel.js
+++ b/src/channel.js
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ export function Channel(data, {scale, type, value, filter, hint}) {
   };
 }
 
-export function channelObject(channelDescriptors, data) {
+export function Channels(channelDescriptors, data) {
   const channels = {};
-  for (const channel of channelDescriptors) {
-    channels[channel.name] = Channel(data, channel);
+  for (const name in channelDescriptors) {
+    channels[name] = Channel(data, channelDescriptors[name]);
   }
   return channels;
 }
diff --git a/src/marks/dot.js b/src/marks/dot.js
index d57b8c6559..82a174430b 100644
--- a/src/marks/dot.js
+++ b/src/marks/dot.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-import {path, symbolCircle} from "d3";
+import {path, select, symbolCircle} from "d3";
 import {create} from "../context.js";
 import {positive} from "../defined.js";
 import {identity, maybeFrameAnchor, maybeNumberChannel, maybeTuple} from "../options.js";
 import {Mark} from "../plot.js";
-import {applyChannelStyles, applyDirectStyles, applyFrameAnchor, applyIndirectStyles, applyTransform} from "../style.js";
+import {applyAttr, applyChannelStyles, applyDirectStyles, applyFrameAnchor, applyIndirectStyles, applyTransform} from "../style.js";
 import {maybeSymbolChannel} from "../symbols.js";
 import {sort} from "../transforms/basic.js";
 import {maybeIntervalMidX, maybeIntervalMidY} from "../transforms/interval.js";
@@ -42,10 +42,9 @@ export class Dot extends Mark {
     // appropriate default symbols based on whether the dots are filled or
     // stroked, and for the symbol legend to match the appearance of the dots.
     const {channels} = this;
-    const symbolChannel = channels.find(({scale}) => scale === "symbol");
+    const {symbol: symbolChannel} = channels;
     if (symbolChannel) {
-      const fillChannel = channels.find(({name}) => name === "fill");
-      const strokeChannel = channels.find(({name}) => name === "stroke");
+      const {fill: fillChannel, stroke: strokeChannel} = channels;
       symbolChannel.hint = {
         fill: fillChannel ? (fillChannel.value === symbolChannel.value ? "color" : "currentColor") : this.fill,
         stroke: strokeChannel ? (strokeChannel.value === symbolChannel.value ? "color" : "currentColor") : this.stroke
@@ -89,6 +88,44 @@ export class Dot extends Mark {
             .call(applyChannelStyles, this, channels))
       .node();
   }
+  // TODO Support symbols.
+  // TODO Support other things being changed besides x and y channels.
+  // TODO Memoize the selection for faster updates?
+  // TODO Access to old channels as well as new channels.
+  renderUpdate(g, index, scales, channels) {
+    const {x: X, y: Y} = channels;
+    select(g).selectChildren()
+        .call(applyAttr, "cx", X && (i => X[i]))
+        .call(applyAttr, "cy", Y && (i => Y[i]));
+  }
+  renderAnimation(g, index, scales, channels, timing) {
+    const {x: X, y: Y} = channels;
+    const finishes = [];
+    const mark = this;
+    select(g).selectChildren().each(function(i) {
+      const animation = this.animate(
+        [{cx: X ? X[i] : undefined, cy: Y ? Y[i] : undefined}],
+        // TODO Should this be mark.data here (which is not arrayify’d), or
+        // should it be the transformed data that is in stateByMark, which would
+        // need to be passed-in to this function, perhaps as a “data” channel?
+        typeof timing === "function" ? timing(mark.data[i], i) : timing
+      );
+      // Per the spec: “Authors are discouraged from using fill modes to produce
+      // animations whose effect is applied indefinitely… [Fill modes] produce
+      // situations where animation state would be accumulated indefinitely
+      // necessitating the automatic removal of animations defined in §5.5
+      // Replacing animations. Furthermore, indefinitely filling animations can
+      // cause changes to specified style to be ineffective long after all
+      // animations have completed since the animation style takes precedence in
+      // the CSS cascade [css-cascade-3].”
+      // https://drafts.csswg.org/web-animations-1/#example-515a2006
+      finishes.push(animation.finished.then(() => {
+        if (X) this.setAttribute("cx", X[i]);
+        if (Y) this.setAttribute("cy", Y[i]);
+      }));
+    });
+    return Promise.all(finishes);
+  }
 }
 
 export function dot(data, {x, y, ...options} = {}) {
diff --git a/src/plot.js b/src/plot.js
index c34571fb50..9448fc1df0 100644
--- a/src/plot.js
+++ b/src/plot.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import {cross, difference, groups, InternMap, select} from "d3";
 import {Axes, autoAxisTicks, autoScaleLabels} from "./axes.js";
-import {Channel, channelObject, channelDomain, valueObject} from "./channel.js";
+import {Channel, Channels, channelDomain, valueObject} from "./channel.js";
 import {Context, create} from "./context.js";
 import {defined} from "./defined.js";
 import {Dimensions} from "./dimensions.js";
@@ -198,6 +198,9 @@ export function plot(options = {}) {
           context
         ));
     }
+    for (const state of stateByMark.values()) {
+      state.nodes = new Array(facets.length);
+    }
     selection.selectAll()
       .data(facetKeys(scales).filter(indexByFacet.has, indexByFacet))
       .enter()
@@ -206,16 +209,20 @@ export function plot(options = {}) {
         .attr("transform", facetTranslate(fx, fy))
         .each(function(key) {
           const j = indexByFacet.get(key);
-          for (const [mark, {channels, values, facets}] of stateByMark) {
+          for (const [mark, state] of stateByMark) {
+            const {channels, values, facets} = state;
             const facet = facets ? mark.filter(facets[j] ?? facets[0], channels, values) : null;
             const node = mark.render(facet, scales, values, subdimensions, context);
+            state.nodes[j] = node;
             if (node != null) this.appendChild(node);
           }
         });
   } else {
-    for (const [mark, {channels, values, facets}] of stateByMark) {
+    for (const [mark, state] of stateByMark) {
+      const {channels, values, facets} = state;
       const facet = facets ? mark.filter(facets[0], channels, values) : null;
       const node = mark.render(facet, scales, values, dimensions, context);
+      state.nodes = [node];
       if (node != null) svg.appendChild(node);
     }
   }
@@ -239,6 +246,33 @@ export function plot(options = {}) {
   figure.scale = exposeScales(scaleDescriptors);
   figure.legend = exposeLegends(scaleDescriptors, context, options);
 
