diff --git a/composer.json b/composer.json
index bbb3fdd..d9e0e1d 100644
--- a/composer.json
+++ b/composer.json
@@ -21,21 +21,20 @@
   "require": {
     "php": "~8.2.0  || ~8.3.0 || ~8.4.0",
     "ext-openssl": "*",
-    "symfony/event-dispatcher": "^5.4.29|^6.4.0|^7.0.0",
+    "psr/cache": "^2.0.0 || ^3.0.0",
+    "psr/simple-cache": "^2.0.0 || ^3.0.0",
+    "symfony/event-dispatcher": "^5.4.29 || ^6.4.0 || ^7.0.0",
     "symfony/type-info": "^7.2.4"
   },
   "require-dev": {
     "infection/infection": "^0.29.10",
     "patchlevel/coding-standard": "^1.3.0",
-    "psr/cache": "^2.0.0|^3.0.0",
-    "psr/simple-cache": "^2.0.0|^3.0.0",
     "phpbench/phpbench": "^1.2.15",
-    "phpspec/prophecy-phpunit": "^2.1.0",
     "phpstan/phpstan": "^2.1.0",
     "phpunit/phpunit": "^11.5.17",
     "psalm/plugin-phpunit": "^0.19.2",
     "roave/infection-static-analysis-plugin": "^1.36.0",
-    "symfony/var-dumper": "^5.4.29|^6.4.0|^7.0.0",
+    "symfony/var-dumper": "^5.4.29 || ^6.4.0 || ^7.0.0",
     "vimeo/psalm": "^6.0.0"
   },
   "config": {
diff --git a/composer.lock b/composer.lock
index dca1489..ebf27f9 100644
--- a/composer.lock
+++ b/composer.lock
@@ -4,8 +4,57 @@
         "Read more about it at https://getcomposer.org/doc/01-basic-usage.md#installing-dependencies",
         "This file is @generated automatically"
     ],
-    "content-hash": "07eec00202daf96be15b9a71e33e5b1c",
+    "content-hash": "88a6e4328de05fee58b52ac893a9927c",
     "packages": [
+        {
+            "name": "psr/cache",
+            "version": "3.0.0",
+            "source": {
+                "type": "git",
+                "url": "https://github.com/php-fig/cache.git",
+                "reference": "aa5030cfa5405eccfdcb1083ce040c2cb8d253bf"
+            },
+            "dist": {
+                "type": "zip",
+                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/php-fig/cache/zipball/aa5030cfa5405eccfdcb1083ce040c2cb8d253bf",
+                "reference": "aa5030cfa5405eccfdcb1083ce040c2cb8d253bf",
+                "shasum": ""
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "php": ">=8.0.0"
+            },
+            "type": "library",
+            "extra": {
+                "branch-alias": {
+                    "dev-master": "1.0.x-dev"
+                }
+            },
+            "autoload": {
+                "psr-4": {
+                    "Psr\\Cache\\": "src/"
+                }
+            },
+            "notification-url": "https://packagist.org/downloads/",
+            "license": [
+                "MIT"
+            ],
+            "authors": [
+                {
+                    "name": "PHP-FIG",
+                    "homepage": "https://www.php-fig.org/"
+                }
+            ],
+            "description": "Common interface for caching libraries",
+            "keywords": [
+                "cache",
+                "psr",
+                "psr-6"
+            ],
+            "support": {
+                "source": "https://github.com/php-fig/cache/tree/3.0.0"
+            },
+            "time": "2021-02-03T23:26:27+00:00"
+        },
         {
             "name": "psr/container",
             "version": "2.0.2",
@@ -109,6 +158,57 @@
             },
             "time": "2019-01-08T18:20:26+00:00"
         },
+        {
+            "name": "psr/simple-cache",
+            "version": "3.0.0",
+            "source": {
+                "type": "git",
+                "url": "https://github.com/php-fig/simple-cache.git",
+                "reference": "764e0b3939f5ca87cb904f570ef9be2d78a07865"
+            },
+            "dist": {
+                "type": "zip",
+                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/php-fig/simple-cache/zipball/764e0b3939f5ca87cb904f570ef9be2d78a07865",
+                "reference": "764e0b3939f5ca87cb904f570ef9be2d78a07865",
+                "shasum": ""
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "php": ">=8.0.0"
+            },
+            "type": "library",
+            "extra": {
+                "branch-alias": {
+                    "dev-master": "3.0.x-dev"
+                }
+            },
+            "autoload": {
+                "psr-4": {
+                    "Psr\\SimpleCache\\": "src/"
+                }
+            },
+            "notification-url": "https://packagist.org/downloads/",
+            "license": [
+                "MIT"
+            ],
+            "authors": [
+                {
+                    "name": "PHP-FIG",
+                    "homepage": "https://www.php-fig.org/"
+                }
+            ],
+            "description": "Common interfaces for simple caching",
+            "keywords": [
+                "cache",
+                "caching",
+                "psr",
+                "psr-16",
+                "simple-cache"
+            ],
+            "support": {
+                "source": "https://github.com/php-fig/simple-cache/tree/3.0.0"
+            },
+            "time": "2021-10-29T13:26:27+00:00"
+        },
         {
             "name": "symfony/event-dispatcher",
             "version": "v7.2.0",
@@ -1799,76 +1899,6 @@
             },
             "time": "2025-04-07T20:06:18+00:00"
         },
-        {
-            "name": "doctrine/instantiator",
-            "version": "2.0.0",
-            "source": {
-                "type": "git",
-                "url": "https://github.com/doctrine/instantiator.git",
-                "reference": "c6222283fa3f4ac679f8b9ced9a4e23f163e80d0"
-            },
-            "dist": {
-                "type": "zip",
-                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/doctrine/instantiator/zipball/c6222283fa3f4ac679f8b9ced9a4e23f163e80d0",
-                "reference": "c6222283fa3f4ac679f8b9ced9a4e23f163e80d0",
-                "shasum": ""
-            },
-            "require": {
-                "php": "^8.1"
-            },
-            "require-dev": {
-                "doctrine/coding-standard": "^11",
-                "ext-pdo": "*",
-                "ext-phar": "*",
-                "phpbench/phpbench": "^1.2",
-                "phpstan/phpstan": "^1.9.4",
-                "phpstan/phpstan-phpunit": "^1.3",
-                "phpunit/phpunit": "^9.5.27",
-                "vimeo/psalm": "^5.4"
-            },
-            "type": "library",
-            "autoload": {
-                "psr-4": {
-                    "Doctrine\\Instantiator\\": "src/Doctrine/Instantiator/"
-                }
-            },
-            "notification-url": "https://packagist.org/downloads/",
-            "license": [
-                "MIT"
-            ],
-            "authors": [
-                {
-                    "name": "Marco Pivetta",
-                    "email": "ocramius@gmail.com",
-                    "homepage": "https://ocramius.github.io/"
-                }
-            ],
-            "description": "A small, lightweight utility to instantiate objects in PHP without invoking their constructors",
-            "homepage": "https://www.doctrine-project.org/projects/instantiator.html",
-            "keywords": [
-                "constructor",
-                "instantiate"
-            ],
-            "support": {
-                "issues": "https://github.com/doctrine/instantiator/issues",
-                "source": "https://github.com/doctrine/instantiator/tree/2.0.0"
-            },
-            "funding": [
-                {
-                    "url": "https://www.doctrine-project.org/sponsorship.html",
-                    "type": "custom"
-                },
-                {
-                    "url": "https://www.patreon.com/phpdoctrine",
-                    "type": "patreon"
-                },
-                {
-                    "url": "https://tidelift.com/funding/github/packagist/doctrine%2Finstantiator",
-                    "type": "tidelift"
-                }
-            ],
-            "time": "2022-12-30T00:23:10+00:00"
-        },
         {
             "name": "doctrine/lexer",
             "version": "3.0.1",
@@ -3462,131 +3492,6 @@
             },
             "time": "2024-11-09T15:12:26+00:00"
         },
-        {
-            "name": "phpspec/prophecy",
-            "version": "v1.20.0",
-            "source": {
-                "type": "git",
-                "url": "https://github.com/phpspec/prophecy.git",
-                "reference": "a0165c648cab6a80311c74ffc708a07bb53ecc93"
-            },
-            "dist": {
-                "type": "zip",
-                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/phpspec/prophecy/zipball/a0165c648cab6a80311c74ffc708a07bb53ecc93",