+  // TODO Combine multiple updates.
+  // TODO Update scale domains and axes.
+  // TODO Apply valueof for channel values expressed as accessors.
+  // TODO Reuse an existing array when instantiating channel values.
+  // TODO Re-apply transforms and initializers?
+  // TODO Update mark state.
+  // TODO If mark.update returns a node, replace the old one?
+  figure.replot = ({mark, data, animation, ...options}) => {
+    const {facets, nodes} = stateByMark.get(mark);
+    const channels = {};
+    for (const name in options) {
+      const channel = mark.channels[name];
+      if (!channel) throw new Error(`missing channel: ${name}`);
+      channels[name] = {value: options[name], scale: channel.scale};
+    }
+    const values = valueObject(channels, scales);
+    const promises = [];
+    for (let i = 0, n = facets.length; i < n; ++i) {
+      if (animation === undefined) {
+        mark.renderUpdate(nodes[i], facets[i], scales, values);
+      } else {
+        promises.push(mark.renderAnimation(nodes[i], facets[i], scales, values, animation));
+      }
+    }
+    return Promise.all(promises);
+  };
+
   const w = consumeWarnings();
   if (w > 0) {
     select(svg).append("text")
@@ -266,7 +300,7 @@ export class Mark {
     this.facet = facet == null || facet === false ? null : keyword(facet === true ? "include" : facet, "facet", ["auto", "include", "exclude"]);
     if (extraChannels !== undefined) channels = [...channels, ...extraChannels.filter(e => !channels.some(c => c.name === e.name))];
     if (defaults !== undefined) channels = [...channels, ...styles(this, options, defaults)];
-    this.channels = channels.filter(channel => {
+    this.channels = Object.fromEntries(channels.filter(channel => {
       const {name, value, optional} = channel;
       if (value == null) {
         if (optional) return false;
@@ -278,7 +312,7 @@ export class Mark {
       if (names.has(key)) throw new Error(`duplicate channel: ${key}`);
       names.add(key);
       return true;
-    });
+    }).map(channel => [channel.name, channel]));
     this.dx = +dx || 0;
     this.dy = +dy || 0;
     this.clip = maybeClip(clip);
@@ -287,7 +321,7 @@ export class Mark {
     let data = arrayify(this.data);
     if (facets === undefined && data != null) facets = [range(data)];
     if (this.transform != null) ({facets, data} = this.transform(data, facets)), data = arrayify(data);
-    const channels = channelObject(this.channels, data);
+    const channels = Channels(this.channels, data);
     if (this.sort != null) channelDomain(channels, facetChannels, data, this.sort);
     return {data, facets, channels};
   }
diff --git a/test/jsdom.js b/test/jsdom.js
index 94e9193c25..50554cdd51 100644
--- a/test/jsdom.js
+++ b/test/jsdom.js
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ function withJsdom(run) {
     global.Node = jsdom.window.Node;
     global.NodeList = jsdom.window.NodeList;
     global.HTMLCollection = jsdom.window.HTMLCollection;
+    global.requestAnimationFrame = setImmediate;
+    global.cancelAnimationFrame = clearImmediate;
     global.fetch = async (href) => new Response(path.resolve("./test", href));
     try {
       return await run();
@@ -35,6 +37,8 @@ function withJsdom(run) {
       delete global.Node;
       delete global.NodeList;
       delete global.HTMLCollection;
+      delete global.requestAnimationFrame;
+      delete global.cancelAnimationFrame;
       delete global.fetch;
     }
   };
diff --git a/test/marks/area-test.js b/test/marks/area-test.js
index ed765446e7..934a8dbabb 100644
--- a/test/marks/area-test.js
+++ b/test/marks/area-test.js
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ it("area(data, options) has the expected defaults", () => {
   const area = Plot.area(undefined, {x1: "0", y1: "1"});
   assert.strictEqual(area.data, undefined);
   // assert.strictEqual(area.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(area.channels.map(c => c.name), ["x1", "y1"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(area.channels.map(c => c.value), ["0", "1"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(area.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(area.channels), ["x1", "y1"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(area.channels).map(c => c.value), ["0", "1"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(area.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y"]);
   assert.strictEqual(area.curve, curveLinear);
   assert.strictEqual(area.fill, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(area.fillOpacity, undefined);
@@ -26,28 +26,28 @@ it("area(data, options) has the expected defaults", () => {
 
 it("area(data, {x1, y1, y2}) specifies an optional y2 channel", () => {
   const area = Plot.area(undefined, {x1: "0", y1: "1", y2: "2"});
-  const y2 = area.channels.find(c => c.name === "y2");
+  const {y2} = area.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(y2.value, "2");
   assert.strictEqual(y2.scale, "y");
 });
 
 it("area(data, {x1, x2, y1}) specifies an optional x2 channel", () => {
   const area = Plot.area(undefined, {x1: "0", x2: "1", y1: "2"});
-  const x2 = area.channels.find(c => c.name === "x2");
+  const {x2} = area.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(x2.value, "1");
   assert.strictEqual(x2.scale, "x");
 });
 
 it("area(data, {z}) specifies an optional z channel", () => {
   const area = Plot.area(undefined, {x1: "0", y1: "1", z: "2"});
-  const z = area.channels.find(c => c.name === "z");
+  const {z} = area.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(z.value, "2");
   assert.strictEqual(z.scale, undefined);
 });
 
 it("area(data, {title}) specifies an optional title channel", () => {
   const area = Plot.area(undefined, {x1: "0", y1: "1", title: "2"});
-  const title = area.channels.find(c => c.name === "title");
+  const {title} = area.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(title.value, "2");
   assert.strictEqual(title.scale, undefined);
 });
@@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ it("area(data, {fill}) allows fill to be null", () => {
 it("area(data, {fill}) allows fill to be a variable color", () => {
   const area = Plot.area(undefined, {x1: "0", y1: "1", fill: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(area.fill, undefined);
-  const fill = area.channels.find(c => c.name === "fill");
+  const {fill} = area.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(fill.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(fill.scale, "color");
 });
 
 it("area(data, {fill}) implies a default z channel if fill is variable", () => {
   const area = Plot.area(undefined, {x1: "0", y1: "1", fill: "2", stroke: "3"}); // fill takes priority
-  const z = area.channels.find(c => c.name === "z");
+  const {z} = area.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(z.value, "2");
   assert.strictEqual(z.scale, undefined);
 });
@@ -90,14 +90,14 @@ it("area(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be null", () => {
 it("area(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be a variable color", () => {
   const area = Plot.area(undefined, {x1: "0", y1: "1", stroke: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(area.stroke, undefined);
-  const stroke = area.channels.find(c => c.name === "stroke");
+  const {stroke} = area.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.scale, "color");
 });
 
 it("area(data, {stroke}) implies a default z channel if stroke is variable", () => {
   const area = Plot.area(undefined, {x1: "0", y1: "1", stroke: "2"});
-  const z = area.channels.find(c => c.name === "z");
+  const {z} = area.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(z.value, "2");
   assert.strictEqual(z.scale, undefined);
 });
@@ -109,26 +109,26 @@ it("area(data, {curve}) specifies a named curve or function", () => {
 
 it("areaX(data, {x, y}) defaults x1 to zero, x2 to x, and y1 to y", () => {
   const area = Plot.areaX(undefined, {x: "0", y: "1"});
-  const x1 = area.channels.find(c => c.name === "x1");
+  const {x1} = area.channels;
   // assert.strictEqual(x1.value, 0);
   assert.strictEqual(x1.scale, "x");
-  const x2 = area.channels.find(c => c.name === "x2");
+  const {x2} = area.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(x2.value.label, "0");
   assert.strictEqual(x2.scale, "x");
-  const y1 = area.channels.find(c => c.name === "y1");
+  const {y1} = area.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(y1.value, "1");
   assert.strictEqual(y1.scale, "y");
 });
 
 it("areaY(data, {x, y}) defaults x1 to x, y1 to zero, and y2 to y", () => {
   const area = Plot.areaY(undefined, {x: "0", y: "1"});
-  const x1 = area.channels.find(c => c.name === "x1");
+  const {x1} = area.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(x1.value, "0");
   assert.strictEqual(x1.scale, "x");
-  const y1 = area.channels.find(c => c.name === "y1");
+  const {y1} = area.channels;
   // assert.strictEqual(y1.value, 0);
   assert.strictEqual(y1.scale, "y");
-  const y2 = area.channels.find(c => c.name === "y2");
+  const {y2} = area.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(y2.value.label, "1");
   assert.strictEqual(y2.scale, "y");
 });
diff --git a/test/marks/bar-test.js b/test/marks/bar-test.js
index 55e3c43bbf..0e92350c2a 100644
--- a/test/marks/bar-test.js
+++ b/test/marks/bar-test.js
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ it("barX() has the expected defaults", () => {
   const bar = Plot.barX();
   assert.strictEqual(bar.data, undefined);
   // assert.strictEqual(bar.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(bar.channels.map(c => c.name), ["x1", "x2", "y"]);
-  // assert.deepStrictEqual(bar.channels.map(c => Plot.valueof([1, 2, 3], c.value)), [[0, 0, 0], [1, 2, 3]]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(bar.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["x", "x", "y"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(bar.channels), ["x1", "x2", "y"]);
+  // assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(bar.channels).map(c => Plot.valueof([1, 2, 3], c.value)), [[0, 0, 0], [1, 2, 3]]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(bar.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["x", "x", "y"]);
   assert.strictEqual(bar.fill, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(bar.fillOpacity, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(bar.stroke, undefined);
@@ -28,15 +28,15 @@ it("barX() has the expected defaults", () => {
 
 it("barX(data, {y}) uses a band scale", () => {
   const bar = Plot.barX(undefined, {y: "x"});
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(bar.channels.map(c => c.name), ["x1", "x2", "y"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(bar.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["x", "x", "y"]);
-  assert.strictEqual(bar.channels.find(c => c.name === "y").type, "band");
-  assert.strictEqual(bar.channels.find(c => c.name === "y").value.label, "x");
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(bar.channels), ["x1", "x2", "y"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(bar.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["x", "x", "y"]);
+  assert.strictEqual(bar.channels.y.type, "band");
+  assert.strictEqual(bar.channels.y.value.label, "x");
 });
 
 it("barX(data, {title}) specifies an optional title channel", () => {
   const bar = Plot.barX(undefined, {title: "x"});
-  const title = bar.channels.find(c => c.name === "title");
+  const {title} = bar.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(title.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(title.scale, undefined);
 });
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ it("barX(data, {fill}) allows fill to be null", () => {
 it("barX(data, {fill}) allows fill to be a variable color", () => {
   const bar = Plot.barX(undefined, {fill: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(bar.fill, undefined);
-  const fill = bar.channels.find(c => c.name === "fill");
+  const {fill} = bar.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(fill.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(fill.scale, "color");
 });
@@ -72,20 +72,20 @@ it("barX(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be null", () => {
 it("barX(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be a variable color", () => {
   const bar = Plot.barX(undefined, {stroke: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(bar.stroke, undefined);
-  const stroke = bar.channels.find(c => c.name === "stroke");
+  const {stroke} = bar.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.scale, "color");
 });
 
 it("barX(data, {x, y}) defaults x1 to zero and x2 to x", () => {
   const bar = Plot.barX(undefined, {x: "0", y: "1"});
-  const x1 = bar.channels.find(c => c.name === "x1");
+  const {x1} = bar.channels;
   // assert.strictEqual(x1.value, 0);
   assert.strictEqual(x1.scale, "x");
-  const x2 = bar.channels.find(c => c.name === "x2");
+  const {x2} = bar.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(x2.value.label, "0");
   assert.strictEqual(x2.scale, "x");
-  const y = bar.channels.find(c => c.name === "y");
+  const {y} = bar.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(y.value.label, "1");
   assert.strictEqual(y.scale, "y");
 });
@@ -99,9 +99,9 @@ it("barY() has the expected defaults", () => {
   const bar = Plot.barY();
   assert.strictEqual(bar.data, undefined);
   // assert.strictEqual(bar.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(bar.channels.map(c => c.name), ["y1", "y2", "x"]);
-  // assert.deepStrictEqual(bar.channels.map(c => Plot.valueof([1, 2, 3], c.value)), [[0, 0, 0], [1, 2, 3]]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(bar.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["y", "y", "x"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(bar.channels), ["y1", "y2", "x"]);
+  // assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(bar.channels).map(c => Plot.valueof([1, 2, 3], c.value)), [[0, 0, 0], [1, 2, 3]]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(bar.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["y", "y", "x"]);
   assert.strictEqual(bar.fill, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(bar.fillOpacity, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(bar.stroke, undefined);
@@ -122,15 +122,15 @@ it("barY() has the expected defaults", () => {
 
 it("barY(data, {x}) uses a band scale", () => {
   const bar = Plot.barY(undefined, {x: "y"});
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(bar.channels.map(c => c.name), ["y1", "y2", "x"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(bar.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["y", "y", "x"]);
-  assert.strictEqual(bar.channels.find(c => c.name === "x").type, "band");
-  assert.strictEqual(bar.channels.find(c => c.name === "x").value.label, "y");
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(bar.channels), ["y1", "y2", "x"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(bar.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["y", "y", "x"]);
+  assert.strictEqual(bar.channels.x.type, "band");
+  assert.strictEqual(bar.channels.x.value.label, "y");
 });
 
 it("barY(data, {title}) specifies an optional title channel", () => {
   const bar = Plot.barY(undefined, {title: "x"});
-  const title = bar.channels.find(c => c.name === "title");
+  const {title} = bar.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(title.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(title.scale, undefined);
 });
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ it("barY(data, {fill}) allows fill to be null", () => {
 it("barY(data, {fill}) allows fill to be a variable color", () => {
   const bar = Plot.barY(undefined, {fill: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(bar.fill, undefined);
-  const fill = bar.channels.find(c => c.name === "fill");
+  const {fill} = bar.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(fill.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(fill.scale, "color");
 });
@@ -166,20 +166,20 @@ it("barY(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be null", () => {
 it("barY(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be a variable color", () => {
   const bar = Plot.barY(undefined, {stroke: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(bar.stroke, undefined);
-  const stroke = bar.channels.find(c => c.name === "stroke");
+  const {stroke} = bar.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.scale, "color");
 });
 