-                "reference": "a0165c648cab6a80311c74ffc708a07bb53ecc93",
-                "shasum": ""
-            },
-            "require": {
-                "doctrine/instantiator": "^1.2 || ^2.0",
-                "php": "^7.2 || 8.0.* || 8.1.* || 8.2.* || 8.3.* || 8.4.*",
-                "phpdocumentor/reflection-docblock": "^5.2",
-                "sebastian/comparator": "^3.0 || ^4.0 || ^5.0 || ^6.0",
-                "sebastian/recursion-context": "^3.0 || ^4.0 || ^5.0 || ^6.0"
-            },
-            "require-dev": {
-                "friendsofphp/php-cs-fixer": "^3.40",
-                "phpspec/phpspec": "^6.0 || ^7.0",
-                "phpstan/phpstan": "^1.9",
-                "phpunit/phpunit": "^8.0 || ^9.0 || ^10.0"
-            },
-            "type": "library",
-            "extra": {
-                "branch-alias": {
-                    "dev-master": "1.x-dev"
-                }
-            },
-            "autoload": {
-                "psr-4": {
-                    "Prophecy\\": "src/Prophecy"
-                }
-            },
-            "notification-url": "https://packagist.org/downloads/",
-            "license": [
-                "MIT"
-            ],
-            "authors": [
-                {
-                    "name": "Konstantin Kudryashov",
-                    "email": "ever.zet@gmail.com",
-                    "homepage": "http://everzet.com"
-                },
-                {
-                    "name": "Marcello Duarte",
-                    "email": "marcello.duarte@gmail.com"
-                }
-            ],
-            "description": "Highly opinionated mocking framework for PHP 5.3+",
-            "homepage": "https://github.com/phpspec/prophecy",
-            "keywords": [
-                "Double",
-                "Dummy",
-                "dev",
-                "fake",
-                "mock",
-                "spy",
-                "stub"
-            ],
-            "support": {
-                "issues": "https://github.com/phpspec/prophecy/issues",
-                "source": "https://github.com/phpspec/prophecy/tree/v1.20.0"
-            },
-            "time": "2024-11-19T13:12:41+00:00"
-        },
-        {
-            "name": "phpspec/prophecy-phpunit",
-            "version": "v2.3.0",
-            "source": {
-                "type": "git",
-                "url": "https://github.com/phpspec/prophecy-phpunit.git",
-                "reference": "8819516c1b489ecee4c60db5f5432fac1ea8ac6f"
-            },
-            "dist": {
-                "type": "zip",
-                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/phpspec/prophecy-phpunit/zipball/8819516c1b489ecee4c60db5f5432fac1ea8ac6f",
-                "reference": "8819516c1b489ecee4c60db5f5432fac1ea8ac6f",
-                "shasum": ""
-            },
-            "require": {
-                "php": "^7.3 || ^8",
-                "phpspec/prophecy": "^1.18",
-                "phpunit/phpunit": "^9.1 || ^10.1 || ^11.0"
-            },
-            "require-dev": {
-                "phpstan/phpstan": "^1.10"
-            },
-            "type": "library",
-            "extra": {
-                "branch-alias": {
-                    "dev-master": "2.x-dev"
-                }
-            },
-            "autoload": {
-                "psr-4": {
-                    "Prophecy\\PhpUnit\\": "src"
-                }
-            },
-            "notification-url": "https://packagist.org/downloads/",
-            "license": [
-                "MIT"
-            ],
-            "authors": [
-                {
-                    "name": "Christophe Coevoet",
-                    "email": "stof@notk.org"
-                }
-            ],
-            "description": "Integrating the Prophecy mocking library in PHPUnit test cases",
-            "homepage": "http://phpspec.net",
-            "keywords": [
-                "phpunit",
-                "prophecy"
-            ],
-            "support": {
-                "issues": "https://github.com/phpspec/prophecy-phpunit/issues",
-                "source": "https://github.com/phpspec/prophecy-phpunit/tree/v2.3.0"
-            },
-            "time": "2024-11-19T13:24:17+00:00"
-        },
         {
             "name": "phpstan/phpdoc-parser",
             "version": "2.1.0",
@@ -4174,55 +4079,6 @@
             },
             "time": "2025-03-31T18:49:55+00:00"
         },
-        {
-            "name": "psr/cache",
-            "version": "3.0.0",
-            "source": {
-                "type": "git",
-                "url": "https://github.com/php-fig/cache.git",
-                "reference": "aa5030cfa5405eccfdcb1083ce040c2cb8d253bf"
-            },
-            "dist": {
-                "type": "zip",
-                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/php-fig/cache/zipball/aa5030cfa5405eccfdcb1083ce040c2cb8d253bf",
-                "reference": "aa5030cfa5405eccfdcb1083ce040c2cb8d253bf",
-                "shasum": ""
-            },
-            "require": {
-                "php": ">=8.0.0"
-            },
-            "type": "library",
-            "extra": {
-                "branch-alias": {
-                    "dev-master": "1.0.x-dev"
-                }
-            },
-            "autoload": {
-                "psr-4": {
-                    "Psr\\Cache\\": "src/"
-                }
-            },
-            "notification-url": "https://packagist.org/downloads/",
-            "license": [
-                "MIT"
-            ],
-            "authors": [
-                {
-                    "name": "PHP-FIG",
-                    "homepage": "https://www.php-fig.org/"
-                }
-            ],
-            "description": "Common interface for caching libraries",
-            "keywords": [
-                "cache",
-                "psr",
-                "psr-6"
-            ],
-            "support": {
-                "source": "https://github.com/php-fig/cache/tree/3.0.0"
-            },
-            "time": "2021-02-03T23:26:27+00:00"
-        },
         {
             "name": "psr/http-factory",
             "version": "1.1.0",
@@ -4381,57 +4237,6 @@
             },
             "time": "2024-09-11T13:17:53+00:00"
         },
-        {
-            "name": "psr/simple-cache",
-            "version": "3.0.0",
-            "source": {
-                "type": "git",
-                "url": "https://github.com/php-fig/simple-cache.git",
-                "reference": "764e0b3939f5ca87cb904f570ef9be2d78a07865"
-            },
-            "dist": {
-                "type": "zip",
-                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/php-fig/simple-cache/zipball/764e0b3939f5ca87cb904f570ef9be2d78a07865",
-                "reference": "764e0b3939f5ca87cb904f570ef9be2d78a07865",
-                "shasum": ""
-            },
-            "require": {
-                "php": ">=8.0.0"
-            },
-            "type": "library",
-            "extra": {
-                "branch-alias": {
-                    "dev-master": "3.0.x-dev"
-                }
-            },
-            "autoload": {
-                "psr-4": {
-                    "Psr\\SimpleCache\\": "src/"
-                }
-            },
-            "notification-url": "https://packagist.org/downloads/",
-            "license": [
-                "MIT"
-            ],
-            "authors": [
-                {
-                    "name": "PHP-FIG",
-                    "homepage": "https://www.php-fig.org/"
-                }
-            ],
-            "description": "Common interfaces for simple caching",
-            "keywords": [
-                "cache",
-                "caching",
-                "psr",
-                "psr-16",
-                "simple-cache"
-            ],
-            "support": {
-                "source": "https://github.com/php-fig/simple-cache/tree/3.0.0"
-            },
-            "time": "2021-10-29T13:26:27+00:00"
-        },
         {
             "name": "revolt/event-loop",
             "version": "v1.0.7",
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Cryptography/CryptographySubscriberTest.php b/tests/Unit/Cryptography/CryptographySubscriberTest.php
index ba1af50..a8c6e03 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Cryptography/CryptographySubscriberTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Cryptography/CryptographySubscriberTest.php
@@ -11,15 +11,12 @@
 use Patchlevel\Hydrator\Metadata\ClassMetadata;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\CoversClass;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
-use Prophecy\PhpUnit\ProphecyTrait;
 use ReflectionClass;
 use stdClass;
 