 it("barY(data, {x, y}) defaults y1 to zero and y2 to y", () => {
   const bar = Plot.barY(undefined, {x: "0", y: "1"});
-  const x = bar.channels.find(c => c.name === "x");
+  const {x} = bar.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(x.value.label, "0");
   assert.strictEqual(x.scale, "x");
-  const y1 = bar.channels.find(c => c.name === "y1");
+  const {y1} = bar.channels;
   // assert.strictEqual(y1.value, 0);
   assert.strictEqual(y1.scale, "y");
-  const y2 = bar.channels.find(c => c.name === "y2");
+  const {y2} = bar.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(y2.value.label, "1");
   assert.strictEqual(y2.scale, "y");
 });
diff --git a/test/marks/cell-test.js b/test/marks/cell-test.js
index f5363cb4cd..978d6d9d6e 100644
--- a/test/marks/cell-test.js
+++ b/test/marks/cell-test.js
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ it("cell() has the expected defaults", () => {
   const cell = Plot.cell();
   assert.strictEqual(cell.data, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(cell.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(cell.channels.map(c => c.name), ["x", "y"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(cell.channels.map(c => Plot.valueof([[1, 2], [3, 4]], c.value)), [[1, 3], [2, 4]]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(cell.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y"]);
-  assert.strictEqual(cell.channels.find(c => c.name === "x").type, "band");
-  assert.strictEqual(cell.channels.find(c => c.name === "y").type, "band");
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(cell.channels), ["x", "y"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(cell.channels).map(c => Plot.valueof([[1, 2], [3, 4]], c.value)), [[1, 3], [2, 4]]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(cell.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y"]);
+  assert.strictEqual(cell.channels.x.type, "band");
+  assert.strictEqual(cell.channels.y.type, "band");
   assert.strictEqual(cell.fill, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(cell.fillOpacity, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(cell.stroke, undefined);
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ it("cell() has the expected defaults", () => {
 
 it("cell(data, {title}) specifies an optional title channel", () => {
   const cell = Plot.cell(undefined, {title: "x"});
-  const title = cell.channels.find(c => c.name === "title");
+  const {title} = cell.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(title.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(title.scale, undefined);
 });
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ it("cell(data, {fill}) allows fill to be null", () => {
 it("cell(data, {fill}) allows fill to be a variable color", () => {
   const cell = Plot.cell(undefined, {fill: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(cell.fill, undefined);
-  const fill = cell.channels.find(c => c.name === "fill");
+  const {fill} = cell.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(fill.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(fill.scale, "color");
 });
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ it("cell(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be null", () => {
 it("cell(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be a variable color", () => {
   const cell = Plot.cell(undefined, {stroke: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(cell.stroke, undefined);
-  const stroke = cell.channels.find(c => c.name === "stroke");
+  const {stroke} = cell.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.scale, "color");
 });
@@ -75,18 +75,18 @@ it("cellX() defaults x to identity and y to null", () => {
   const cell = Plot.cellX();
   assert.strictEqual(cell.data, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(cell.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(cell.channels.map(c => c.name), ["x", "fill"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(cell.channels.map(c => Plot.valueof([1, 2, 3], c.value)), [[ 0, 1, 2 ], [ 1, 2, 3 ]]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(cell.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["x", "color"]);
-  assert.strictEqual(cell.channels.find(c => c.name === "x").type, "band");
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(cell.channels), ["x", "fill"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(cell.channels).map(c => Plot.valueof([1, 2, 3], c.value)), [[ 0, 1, 2 ], [ 1, 2, 3 ]]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(cell.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["x", "color"]);
+  assert.strictEqual(cell.channels.x.type, "band");
 });
 
 it("cellY() defaults y to identity and x to null", () => {
   const cell = Plot.cellY();
   assert.strictEqual(cell.data, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(cell.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(cell.channels.map(c => c.name), ["y", "fill"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(cell.channels.map(c => Plot.valueof([1, 2, 3], c.value)), [[ 0, 1, 2 ], [ 1, 2, 3 ]]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(cell.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["y", "color"]);
-  assert.strictEqual(cell.channels.find(c => c.name === "y").type, "band");
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(cell.channels), ["y", "fill"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(cell.channels).map(c => Plot.valueof([1, 2, 3], c.value)), [[ 0, 1, 2 ], [ 1, 2, 3 ]]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(cell.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["y", "color"]);
+  assert.strictEqual(cell.channels.y.type, "band");
 });
diff --git a/test/marks/dot-test.js b/test/marks/dot-test.js
index b1508b8b50..1b2dd96df8 100644
--- a/test/marks/dot-test.js
+++ b/test/marks/dot-test.js
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ it("dot() has the expected defaults", () => {
   const dot = Plot.dot();
   assert.strictEqual(dot.data, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(dot.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(dot.channels.map(c => c.name), ["x", "y"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(dot.channels.map(c => Plot.valueof([[1, 2], [3, 4]], c.value)), [[1, 3], [2, 4]]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(dot.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(dot.channels), ["x", "y"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(dot.channels).map(c => Plot.valueof([[1, 2], [3, 4]], c.value)), [[1, 3], [2, 4]]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(dot.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y"]);
   assert.strictEqual(dot.r, 3);
   assert.strictEqual(dot.fill, "none");
   assert.strictEqual(dot.fillOpacity, undefined);
@@ -35,14 +35,14 @@ it("dot(data, {r}) allows r to be a constant radius", () => {
 it("dot(data, {r}) allows r to be a variable radius", () => {
   const dot = Plot.dot(undefined, {r: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(dot.r, undefined);
-  const r = dot.channels.find(c => c.name === "r");
+  const {r} = dot.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(r.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(r.scale, "r");
 });
 
 it("dot(data, {title}) specifies an optional title channel", () => {
   const dot = Plot.dot(undefined, {title: "x"});
-  const title = dot.channels.find(c => c.name === "title");
+  const {title} = dot.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(title.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(title.scale, undefined);
 });
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ it("dot(data, {fill}) allows fill to be null", () => {
 it("dot(data, {fill}) allows fill to be a variable color", () => {
   const dot = Plot.dot(undefined, {fill: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(dot.fill, undefined);
-  const fill = dot.channels.find(c => c.name === "fill");
+  const {fill} = dot.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(fill.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(fill.scale, "color");
 });
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ it("dot(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be null", () => {
 it("dot(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be a variable color", () => {
   const dot = Plot.dot(undefined, {stroke: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(dot.stroke, undefined);
-  const stroke = dot.channels.find(c => c.name === "stroke");
+  const {stroke} = dot.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.scale, "color");
 });
diff --git a/test/marks/frame-test.js b/test/marks/frame-test.js
index b749eebce0..2eb6483c34 100644
--- a/test/marks/frame-test.js
+++ b/test/marks/frame-test.js
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ it("frame(options) has the expected defaults", () => {
   const frame = Plot.frame();
   assert.strictEqual(frame.data, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(frame.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(frame.channels, []);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(frame.channels, {});
   assert.strictEqual(frame.fill, "none");
   assert.strictEqual(frame.fillOpacity, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(frame.stroke, "currentColor");
diff --git a/test/marks/image-test.js b/test/marks/image-test.js
index 2a9f51dfd2..21e57e5c85 100644
--- a/test/marks/image-test.js
+++ b/test/marks/image-test.js
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ it("image(undefined, {src}) has the expected defaults", () => {
   const image = Plot.image(undefined, {src: "foo"});
   assert.strictEqual(image.data, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(image.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(image.channels.map(c => c.name), ["x", "y", "src"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(image.channels.map(c => Plot.valueof([[1, 2], [3, 4]], c.value)), [[1, 3], [2, 4], [undefined, undefined]]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(image.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y", undefined]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(image.channels), ["x", "y", "src"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(image.channels).map(c => Plot.valueof([[1, 2], [3, 4]], c.value)), [[1, 3], [2, 4], [undefined, undefined]]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(image.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y", undefined]);
   assert.strictEqual(image.width, 16);
   assert.strictEqual(image.height, 16);
   assert.strictEqual(image.preserveAspectRatio, undefined);
@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ it("image(data, {width, height, src}) allows width and height to be a variable a
   const image = Plot.image(undefined, {width: "x", height: "y", src: "foo"});
   assert.strictEqual(image.width, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(image.height, undefined);
-  const width = image.channels.find(c => c.name === "width");
-  const height = image.channels.find(c => c.name === "height");
+  const {width} = image.channels;
+  const {height} = image.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(width.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(height.value, "y");
 });
 
 it("image(data, {title, src}) specifies an optional title channel", () => {
   const image = Plot.image(undefined, {title: "x", src: "foo"});
-  const title = image.channels.find(c => c.name === "title");
+  const {title} = image.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(title.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(title.scale, undefined);
 });
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ it("image(data, {src}) allows src to be a constant", () => {
 
 it("image(data, {src}) allows src to be a channel", () => {
   const image = Plot.image(undefined, {src: "foo"});
-  const src = image.channels.find(c => c.name === "src");
+  const {src} = image.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(src.value, "foo");
   assert.strictEqual(src.scale, undefined);
 });
diff --git a/test/marks/line-test.js b/test/marks/line-test.js
index 855ec2f44f..d35f7b1e0a 100644
--- a/test/marks/line-test.js
+++ b/test/marks/line-test.js
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ it("line() has the expected defaults", () => {
   const line = Plot.line();
   assert.strictEqual(line.data, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(line.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(line.channels.map(c => c.name), ["x", "y"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(line.channels.map(c => Plot.valueof([[1, 2], [3, 4]], c.value)), [[1, 3], [2, 4]]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(line.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(line.channels), ["x", "y"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(line.channels).map(c => Plot.valueof([[1, 2], [3, 4]], c.value)), [[1, 3], [2, 4]]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(line.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y"]);
   assert.strictEqual(line.curve, curveLinear);
   assert.strictEqual(line.fill, "none");
   assert.strictEqual(line.fillOpacity, undefined);
@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ it("line() has the expected defaults", () => {
 
 it("line(data, {z}) specifies an optional z channel", () => {
   const line = Plot.line(undefined, {z: "2"});
-  const z = line.channels.find(c => c.name === "z");
+  const {z} = line.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(z.value, "2");
   assert.strictEqual(z.scale, undefined);
 });
 
 it("line(data, {title}) specifies an optional title channel", () => {
   const line = Plot.line(undefined, {title: "2"});
-  const title = line.channels.find(c => c.name === "title");
+  const {title} = line.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(title.value, "2");
   assert.strictEqual(title.scale, undefined);
 });
@@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ it("line(data, {fill}) allows fill to be null", () => {
 it("line(data, {fill}) allows fill to be a variable color", () => {
   const line = Plot.line(undefined, {fill: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(line.fill, undefined);
-  const fill = line.channels.find(c => c.name === "fill");
+  const {fill} = line.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(fill.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(fill.scale, "color");
 });
 
 it("line(data, {fill}) implies a default z channel if fill is variable", () => {
   const line = Plot.line(undefined, {fill: "2"});
-  const z = line.channels.find(c => c.name === "z");
+  const {z} = line.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(z.value, "2");
   assert.strictEqual(z.scale, undefined);
 });
@@ -81,14 +81,14 @@ it("line(data, {stroke}) implies no stroke width if stroke is null", () => {
 it("line(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be a variable color", () => {
   const line = Plot.line(undefined, {stroke: "x", fill: "3"}); // stroke takes priority
   assert.strictEqual(line.stroke, undefined);
-  const stroke = line.channels.find(c => c.name === "stroke");
+  const {stroke} = line.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.scale, "color");
 });
 
 it("line(data, {stroke}) implies a default z channel if stroke is variable", () => {
   const line = Plot.line(undefined, {stroke: "2"});
-  const z = line.channels.find(c => c.name === "z");
+  const {z} = line.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(z.value, "2");
   assert.strictEqual(z.scale, undefined);
 });
diff --git a/test/marks/link-test.js b/test/marks/link-test.js
index 3505e5b70f..8fc6c1482d 100644
--- a/test/marks/link-test.js
+++ b/test/marks/link-test.js
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ it("link(data, options) has the expected defaults", () => {
   const link = Plot.link(undefined, {x1: "0", y1: "1", x2: "2", y2: "3"});
   assert.strictEqual(link.data, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(link.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(link.channels.map(c => c.name), ["x1", "y1", "x2", "y2"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(link.channels.map(c => c.value), ["0", "1", "2", "3"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(link.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y", "x", "y"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(link.channels), ["x1", "y1", "x2", "y2"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(link.channels).map(c => c.value), ["0", "1", "2", "3"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(link.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y", "x", "y"]);
   assert.strictEqual(link.fill, "none");
   assert.strictEqual(link.fillOpacity, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(link.stroke, "currentColor");
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ it("link(data, options) has the expected defaults", () => {
 
 it("link(data, {title}) specifies an optional title channel", () => {
   const link = Plot.link(undefined, {x1: "0", y1: "1", x2: "2", y2: "3", title: "4"});
-  const title = link.channels.find(c => c.name === "title");
+  const {title} = link.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(title.value, "4");
   assert.strictEqual(title.scale, undefined);
 });
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ it("link(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be null", () => {
 it("link(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be a variable color", () => {
   const link = Plot.link(undefined, {x1: "0", y1: "1", x2: "2", y2: "3", stroke: "4"});
   assert.strictEqual(link.stroke, undefined);
-  const stroke = link.channels.find(c => c.name === "stroke");
+  const {stroke} = link.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.value, "4");
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.scale, "color");
 });
diff --git a/test/marks/rect-test.js b/test/marks/rect-test.js
index c66732aef1..7c06f7836a 100644
--- a/test/marks/rect-test.js
+++ b/test/marks/rect-test.js
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ it("rect(data, options) has the expected defaults", () => {
   const rect = Plot.rect(undefined, {x1: "0", y1: "1", x2: "2", y2: "3"});
   assert.strictEqual(rect.data, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(rect.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(rect.channels.map(c => c.name), ["x1", "y1", "x2", "y2"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(rect.channels.map(c => c.value), ["0", "1", "2", "3"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(rect.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y", "x", "y"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(rect.channels), ["x1", "y1", "x2", "y2"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(rect.channels).map(c => c.value), ["0", "1", "2", "3"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(rect.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y", "x", "y"]);
   assert.strictEqual(rect.fill, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(rect.fillOpacity, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(rect.stroke, undefined);
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ it("rect(data, options) has the expected defaults", () => {
 