 #[CoversClass(CryptographySubscriber::class)]
 final class CryptographySubscriberTest extends TestCase
 {
-    use ProphecyTrait;
-
     public function testSubscriptions(): void
     {
         self::assertEquals([
@@ -39,13 +36,10 @@ public function testPreHydrate(): void
             $metadata,
         );
 
-        $cryptographer = $this->prophesize(PayloadCryptographer::class);
-        $cryptographer->decrypt(
-            $metadata,
-            ['foo' => 'bar'],
-        )->willReturn(['foo' => 'baz'])->shouldBeCalledOnce();
+        $cryptographer = $this->createMock(PayloadCryptographer::class);
+        $cryptographer->expects($this->once())->method('decrypt')->with($metadata, ['foo' => 'bar'])->willReturn(['foo' => 'baz']);
 
-        $subscriber = new CryptographySubscriber($cryptographer->reveal());
+        $subscriber = new CryptographySubscriber($cryptographer);
         $subscriber->preHydrate($event);
 
         self::assertEquals(['foo' => 'baz'], $event->data);
@@ -62,13 +56,10 @@ public function testPostExtract(): void
             $metadata,
         );
 
-        $cryptographer = $this->prophesize(PayloadCryptographer::class);
-        $cryptographer->encrypt(
-            $metadata,
-            ['foo' => 'bar'],
-        )->willReturn(['foo' => 'baz'])->shouldBeCalledOnce();
+        $cryptographer = $this->createMock(PayloadCryptographer::class);
+        $cryptographer->expects($this->once())->method('encrypt')->with($metadata, ['foo' => 'bar'])->willReturn(['foo' => 'baz']);
 
-        $subscriber = new CryptographySubscriber($cryptographer->reveal());
+        $subscriber = new CryptographySubscriber($cryptographer);
         $subscriber->postExtract($event);
 
         self::assertEquals(['foo' => 'baz'], $event->data);
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Cryptography/PersonalDataPayloadCryptographerTest.php b/tests/Unit/Cryptography/PersonalDataPayloadCryptographerTest.php
index fefbb2b..2468fc8 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Cryptography/PersonalDataPayloadCryptographerTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Cryptography/PersonalDataPayloadCryptographerTest.php
@@ -20,26 +20,22 @@
 use Patchlevel\Hydrator\Tests\Unit\Fixture\PersonalDataProfileCreated;
 use Patchlevel\Hydrator\Tests\Unit\Fixture\PersonalDataProfileCreatedFallbackCallback;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
-use Prophecy\Argument;
-use Prophecy\PhpUnit\ProphecyTrait;
 
 /** @covers \Patchlevel\Hydrator\Cryptography\PersonalDataPayloadCryptographer */
 final class PersonalDataPayloadCryptographerTest extends TestCase
 {
-    use ProphecyTrait;
-
     public function testSkipEncrypt(): void
     {
-        $cipherKeyStore = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyStore::class);
-        $cipherKeyStore->get(Argument::any())->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyStore = $this->createMock(CipherKeyStore::class);
+        $cipherKeyStore->expects($this->never())->method('get');
 
-        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyFactory::class);
-        $cipher = $this->prophesize(Cipher::class);
+        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->createMock(CipherKeyFactory::class);
+        $cipher = $this->createMock(Cipher::class);
 
         $cryptographer = new PersonalDataPayloadCryptographer(
-            $cipherKeyStore->reveal(),
-            $cipherKeyFactory->reveal(),
-            $cipher->reveal(),
+            $cipherKeyStore,
+            $cipherKeyFactory,
+            $cipher,
         );
 
         $payload = ['id' => 'foo', 'email' => 'info@patchlevel.de'];
@@ -57,23 +53,21 @@ public function testEncryptWithMissingKey(): void
             'baz',
         );
 
-        $cipherKeyStore = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyStore::class);
-        $cipherKeyStore->get('foo')->willThrow(new CipherKeyNotExists('foo'));
-        $cipherKeyStore->store('foo', $cipherKey)->shouldBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyStore = $this->createMock(CipherKeyStore::class);
+        $cipherKeyStore->method('get')->with('foo')->willThrowException(new CipherKeyNotExists('foo'));
+        $cipherKeyStore->expects($this->once())->method('store')->with('foo', $cipherKey);
 
-        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyFactory::class);
-        $cipherKeyFactory->__invoke()->willReturn($cipherKey)->shouldBeCalledOnce();
+        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->createMock(CipherKeyFactory::class);
+        $cipherKeyFactory->expects($this->once())->method('__invoke')->willReturn($cipherKey);
 
-        $cipher = $this->prophesize(Cipher::class);
-        $cipher
-            ->encrypt($cipherKey, 'info@patchlevel.de')
-            ->willReturn('encrypted')
-            ->shouldBeCalledOnce();
+        $cipher = $this->createMock(Cipher::class);
+        $cipher->expects($this->once())->method('encrypt')->with($cipherKey, 'info@patchlevel.de')
+            ->willReturn('encrypted');
 