 it("rect(data, {title}) specifies an optional title channel", () => {
   const rect = Plot.rect(undefined, {x1: "0", y1: "1", x2: "2", y2: "3", title: "4"});
-  const title = rect.channels.find(c => c.name === "title");
+  const {title} = rect.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(title.value, "4");
   assert.strictEqual(title.scale, undefined);
 });
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ it("rect(data, {fill}) allows fill to be null", () => {
 it("rect(data, {fill}) allows fill to be a variable color", () => {
   const rect = Plot.rect(undefined, {x1: "0", y1: "1", x2: "2", y2: "3", fill: "4"});
   assert.strictEqual(rect.fill, undefined);
-  const fill = rect.channels.find(c => c.name === "fill");
+  const {fill} = rect.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(fill.value, "4");
   assert.strictEqual(fill.scale, "color");
 });
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ it("rect(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be null", () => {
 it("rect(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be a variable color", () => {
   const rect = Plot.rect(undefined, {x1: "0", y1: "1", x2: "2", y2: "3", stroke: "4"});
   assert.strictEqual(rect.stroke, undefined);
-  const stroke = rect.channels.find(c => c.name === "stroke");
+  const {stroke} = rect.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.value, "4");
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.scale, "color");
 });
diff --git a/test/marks/rule-test.js b/test/marks/rule-test.js
index 4bd0ac475e..1e96889e6c 100644
--- a/test/marks/rule-test.js
+++ b/test/marks/rule-test.js
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ it("ruleX() has the expected defaults", () => {
   const rule = Plot.ruleX();
   assert.strictEqual(rule.data, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(rule.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(rule.channels.map(c => c.name), ["x"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(rule.channels.map(c => Plot.valueof([1, 2, 3], c.value)), [[1, 2, 3]]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(rule.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["x"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(rule.channels), ["x"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(rule.channels).map(c => Plot.valueof([1, 2, 3], c.value)), [[1, 2, 3]]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(rule.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["x"]);
   assert.strictEqual(rule.fill, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(rule.fillOpacity, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(rule.stroke, "currentColor");
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ it("ruleX() has the expected defaults", () => {
 
 it("ruleX(data, {title}) specifies an optional title channel", () => {
   const rule = Plot.ruleX(undefined, {title: "x"});
-  const title = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "title");
+  const {title} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(title.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(title.scale, undefined);
 });
@@ -42,50 +42,50 @@ it("ruleX(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be null", () => {
 it("ruleX(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be a variable color", () => {
   const rule = Plot.ruleX(undefined, {stroke: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(rule.stroke, undefined);
-  const stroke = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "stroke");
+  const {stroke} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.scale, "color");
 });
 
 it("ruleX(data, {x, y}) specifies y1 = zero, y2 = y", () => {
   const rule = Plot.ruleX(undefined, {x: "0", y: "1"});
-  const y1 = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "y1");
+  const {y1} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(y1.value, 0);
   assert.strictEqual(y1.scale, "y");
-  const y2 = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "y2");
+  const {y2} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(y2.value, "1");
   assert.strictEqual(y2.scale, "y");
 });
 
 it("ruleX(data, {x, y1}) specifies y1 = zero, y2 = y1", () => {
   const rule = Plot.ruleX(undefined, {x: "0", y1: "1"});
-  const y1 = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "y1");
+  const {y1} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(y1.value, 0);
   assert.strictEqual(y1.scale, "y");
-  const y2 = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "y2");
+  const {y2} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(y2.value, "1");
   assert.strictEqual(y2.scale, "y");
 });
 
 it("ruleX(data, {x, y2}) specifies y1 = zero, y2 = y2", () => {
   const rule = Plot.ruleX(undefined, {x: "0", y2: "1"});
-  const y1 = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "y1");
+  const {y1} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(y1.value, 0);
   assert.strictEqual(y1.scale, "y");
-  const y2 = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "y2");
+  const {y2} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(y2.value, "1");
   assert.strictEqual(y2.scale, "y");
 });
 
 it("ruleX(data, {x, y1, y2}) specifies x, y1, y2", () => {
   const rule = Plot.ruleX(undefined, {x: "0", y1: "1", y2: "2"});
-  const x = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "x");
+  const {x} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(x.value, "0");
   assert.strictEqual(x.scale, "x");
-  const y1 = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "y1");
+  const {y1} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(y1.value, "1");
   assert.strictEqual(y1.scale, "y");
-  const y2 = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "y2");
+  const {y2} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(y2.value, "2");
   assert.strictEqual(y2.scale, "y");
 });
@@ -94,9 +94,9 @@ it("ruleY() has the expected defaults", () => {
   const rule = Plot.ruleY();
   assert.strictEqual(rule.data, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(rule.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(rule.channels.map(c => c.name), ["y"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(rule.channels.map(c => Plot.valueof([1, 2, 3], c.value)), [[1, 2, 3]]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(rule.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["y"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(rule.channels), ["y"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(rule.channels).map(c => Plot.valueof([1, 2, 3], c.value)), [[1, 2, 3]]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(rule.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["y"]);
   assert.strictEqual(rule.fill, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(rule.fillOpacity, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(rule.stroke, "currentColor");
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ it("ruleY() has the expected defaults", () => {
 
 it("ruleY(data, {title}) specifies an optional title channel", () => {
   const rule = Plot.ruleY(undefined, {title: "x"});
-  const title = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "title");
+  const {title} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(title.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(title.scale, undefined);
 });
@@ -131,50 +131,50 @@ it("ruleY(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be null", () => {
 it("ruleY(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be a variable color", () => {
   const rule = Plot.ruleY(undefined, {stroke: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(rule.stroke, undefined);
-  const stroke = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "stroke");
+  const {stroke} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.scale, "color");
 });
 
 it("ruleY(data, {x, y}) specifies x1 = zero, x2 = x", () => {
   const rule = Plot.ruleY(undefined, {x: "0", y: "1"});
-  const x1 = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "x1");
+  const {x1} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(x1.value, 0);
   assert.strictEqual(x1.scale, "x");
-  const x2 = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "x2");
+  const {x2} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(x2.value, "0");
   assert.strictEqual(x2.scale, "x");
 });
 
 it("ruleY(data, {y, x1}) specifies x1 = zero, x2 = x1", () => {
   const rule = Plot.ruleY(undefined, {x1: "0", y: "1"});
-  const x1 = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "x1");
+  const {x1} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(x1.value, 0);
   assert.strictEqual(x1.scale, "x");
-  const x2 = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "x2");
+  const {x2} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(x2.value, "0");
   assert.strictEqual(x2.scale, "x");
 });
 
 it("ruleY(data, {y, x2}) specifies x1 = zero, x2 = x2", () => {
   const rule = Plot.ruleY(undefined, {x2: "0", y: "1"});
-  const x1 = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "x1");
+  const {x1} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(x1.value, 0);
   assert.strictEqual(x1.scale, "x");
-  const x2 = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "x2");
+  const {x2} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(x2.value, "0");
   assert.strictEqual(x2.scale, "x");
 });
 
 it("ruleY(data, {x1, x2, y}) specifies x1, x2, y", () => {
   const rule = Plot.ruleY(undefined, {x1: "0", x2: "1", y: "2"});
-  const x1 = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "x1");
+  const {x1} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(x1.value, "0");
   assert.strictEqual(x1.scale, "x");
-  const x2 = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "x2");
+  const {x2} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(x2.value, "1");
   assert.strictEqual(x2.scale, "x");
-  const y = rule.channels.find(c => c.name === "y");
+  const {y} = rule.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(y.value, "2");
   assert.strictEqual(y.scale, "y");
 });
diff --git a/test/marks/text-test.js b/test/marks/text-test.js
index 1c393980fd..6b1281bfb4 100644
--- a/test/marks/text-test.js
+++ b/test/marks/text-test.js
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ it("text() has the expected defaults", () => {
   const text = Plot.text();
   assert.strictEqual(text.data, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(text.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(text.channels.map(c => c.name), ["x", "y", "text"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(text.channels.map(c => Plot.valueof([[1, 2], [3, 4]], c.value)), [[1, 3], [2, 4], [0, 1]]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(text.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y", undefined]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(text.channels), ["x", "y", "text"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(text.channels).map(c => Plot.valueof([[1, 2], [3, 4]], c.value)), [[1, 3], [2, 4], [0, 1]]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(text.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y", undefined]);
   assert.strictEqual(text.fill, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(text.fillOpacity, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(text.stroke, undefined);
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ it("text(strings, {frameAnchor}) has the expected defaults", () => {
   const text = Plot.text(data, {frameAnchor: "middle"});
   assert.strictEqual(text.data, data);
   assert.strictEqual(text.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(text.channels.map(c => c.name), ["text"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(text.channels.map(c => Plot.valueof(data, c.value)), [data]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(text.channels), ["text"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(text.channels).map(c => Plot.valueof(data, c.value)), [data]);
   assert.strictEqual(text.textAnchor, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(text.lineAnchor, "middle");
   assert.strictEqual(text.frameAnchor, "middle");
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ it("text(dates, {frameAnchor}) has the expected defaults", () => {
   const text = Plot.text(data, {frameAnchor: "middle"});
   assert.strictEqual(text.data, data);
   assert.strictEqual(text.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(text.channels.map(c => c.name), ["text"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(text.channels.map(c => Plot.valueof(data, c.value)), [data]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(text.channels), ["text"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(text.channels).map(c => Plot.valueof(data, c.value)), [data]);
   assert.strictEqual(text.textAnchor, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(text.lineAnchor, "middle");
   assert.strictEqual(text.frameAnchor, "middle");
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ it("text(dates, {frameAnchor}) has the expected defaults", () => {
 
 it("text(data, {title}) specifies an optional title channel", () => {
   const text = Plot.text(undefined, {title: "x"});
-  const title = text.channels.find(c => c.name === "title");
+  const {title} = text.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(title.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(title.scale, undefined);
 });
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ it("text(data, {fill}) allows fill to be null", () => {
 it("text(data, {fill}) allows fill to be a variable color", () => {
   const text = Plot.text(undefined, {fill: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(text.fill, undefined);
-  const fill = text.channels.find(c => c.name === "fill");
+  const {fill} = text.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(fill.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(fill.scale, "color");
 });
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ it("text(data, {fontSize}) allows fontSize to be a number, length, keyword, or p
 it("text(data, {fontSize}) allows fontSize to be a channel", () => {
   const text = Plot.text(undefined, {fontSize: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(text.fontSize, undefined);
-  assert.strictEqual(text.channels.find(c => c.name === "fontSize").value, "x");
+  assert.strictEqual(text.channels.fontSize.value, "x");
 });
 
 it("text({length}) can take length-only data", () => {
diff --git a/test/marks/tick-test.js b/test/marks/tick-test.js
index 85f716f903..bc2c65bdf0 100644
--- a/test/marks/tick-test.js
+++ b/test/marks/tick-test.js
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ it("tickX() has the expected defaults", () => {
   const tick = Plot.tickX();
   assert.strictEqual(tick.data, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(tick.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(tick.channels.map(c => c.name), ["x"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(tick.channels.map(c => Plot.valueof([1, 2, 3], c.value)), [[1, 2, 3]]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(tick.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["x"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(tick.channels), ["x"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(tick.channels).map(c => Plot.valueof([1, 2, 3], c.value)), [[1, 2, 3]]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(tick.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["x"]);
   assert.strictEqual(tick.fill, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(tick.fillOpacity, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(tick.stroke, "currentColor");
@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ it("tickX() has the expected defaults", () => {
 
 it("tickX(data, {y}) uses a band scale", () => {
   const tick = Plot.tickX(undefined, {y: "x"});
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(tick.channels.map(c => c.name), ["x", "y"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(tick.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y"]);
-  assert.strictEqual(tick.channels.find(c => c.name === "y").type, "band");
-  assert.strictEqual(tick.channels.find(c => c.name === "y").value, "x");
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(tick.channels), ["x", "y"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(tick.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["x", "y"]);
+  assert.strictEqual(tick.channels.y.type, "band");
+  assert.strictEqual(tick.channels.y.value, "x");
 });
 
 it("tickX(data, {title}) specifies an optional title channel", () => {
   const tick = Plot.tickX(undefined, {title: "x"});
-  const title = tick.channels.find(c => c.name === "title");
+  const {title} = tick.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(title.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(title.scale, undefined);
 });
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ it("tickX(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be null", () => {
 it("tickX(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be a variable color", () => {
   const tick = Plot.tickX(undefined, {stroke: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(tick.stroke, undefined);
-  const stroke = tick.channels.find(c => c.name === "stroke");
+  const {stroke} = tick.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.scale, "color");
 });
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ it("tickY() has the expected defaults", () => {
   const tick = Plot.tickY();
   assert.strictEqual(tick.data, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(tick.transform, undefined);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(tick.channels.map(c => c.name), ["y"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(tick.channels.map(c => Plot.valueof([1, 2, 3], c.value)), [[1, 2, 3]]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(tick.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["y"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(tick.channels), ["y"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(tick.channels).map(c => Plot.valueof([1, 2, 3], c.value)), [[1, 2, 3]]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(tick.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["y"]);
   assert.strictEqual(tick.fill, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(tick.fillOpacity, undefined);
   assert.strictEqual(tick.stroke, "currentColor");
@@ -78,15 +78,15 @@ it("tickY() has the expected defaults", () => {
 
 it("tickY(data, {x}) uses a band scale", () => {
   const tick = Plot.tickY(undefined, {x: "y"});
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(tick.channels.map(c => c.name), ["y", "x"]);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(tick.channels.map(c => c.scale), ["y", "x"]);
-  assert.strictEqual(tick.channels.find(c => c.name === "x").type, "band");
-  assert.strictEqual(tick.channels.find(c => c.name === "x").value, "y");
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(tick.channels), ["y", "x"]);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.values(tick.channels).map(c => c.scale), ["y", "x"]);
+  assert.strictEqual(tick.channels.x.type, "band");
+  assert.strictEqual(tick.channels.x.value, "y");
 });
 