         $cryptographer = new PersonalDataPayloadCryptographer(
-            $cipherKeyStore->reveal(),
-            $cipherKeyFactory->reveal(),
-            $cipher->reveal(),
+            $cipherKeyStore,
+            $cipherKeyFactory,
+            $cipher,
         );
 
         $result = $cryptographer->encrypt($this->metadata(PersonalDataProfileCreated::class), ['id' => 'foo', 'email' => 'info@patchlevel.de']);
@@ -89,23 +83,24 @@ public function testEncryptWithExistingKey(): void
             'baz',
         );
 
-        $cipherKeyStore = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyStore::class);
-        $cipherKeyStore->get('foo')->willReturn($cipherKey);
-        $cipherKeyStore->store('foo', Argument::type(CipherKey::class))->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyStore = $this->createMock(CipherKeyStore::class);
+        $cipherKeyStore->method('get')->with('foo')->willReturn($cipherKey);
+        $cipherKeyStore
+            ->expects($this->never())
+            ->method('store')
+            ->with('foo', $this->isInstanceOf(CipherKey::class));
 
-        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyFactory::class);
-        $cipherKeyFactory->__invoke()->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->createMock(CipherKeyFactory::class);
+        $cipherKeyFactory->expects($this->never())->method('__invoke');
 
-        $cipher = $this->prophesize(Cipher::class);
-        $cipher
-            ->encrypt($cipherKey, 'info@patchlevel.de')
-            ->willReturn('encrypted')
-            ->shouldBeCalledOnce();
+        $cipher = $this->createMock(Cipher::class);
+        $cipher->expects($this->once())->method('encrypt')->with($cipherKey, 'info@patchlevel.de')
+            ->willReturn('encrypted');
 
         $cryptographer = new PersonalDataPayloadCryptographer(
-            $cipherKeyStore->reveal(),
-            $cipherKeyFactory->reveal(),
-            $cipher->reveal(),
+            $cipherKeyStore,
+            $cipherKeyFactory,
+            $cipher,
         );
 
         $result = $cryptographer->encrypt($this->metadata(PersonalDataProfileCreated::class), ['id' => 'foo', 'email' => 'info@patchlevel.de']);
@@ -121,23 +116,24 @@ public function testEncryptWithExistingKeyEncryptedFieldName(): void
             'baz',
         );
 
-        $cipherKeyStore = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyStore::class);
-        $cipherKeyStore->get('foo')->willReturn($cipherKey);
-        $cipherKeyStore->store('foo', Argument::type(CipherKey::class))->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyStore = $this->createMock(CipherKeyStore::class);
+        $cipherKeyStore->method('get')->with('foo')->willReturn($cipherKey);
+        $cipherKeyStore
+            ->expects($this->never())
+            ->method('store')
+            ->with('foo', $this->isInstanceOf(CipherKey::class));
 
-        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyFactory::class);
-        $cipherKeyFactory->__invoke()->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->createMock(CipherKeyFactory::class);
+        $cipherKeyFactory->expects($this->never())->method('__invoke');
 
-        $cipher = $this->prophesize(Cipher::class);
-        $cipher
-            ->encrypt($cipherKey, 'info@patchlevel.de')
-            ->willReturn('encrypted')
-            ->shouldBeCalledOnce();
+        $cipher = $this->createMock(Cipher::class);
+        $cipher->expects($this->once())->method('encrypt')->with($cipherKey, 'info@patchlevel.de')
+            ->willReturn('encrypted');
 
         $cryptographer = new PersonalDataPayloadCryptographer(
-            $cipherKeyStore->reveal(),
-            $cipherKeyFactory->reveal(),
-            $cipher->reveal(),
+            $cipherKeyStore,
+            $cipherKeyFactory,
+            $cipher,
             true,
         );
 
@@ -148,16 +144,16 @@ public function testEncryptWithExistingKeyEncryptedFieldName(): void
 
     public function testSkipDecrypt(): void
     {
-        $cipherKeyStore = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyStore::class);
-        $cipherKeyStore->get(Argument::any())->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyStore = $this->createMock(CipherKeyStore::class);
+        $cipherKeyStore->expects($this->never())->method('get');
 
-        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyFactory::class);
-        $cipher = $this->prophesize(Cipher::class);
+        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->createMock(CipherKeyFactory::class);
+        $cipher = $this->createMock(Cipher::class);
 
         $cryptographer = new PersonalDataPayloadCryptographer(
-            $cipherKeyStore->reveal(),
-            $cipherKeyFactory->reveal(),
-            $cipher->reveal(),
+            $cipherKeyStore,
+            $cipherKeyFactory,
+            $cipher,
         );
 
         $payload = ['id' => 'foo', 'email' => 'info@patchlevel.de'];
@@ -169,19 +165,19 @@ public function testSkipDecrypt(): void
 
     public function testDecryptWithMissingKey(): void
     {
-        $cipherKeyStore = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyStore::class);
-        $cipherKeyStore->get('foo')->willThrow(new CipherKeyNotExists('foo'));
+        $cipherKeyStore = $this->createMock(CipherKeyStore::class);
+        $cipherKeyStore->method('get')->with('foo')->willThrowException(new CipherKeyNotExists('foo'));
 
-        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyFactory::class);
-        $cipherKeyFactory->__invoke()->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->createMock(CipherKeyFactory::class);
+        $cipherKeyFactory->expects($this->never())->method('__invoke');
 
-        $cipher = $this->prophesize(Cipher::class);
-        $cipher->decrypt()->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipher = $this->createMock(Cipher::class);
+        $cipher->expects($this->never())->method('decrypt');
 
         $cryptographer = new PersonalDataPayloadCryptographer(
-            $cipherKeyStore->reveal(),
-            $cipherKeyFactory->reveal(),
-            $cipher->reveal(),
+            $cipherKeyStore,
+            $cipherKeyFactory,
+            $cipher,
         );
 
         $result = $cryptographer->decrypt($this->metadata(PersonalDataProfileCreated::class), ['id' => 'foo', 'email' => 'encrypted']);
@@ -197,23 +193,24 @@ public function testDecryptWithInvalidKey(): void
             'baz',
         );
 
-        $cipherKeyStore = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyStore::class);
-        $cipherKeyStore->get('foo')->willReturn($cipherKey);
-        $cipherKeyStore->store('foo', Argument::type(CipherKey::class))->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyStore = $this->createMock(CipherKeyStore::class);
+        $cipherKeyStore->method('get')->with('foo')->willReturn($cipherKey);
+        $cipherKeyStore
+            ->expects($this->never())
+            ->method('store')
+            ->with('foo', $this->isInstanceOf(CipherKey::class));
 
-        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyFactory::class);
-        $cipherKeyFactory->__invoke()->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->createMock(CipherKeyFactory::class);
+        $cipherKeyFactory->expects($this->never())->method('__invoke');
 
-        $cipher = $this->prophesize(Cipher::class);
-        $cipher
-            ->decrypt($cipherKey, 'encrypted')
-            ->willThrow(new DecryptionFailed())
-            ->shouldBeCalledOnce();
+        $cipher = $this->createMock(Cipher::class);
+        $cipher->expects($this->once())->method('decrypt')->with($cipherKey, 'encrypted')
+            ->willThrowException(new DecryptionFailed());
 
         $cryptographer = new PersonalDataPayloadCryptographer(
-            $cipherKeyStore->reveal(),
-            $cipherKeyFactory->reveal(),
-            $cipher->reveal(),
+            $cipherKeyStore,
+            $cipherKeyFactory,
+            $cipher,
         );
 
         $result = $cryptographer->decrypt($this->metadata(PersonalDataProfileCreated::class), ['id' => 'foo', 'email' => 'encrypted']);
@@ -229,23 +226,21 @@ public function testDecryptWithInvalidKeyWithFallbackCallback(): void
             'baz',
         );
 
-        $cipherKeyStore = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyStore::class);
-        $cipherKeyStore->get('foo')->willReturn($cipherKey);
-        $cipherKeyStore->store('foo', Argument::type(CipherKey::class))->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyStore = $this->createMock(CipherKeyStore::class);
+        $cipherKeyStore->method('get')->with('foo')->willReturn($cipherKey);
+        $cipherKeyStore->expects($this->never())->method('store')->with('foo', $this->isInstanceOf(CipherKey::class));
 
-        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyFactory::class);
-        $cipherKeyFactory->__invoke()->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->createMock(CipherKeyFactory::class);
+        $cipherKeyFactory->expects($this->never())->method('__invoke');
 
-        $cipher = $this->prophesize(Cipher::class);
-        $cipher
-            ->decrypt($cipherKey, 'encrypted')
-            ->willThrow(new DecryptionFailed())
-            ->shouldBeCalledOnce();
+        $cipher = $this->createMock(Cipher::class);
+        $cipher->expects($this->once())->method('decrypt')->with($cipherKey, 'encrypted')
+            ->willThrowException(new DecryptionFailed());
 
         $cryptographer = new PersonalDataPayloadCryptographer(
-            $cipherKeyStore->reveal(),
-            $cipherKeyFactory->reveal(),
-            $cipher->reveal(),
+            $cipherKeyStore,
+            $cipherKeyFactory,
+            $cipher,
         );
 
         $result = $cryptographer->decrypt($this->metadata(PersonalDataProfileCreatedFallbackCallback::class), ['id' => 'foo', 'email' => 'encrypted']);
@@ -261,23 +256,21 @@ public function testDecryptWithValidKey(): void
             'baz',
         );
 
-        $cipherKeyStore = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyStore::class);
-        $cipherKeyStore->get('foo')->willReturn($cipherKey);
-        $cipherKeyStore->store('foo', Argument::type(CipherKey::class))->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyStore = $this->createMock(CipherKeyStore::class);
+        $cipherKeyStore->method('get')->with('foo')->willReturn($cipherKey);
+        $cipherKeyStore->expects($this->never())->method('store')->with('foo', $this->isInstanceOf(CipherKey::class));
 
-        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyFactory::class);
-        $cipherKeyFactory->__invoke()->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->createMock(CipherKeyFactory::class);
+        $cipherKeyFactory->expects($this->never())->method('__invoke');
 
-        $cipher = $this->prophesize(Cipher::class);
-        $cipher
-            ->decrypt($cipherKey, 'encrypted')
-            ->willReturn('info@patchlevel.de')
-            ->shouldBeCalledOnce();
+        $cipher = $this->createMock(Cipher::class);
+        $cipher->expects($this->once())->method('decrypt')->with($cipherKey, 'encrypted')
+            ->willReturn('info@patchlevel.de');
 
         $cryptographer = new PersonalDataPayloadCryptographer(
-            $cipherKeyStore->reveal(),
-            $cipherKeyFactory->reveal(),
-            $cipher->reveal(),
+            $cipherKeyStore,
+            $cipherKeyFactory,
+            $cipher,
             false,
         );
 
@@ -294,23 +287,21 @@ public function testDecryptWithValidKeyAndEncryptedFieldName(): void
             'baz',
         );
 
-        $cipherKeyStore = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyStore::class);
-        $cipherKeyStore->get('foo')->willReturn($cipherKey);
-        $cipherKeyStore->store('foo', Argument::type(CipherKey::class))->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyStore = $this->createMock(CipherKeyStore::class);
+        $cipherKeyStore->method('get')->with('foo')->willReturn($cipherKey);
+        $cipherKeyStore->expects($this->never())->method('store')->with('foo', $this->isInstanceOf(CipherKey::class));
 
-        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyFactory::class);
-        $cipherKeyFactory->__invoke()->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->createMock(CipherKeyFactory::class);
+        $cipherKeyFactory->expects($this->never())->method('__invoke');
 
-        $cipher = $this->prophesize(Cipher::class);
-        $cipher
-            ->decrypt($cipherKey, 'encrypted')
-            ->willReturn('info@patchlevel.de')
-            ->shouldBeCalledOnce();
+        $cipher = $this->createMock(Cipher::class);
+        $cipher->expects($this->once())->method('decrypt')->with($cipherKey, 'encrypted')
+            ->willReturn('info@patchlevel.de');
 
         $cryptographer = new PersonalDataPayloadCryptographer(
-            $cipherKeyStore->reveal(),
-            $cipherKeyFactory->reveal(),
-            $cipher->reveal(),
+            $cipherKeyStore,
+            $cipherKeyFactory,
+            $cipher,
             true,
         );
 
@@ -327,19 +318,19 @@ public function testDecryptWithValidKeyAndEncryptedFieldNameWithoutEncryptedData
             'baz',
         );
 
-        $cipherKeyStore = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyStore::class);
-        $cipherKeyStore->get('foo')->willReturn($cipherKey);
-        $cipherKeyStore->store('foo', Argument::type(CipherKey::class))->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyStore = $this->createMock(CipherKeyStore::class);
+        $cipherKeyStore->method('get')->with('foo')->willReturn($cipherKey);
+        $cipherKeyStore->expects($this->never())->method('store')->with('foo', $this->isInstanceOf(CipherKey::class));
 
-        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyFactory::class);
-        $cipherKeyFactory->__invoke()->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->createMock(CipherKeyFactory::class);
+        $cipherKeyFactory->expects($this->never())->method('__invoke');
 
-        $cipher = $this->prophesize(Cipher::class);
+        $cipher = $this->createMock(Cipher::class);
 
         $cryptographer = new PersonalDataPayloadCryptographer(
-            $cipherKeyStore->reveal(),
-            $cipherKeyFactory->reveal(),
-            $cipher->reveal(),
+            $cipherKeyStore,
+            $cipherKeyFactory,
+            $cipher,
             true,
         );
 
@@ -356,23 +347,21 @@ public function testDecryptWithValidKeyAndEncryptedFieldNameAndFallbackFieldName
             'baz',
         );
 