 it("tickY(data, {title}) specifies an optional title channel", () => {
   const tick = Plot.tickY(undefined, {title: "x"});
-  const title = tick.channels.find(c => c.name === "title");
+  const {title} = tick.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(title.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(title.scale, undefined);
 });
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ it("tickY(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be null", () => {
 it("tickY(data, {stroke}) allows stroke to be a variable color", () => {
   const tick = Plot.tickY(undefined, {stroke: "x"});
   assert.strictEqual(tick.stroke, undefined);
-  const stroke = tick.channels.find(c => c.name === "stroke");
+  const {stroke} = tick.channels;
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.value, "x");
   assert.strictEqual(stroke.scale, "color");
 });
diff --git a/test/output/meander.svg b/test/output/meander.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1b62c86c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/output/meander.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,1089 @@
+<svg class="plot" fill="currentColor" font-family="system-ui, sans-serif" font-size="10" text-anchor="middle" width="640" height="400" viewBox="0 0 640 400" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
+  <style>
+    .plot {
+      display: block;
+      background: white;
+      height: auto;
+      height: intrinsic;
+      max-width: 100%;
+    }
+
+    .plot text,
+    .plot tspan {
+      white-space: pre;
+    }
+  </style>
+  <g aria-label="y-axis" transform="translate(40,0)" fill="none" text-anchor="end" font-variant="tabular-nums">
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(0,366.5)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" x2="-6"></line><text fill="currentColor" x="-9" dy="0.32em">0.0</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(0,332.3)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" x2="-6"></line><text fill="currentColor" x="-9" dy="0.32em">0.1</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(0,298.1)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" x2="-6"></line><text fill="currentColor" x="-9" dy="0.32em">0.2</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(0,263.9)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" x2="-6"></line><text fill="currentColor" x="-9" dy="0.32em">0.3</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(0,229.7)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" x2="-6"></line><text fill="currentColor" x="-9" dy="0.32em">0.4</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(0,195.5)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" x2="-6"></line><text fill="currentColor" x="-9" dy="0.32em">0.5</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(0,161.3)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" x2="-6"></line><text fill="currentColor" x="-9" dy="0.32em">0.6</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(0,127.10000000000001)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" x2="-6"></line><text fill="currentColor" x="-9" dy="0.32em">0.7</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(0,92.89999999999999)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" x2="-6"></line><text fill="currentColor" x="-9" dy="0.32em">0.8</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(0,58.699999999999996)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" x2="-6"></line><text fill="currentColor" x="-9" dy="0.32em">0.9</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(0,24.5)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" x2="-6"></line><text fill="currentColor" x="-9" dy="0.32em">1.0</text>
+    </g>
+  </g>
+  <g aria-label="x-axis" transform="translate(0,370)" fill="none" text-anchor="middle" font-variant="tabular-nums">
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(44.5,0)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" y2="6"></line><text fill="currentColor" y="9" dy="0.71em">0.0</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(101.7,0)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" y2="6"></line><text fill="currentColor" y="9" dy="0.71em">0.1</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(158.9,0)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" y2="6"></line><text fill="currentColor" y="9" dy="0.71em">0.2</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(216.09999999999997,0)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" y2="6"></line><text fill="currentColor" y="9" dy="0.71em">0.3</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(273.3,0)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" y2="6"></line><text fill="currentColor" y="9" dy="0.71em">0.4</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(330.5,0)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" y2="6"></line><text fill="currentColor" y="9" dy="0.71em">0.5</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(387.7,0)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" y2="6"></line><text fill="currentColor" y="9" dy="0.71em">0.6</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(444.9,0)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" y2="6"></line><text fill="currentColor" y="9" dy="0.71em">0.7</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(502.1,0)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" y2="6"></line><text fill="currentColor" y="9" dy="0.71em">0.8</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(559.3,0)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" y2="6"></line><text fill="currentColor" y="9" dy="0.71em">0.9</text>
+    </g>
+    <g class="tick" opacity="1" transform="translate(616.5,0)">
+      <line stroke="currentColor" y2="6"></line><text fill="currentColor" y="9" dy="0.71em">1.0</text>
+    </g>
+  </g>
+  <rect aria-label="frame" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" transform="translate(0.5,0.5)" x="40" y="20" width="580" height="350"></rect>
+  <g aria-label="dot" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" transform="translate(0.5,0.5)">
+    <circle cx="188.34143997635692" cy="25.770456387195736" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="94.40752597525716" cy="240.1826502699405" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="374.2048453884199" cy="255.20532599044964" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="171.30104014463723" cy="202.5090064695105" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="258.8776327474043" cy="311.2584152449854" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="58.67975357174873" cy="266.90041256323457" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="299.8448955276981" cy="326.4865713058971" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="111.75912214629352" cy="241.367701635696" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="543.8214396899566" cy="146.82991016143933" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="612.9308054856956" cy="327.47622308693826" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="532.0319579364732" cy="127.49853919772431" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="329.81508850492537" cy="189.22284534852952" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="411.2245413688943" cy="251.9185143825598" r="3"></circle>
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+    <circle cx="56.844394826330245" cy="65.82871465897188" r="3"></circle>
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+    <circle cx="261.79362398572266" cy="118.44573400821537" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="378.9957154793665" cy="88.6647779722698" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="442.3391729593277" cy="132.8190456815064" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="450.9010054031387" cy="215.2777627198957" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="455.0495399069041" cy="293.2560876617208" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="610.4444200163707" cy="298.57987912232056" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="301.2586299292743" cy="320.560833921656" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="100.01390580553561" cy="325.3481977614574" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="153.5918396357447" cy="70.1436431882903" r="3"></circle>
+    <circle cx="299.900568398647" cy="146.94274219544604" r="3"></circle>
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diff --git a/test/plots/index.js b/test/plots/index.js
index b3f4d78380..3484ff59dc 100644
--- a/test/plots/index.js
+++ b/test/plots/index.js
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ export {default as linearRegressionPenguins} from "./linear-regression-penguins.
 export {default as likertSurvey} from "./likert-survey.js";
 export {default as logDegenerate} from "./log-degenerate.js";
 export {default as markovChain} from "./markov-chain.js";
+export {default as meander} from "./meander.js";
 export {default as metroInequality} from "./metro-inequality.js";
 export {default as metroInequalityChange} from "./metro-inequality-change.js";
 export {default as metroUnemployment} from "./metro-unemployment.js";
diff --git a/test/plots/meander.js b/test/plots/meander.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..47a839b961
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/plots/meander.js
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import * as Plot from "@observablehq/plot";
+import * as d3 from "d3";
+
+export default async function () {
+  const n = 1000;
+  const random = d3.randomLcg(42);
+  const data = {length: n};
+  const X = Float64Array.from(data, random);
+  const Y = Float64Array.from(data, random);
+  const VX = Float64Array.from(data, () => (random() - 0.5 + Math.sign(random() - 0.5)) * 0.01);
+  const VY = Float64Array.from(data, () => (random() - 0.5 + Math.sign(random() - 0.5)) * 0.01);
+  const dot = Plot.dot(data, {x: X, y: Y});
+  const plot = Plot.plot({
+    inset: 1.5 + 1.5 + 1,
+    x: {
+      domain: [0, 1]
+    },
+    y: {
+      domain: [0, 1]
+    },
+    marks: [Plot.frame(), dot]
+  });
+  requestAnimationFrame(function tick() {
+    if (!document.contains(plot)) return;
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+      X[i] += VX[i];
+      Y[i] += VY[i];
+      if (X[i] <= 0 || X[i] >= 1) VX[i] *= -1;
+      if (Y[i] <= 0 || Y[i] >= 1) VY[i] *= -1;
+    }
+    plot
+      .replot({mark: dot, x: X, y: Y, animation: 250})
+      .then(tick);
+  });
+  return plot;
+}