-        $cipherKeyStore = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyStore::class);
-        $cipherKeyStore->get('foo')->willReturn($cipherKey);
-        $cipherKeyStore->store('foo', Argument::type(CipherKey::class))->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyStore = $this->createMock(CipherKeyStore::class);
+        $cipherKeyStore->method('get')->with('foo')->willReturn($cipherKey);
+        $cipherKeyStore->expects($this->never())->method('store')->with('foo', $this->isInstanceOf(CipherKey::class));
 
-        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyFactory::class);
-        $cipherKeyFactory->__invoke()->shouldNotBeCalled();
+        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->createMock(CipherKeyFactory::class);
+        $cipherKeyFactory->expects($this->never())->method('__invoke');
 
-        $cipher = $this->prophesize(Cipher::class);
-        $cipher
-            ->decrypt($cipherKey, 'encrypted')
-            ->willReturn('info@patchlevel.de')
-            ->shouldBeCalledOnce();
+        $cipher = $this->createMock(Cipher::class);
+        $cipher->expects($this->once())->method('decrypt')->with($cipherKey, 'encrypted')
+            ->willReturn('info@patchlevel.de');
 
         $cryptographer = new PersonalDataPayloadCryptographer(
-            $cipherKeyStore->reveal(),
-            $cipherKeyFactory->reveal(),
-            $cipher->reveal(),
+            $cipherKeyStore,
+            $cipherKeyFactory,
+            $cipher,
             true,
             true,
         );
@@ -386,14 +375,14 @@ public function testUnsupportedSubjectId(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(UnsupportedSubjectId::class);
 
-        $cipherKeyStore = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyStore::class);
-        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyFactory::class);
-        $cipher = $this->prophesize(Cipher::class);
+        $cipherKeyStore = $this->createMock(CipherKeyStore::class);
+        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->createMock(CipherKeyFactory::class);
+        $cipher = $this->createMock(Cipher::class);
 
         $cryptographer = new PersonalDataPayloadCryptographer(
-            $cipherKeyStore->reveal(),
-            $cipherKeyFactory->reveal(),
-            $cipher->reveal(),
+            $cipherKeyStore,
+            $cipherKeyFactory,
+            $cipher,
         );
 
         $cryptographer->decrypt($this->metadata(PersonalDataProfileCreated::class), ['id' => null, 'email' => 'encrypted']);
@@ -403,14 +392,14 @@ public function testMissingSubjectId(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(MissingSubjectId::class);
 
-        $cipherKeyStore = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyStore::class);
-        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyFactory::class);
-        $cipher = $this->prophesize(Cipher::class);
+        $cipherKeyStore = $this->createMock(CipherKeyStore::class);
+        $cipherKeyFactory = $this->createMock(CipherKeyFactory::class);
+        $cipher = $this->createMock(Cipher::class);
 
         $cryptographer = new PersonalDataPayloadCryptographer(
-            $cipherKeyStore->reveal(),
-            $cipherKeyFactory->reveal(),
-            $cipher->reveal(),
+            $cipherKeyStore,
+            $cipherKeyFactory,
+            $cipher,
         );
 
         $cryptographer->decrypt($this->metadata(PersonalDataProfileCreated::class), ['email' => 'encrypted']);
@@ -418,10 +407,10 @@ public function testMissingSubjectId(): void
 
     public function testCreateWithOpenssl(): void
     {
-        $cipherKeyStore = $this->prophesize(CipherKeyStore::class);
+        $cipherKeyStore = $this->createMock(CipherKeyStore::class);
 
         $cryptographer = PersonalDataPayloadCryptographer::createWithOpenssl(
-            $cipherKeyStore->reveal(),
+            $cipherKeyStore,
         );
 
         self::assertInstanceOf(PersonalDataPayloadCryptographer::class, $cryptographer);
diff --git a/tests/Unit/MetadataHydratorTest.php b/tests/Unit/MetadataHydratorTest.php
index 3400ad4..121468a 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/MetadataHydratorTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/MetadataHydratorTest.php
@@ -39,13 +39,10 @@
 use Patchlevel\Hydrator\Tests\Unit\Fixture\WrongNormalizer;
 use Patchlevel\Hydrator\TypeMismatch;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
-use Prophecy\PhpUnit\ProphecyTrait;
 use Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcherInterface;
 
 final class MetadataHydratorTest extends TestCase
 {
-    use ProphecyTrait;
-
     private MetadataHydrator $hydrator;
 
     public function setUp(): void
@@ -264,13 +261,14 @@ public function testDecrypt(): void
 
         $metadataFactory = new AttributeMetadataFactory();
 
-        $cryptographer = $this->prophesize(PayloadCryptographer::class);
+        $cryptographer = $this->createMock(PayloadCryptographer::class);
         $cryptographer
-            ->decrypt($metadataFactory->metadata(ProfileCreated::class), $encryptedPayload)
-            ->willReturn($payload)
-            ->shouldBeCalledOnce();
+            ->expects($this->once())
+            ->method('decrypt')
+            ->with($metadataFactory->metadata(ProfileCreated::class), $encryptedPayload)
+            ->willReturn($payload);
 
-        $hydrator = new MetadataHydrator($metadataFactory, $cryptographer->reveal());
+        $hydrator = new MetadataHydrator($metadataFactory, $cryptographer);
 
         $return = $hydrator->hydrate(ProfileCreated::class, $encryptedPayload);
 
@@ -289,13 +287,14 @@ public function testEncrypt(): void
 
         $metadataFactory = new AttributeMetadataFactory();
 
-        $cryptographer = $this->prophesize(PayloadCryptographer::class);
+        $cryptographer = $this->createMock(PayloadCryptographer::class);
         $cryptographer
-            ->encrypt($metadataFactory->metadata(ProfileCreated::class), $payload)
-            ->willReturn($encryptedPayload)
-            ->shouldBeCalledOnce();
+            ->expects($this->once())
+            ->method('encrypt')
+            ->with($metadataFactory->metadata(ProfileCreated::class), $payload)
+            ->willReturn($encryptedPayload);
 
-        $hydrator = new MetadataHydrator($metadataFactory, $cryptographer->reveal());
+        $hydrator = new MetadataHydrator($metadataFactory, $cryptographer);
 
         $return = $hydrator->extract($object);
 
@@ -324,13 +323,14 @@ public function testPreHydrate(): void
             $metadataFactory->metadata(ProfileCreated::class),
         );
 
-        $eventDispatcher = $this->prophesize(EventDispatcherInterface::class);
+        $eventDispatcher = $this->createMock(EventDispatcherInterface::class);
         $eventDispatcher
-            ->dispatch($event)
-            ->willReturn($eventReturn)
-            ->shouldBeCalledOnce();
+            ->expects($this->once())
+            ->method('dispatch')
+            ->with($event)
+            ->willReturn($eventReturn);
 
-        $hydrator = new MetadataHydrator($metadataFactory, eventDispatcher: $eventDispatcher->reveal());
+        $hydrator = new MetadataHydrator($metadataFactory, eventDispatcher: $eventDispatcher);
 
         $return = $hydrator->hydrate(ProfileCreated::class, $encryptedPayload);
 
@@ -359,13 +359,11 @@ public function testPostExtract(): void
             $metadataFactory->metadata(ProfileCreated::class),
         );
 
-        $eventDispatcher = $this->prophesize(EventDispatcherInterface::class);
-        $eventDispatcher
-            ->dispatch($event)
-            ->willReturn($eventReturn)
-            ->shouldBeCalledOnce();
+        $eventDispatcher = $this->createMock(EventDispatcherInterface::class);
+        $eventDispatcher->expects($this->once())->method('dispatch')->with($event)
+            ->willReturn($eventReturn);
 
-        $hydrator = new MetadataHydrator($metadataFactory, eventDispatcher: $eventDispatcher->reveal());
+        $hydrator = new MetadataHydrator($metadataFactory, eventDispatcher: $eventDispatcher);
 
         $return = $hydrator->extract($object);
 
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Normalizer/ArrayNormalizerTest.php b/tests/Unit/Normalizer/ArrayNormalizerTest.php
index e52f9b8..b320b83 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Normalizer/ArrayNormalizerTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Normalizer/ArrayNormalizerTest.php
@@ -11,26 +11,23 @@
 use Patchlevel\Hydrator\Normalizer\InvalidArgument;
 use Patchlevel\Hydrator\Normalizer\Normalizer;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
-use Prophecy\PhpUnit\ProphecyTrait;
 
 #[Attribute(Attribute::TARGET_PROPERTY)]
 final class ArrayNormalizerTest extends TestCase
 {
-    use ProphecyTrait;
-
     public function testNormalizeWithNull(): void
     {
-        $innerNormalizer = $this->prophesize(Normalizer::class);
+        $innerNormalizer = $this->createMock(Normalizer::class);
 
-        $normalizer = new ArrayNormalizer($innerNormalizer->reveal());
+        $normalizer = new ArrayNormalizer($innerNormalizer);
         $this->assertEquals(null, $normalizer->normalize(null));
     }
 
     public function testDenormalizeWithNull(): void
     {
-        $innerNormalizer = $this->prophesize(Normalizer::class);
+        $innerNormalizer = $this->createMock(Normalizer::class);
 
-        $normalizer = new ArrayNormalizer($innerNormalizer->reveal());
+        $normalizer = new ArrayNormalizer($innerNormalizer);
         $this->assertEquals(null, $normalizer->denormalize(null));
     }
 
@@ -38,9 +35,9 @@ public function testNormalizeWithInvalidArgument(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(InvalidArgument::class);
 
-        $innerNormalizer = $this->prophesize(Normalizer::class);
+        $innerNormalizer = $this->createMock(Normalizer::class);
 
-        $normalizer = new ArrayNormalizer($innerNormalizer->reveal());
+        $normalizer = new ArrayNormalizer($innerNormalizer);
         $normalizer->normalize('foo');
     }
 
@@ -48,9 +45,9 @@ public function testDenormalizeWithInvalidArgument(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(InvalidArgument::class);
 
-        $innerNormalizer = $this->prophesize(Normalizer::class);
+        $innerNormalizer = $this->createMock(Normalizer::class);
 
-        $normalizer = new ArrayNormalizer($innerNormalizer->reveal());
+        $normalizer = new ArrayNormalizer($innerNormalizer);
         $normalizer->denormalize('foo');
     }
 
@@ -92,12 +89,11 @@ public function denormalize(mixed $value): int
 
     public function testPassHydrator(): void
     {
-        $hydrator = $this->prophesize(Hydrator::class)->reveal();
-        $normalizer = $this->prophesize(Normalizer::class);
-        $normalizer->willImplement(HydratorAwareNormalizer::class);
-        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator)->shouldBeCalled();
+        $hydrator = $this->createMock(Hydrator::class);
+        $normalizer = $this->createMockForIntersectionOfInterfaces([Normalizer::class, HydratorAwareNormalizer::class]);
+        $normalizer->expects($this->once())->method('setHydrator')->with($hydrator);
 
-        $normalizer = new ArrayNormalizer($normalizer->reveal());
+        $normalizer = new ArrayNormalizer($normalizer);
         $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Normalizer/DateTimeImmutableNormalizerTest.php b/tests/Unit/Normalizer/DateTimeImmutableNormalizerTest.php
index 58bd504..fb90e0f 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Normalizer/DateTimeImmutableNormalizerTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Normalizer/DateTimeImmutableNormalizerTest.php
@@ -10,13 +10,10 @@
 use Patchlevel\Hydrator\Normalizer\DateTimeImmutableNormalizer;
 use Patchlevel\Hydrator\Normalizer\InvalidArgument;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
-use Prophecy\PhpUnit\ProphecyTrait;
 
 #[Attribute(Attribute::TARGET_PROPERTY)]
 final class DateTimeImmutableNormalizerTest extends TestCase
 {
-    use ProphecyTrait;
-
     public function testNormalizeWithNull(): void
     {
         $normalizer = new DateTimeImmutableNormalizer();
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Normalizer/DateTimeNormalizerTest.php b/tests/Unit/Normalizer/DateTimeNormalizerTest.php
index b4c2505..0588ef0 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Normalizer/DateTimeNormalizerTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Normalizer/DateTimeNormalizerTest.php
@@ -9,13 +9,10 @@
 use Patchlevel\Hydrator\Normalizer\DateTimeNormalizer;
 use Patchlevel\Hydrator\Normalizer\InvalidArgument;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
-use Prophecy\PhpUnit\ProphecyTrait;
 
 #[Attribute(Attribute::TARGET_PROPERTY)]
 final class DateTimeNormalizerTest extends TestCase
 {
-    use ProphecyTrait;
-
     public function testNormalizeWithNull(): void
     {
         $normalizer = new DateTimeNormalizer();
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Normalizer/DateTimeZoneNormalizerTest.php b/tests/Unit/Normalizer/DateTimeZoneNormalizerTest.php
index f830057..0af3a8b 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Normalizer/DateTimeZoneNormalizerTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Normalizer/DateTimeZoneNormalizerTest.php
@@ -9,13 +9,10 @@
 use Patchlevel\Hydrator\Normalizer\DateTimeZoneNormalizer;
 use Patchlevel\Hydrator\Normalizer\InvalidArgument;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
-use Prophecy\PhpUnit\ProphecyTrait;
 
 #[Attribute(Attribute::TARGET_PROPERTY)]
 final class DateTimeZoneNormalizerTest extends TestCase
 {
-    use ProphecyTrait;
-
     public function testNormalizeWithNull(): void
     {
         $normalizer = new DateTimeZoneNormalizer();
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Normalizer/EnumNormalizerTest.php b/tests/Unit/Normalizer/EnumNormalizerTest.php
index 5239d33..4ac8dd7 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Normalizer/EnumNormalizerTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Normalizer/EnumNormalizerTest.php
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 use Patchlevel\Hydrator\Tests\Unit\Fixture\AutoTypeDto;
 use Patchlevel\Hydrator\Tests\Unit\Fixture\Status;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
-use Prophecy\PhpUnit\ProphecyTrait;
 use ReflectionClass;
 use ReflectionType;
 use RuntimeException;
@@ -20,8 +19,6 @@
 #[Attribute(Attribute::TARGET_PROPERTY)]
 final class EnumNormalizerTest extends TestCase
 {
-    use ProphecyTrait;
-
     public function testNormalizeWithNull(): void
     {
         $normalizer = new EnumNormalizer(Status::class);
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Normalizer/ObjectNormalizerTest.php b/tests/Unit/Normalizer/ObjectNormalizerTest.php
index b3dc816..9a9a644 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Normalizer/ObjectNormalizerTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Normalizer/ObjectNormalizerTest.php
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 use Patchlevel\Hydrator\Tests\Unit\Fixture\ProfileCreated;
 use Patchlevel\Hydrator\Tests\Unit\Fixture\ProfileId;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
-use Prophecy\PhpUnit\ProphecyTrait;
 use ReflectionClass;
 use ReflectionType;
 use RuntimeException;
@@ -26,8 +25,6 @@
 #[Attribute(Attribute::TARGET_PROPERTY)]
 final class ObjectNormalizerTest extends TestCase
 {
-    use ProphecyTrait;
-
     public function testNormalizeMissingHydrator(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(MissingHydrator::class);
@@ -46,20 +43,20 @@ public function testDenormalizeMissingHydrator(): void
 
     public function testNormalizeWithNull(): void
     {
-        $hydrator = $this->prophesize(Hydrator::class);
+        $hydrator = $this->createMock(Hydrator::class);
 
         $normalizer = new ObjectNormalizer(ProfileCreated::class);
-        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator->reveal());
+        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator);
 
         $this->assertEquals(null, $normalizer->normalize(null));
     }
 
     public function testDenormalizeWithNull(): void
     {
-        $hydrator = $this->prophesize(Hydrator::class);
+        $hydrator = $this->createMock(Hydrator::class);
 
         $normalizer = new ObjectNormalizer(ProfileCreated::class);
-        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator->reveal());
+        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator);
 
         $this->assertEquals(null, $normalizer->denormalize(null));
     }
@@ -69,10 +66,10 @@ public function testNormalizeWithInvalidArgument(): void
         $this->expectException(InvalidArgument::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage('type "Patchlevel\Hydrator\Tests\Unit\Fixture\ProfileCreated|null" was expected but "string" was passed.');
 
-        $hydrator = $this->prophesize(Hydrator::class);
+        $hydrator = $this->createMock(Hydrator::class);
 
         $normalizer = new ObjectNormalizer(ProfileCreated::class);
-        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator->reveal());
+        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator);
         $normalizer->normalize('foo');
     }
 
@@ -81,28 +78,27 @@ public function testDenormalizeWithInvalidArgument(): void
         $this->expectException(InvalidArgument::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessage('array<string, mixed>|null" was expected but "string" was passed.');
 
-        $hydrator = $this->prophesize(Hydrator::class);
+        $hydrator = $this->createMock(Hydrator::class);
 
         $normalizer = new ObjectNormalizer(ProfileCreated::class);
-        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator->reveal());
+        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator);
         $normalizer->denormalize('foo');
     }
 
     public function testNormalizeWithValue(): void
     {
-        $hydrator = $this->prophesize(Hydrator::class);
+        $hydrator = $this->createMock(Hydrator::class);
 
         $event = new ProfileCreated(
             ProfileId::fromString('1'),
             Email::fromString('info@patchlevel.de'),
         );
 
-        $hydrator->extract($event)
-            ->willReturn(['profileId' => '1', 'email' => 'info@patchlevel.de'])
-            ->shouldBeCalledOnce();
+        $hydrator->expects($this->once())->method('extract')->with($event)
+            ->willReturn(['profileId' => '1', 'email' => 'info@patchlevel.de']);
 
         $normalizer = new ObjectNormalizer(ProfileCreated::class);
-        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator->reveal());
+        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator);
 
         self::assertEquals(
             $normalizer->normalize($event),
@@ -112,19 +108,18 @@ public function testNormalizeWithValue(): void
 
     public function testDenormalizeWithValue(): void
     {
-        $hydrator = $this->prophesize(Hydrator::class);
+        $hydrator = $this->createMock(Hydrator::class);
 
         $expected = new ProfileCreated(
             ProfileId::fromString('1'),
             Email::fromString('info@patchlevel.de'),
         );
 
-        $hydrator->hydrate(ProfileCreated::class, ['profileId' => '1', 'email' => 'info@patchlevel.de'])
-            ->willReturn($expected)
-            ->shouldBeCalledOnce();
+        $hydrator->expects($this->once())->method('hydrate')->with(ProfileCreated::class, ['profileId' => '1', 'email' => 'info@patchlevel.de'])
+            ->willReturn($expected);
 
         $normalizer = new ObjectNormalizer(ProfileCreated::class);
-        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator->reveal());
+        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator);
 
         $this->assertEquals(
             $expected,
@@ -134,10 +129,10 @@ public function testDenormalizeWithValue(): void
 
     public function testAutoDetect(): void
     {
-        $hydrator = $this->prophesize(Hydrator::class);
+        $hydrator = $this->createMock(Hydrator::class);
 
         $normalizer = new ObjectNormalizer();
-        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator->reveal());
+        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator);
         $normalizer->handleReflectionType($this->reflectionType(AutoTypeDto::class, 'profileCreated'));
 
         self::assertEquals(ProfileCreated::class, $normalizer->getClassName());
@@ -145,10 +140,10 @@ public function testAutoDetect(): void
 
     public function testAutoDetectOverrideNotPossible(): void
     {
-        $hydrator = $this->prophesize(Hydrator::class);
+        $hydrator = $this->createMock(Hydrator::class);
 
         $normalizer = new ObjectNormalizer(AutoTypeDto::class);
-        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator->reveal());
+        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator);
         $normalizer->handleReflectionType($this->reflectionType(AutoTypeDto::class, 'profileCreated'));
 
         self::assertEquals(AutoTypeDto::class, $normalizer->getClassName());
@@ -158,10 +153,10 @@ public function testAutoDetectMissingType(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(InvalidType::class);
 
-        $hydrator = $this->prophesize(Hydrator::class);
+        $hydrator = $this->createMock(Hydrator::class);
 
         $normalizer = new ObjectNormalizer();
-        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator->reveal());
+        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator);
 
         $normalizer->getClassName();
     }
@@ -170,10 +165,10 @@ public function testAutoDetectMissingTypeBecauseNull(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(InvalidType::class);
 
-        $hydrator = $this->prophesize(Hydrator::class);
+        $hydrator = $this->createMock(Hydrator::class);
 
         $normalizer = new ObjectNormalizer();
-        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator->reveal());
+        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator);
         $normalizer->handleReflectionType(null);
 
         $normalizer->getClassName();
@@ -181,10 +176,10 @@ public function testAutoDetectMissingTypeBecauseNull(): void
 
     public function testSerialize(): void
     {
-        $hydrator = $this->prophesize(Hydrator::class);
+        $hydrator = $this->createMock(Hydrator::class);
 
         $normalizer = new ObjectNormalizer(ProfileCreated::class);
-        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator->reveal());
+        $normalizer->setHydrator($hydrator);
 
         $serialized = serialize($normalizer);