gh-97588: Align ctypes struct layout to GCC/MSVC (GH-97702)

Structure layout, and especially bitfields, sometimes resulted in clearly
wrong behaviour like overlapping fields. This fixes

Co-authored-by: Gregory P. Smith <gps@python.org>
Co-authored-by: Petr Viktorin <encukou@gmail.com>

Author: 3 people

Doc/library/ctypes.rst

@@ -661,14 +661,18 @@ for debugging because they can provide useful information::
    guaranteed by the library to work in the general case.  Unions and
    structures with bit-fields should always be passed to functions by pointer.
 
-Structure/union alignment and byte order
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-By default, Structure and Union fields are aligned in the same way the C
-compiler does it. It is possible to override this behavior by specifying a
-:attr:`~Structure._pack_` class attribute in the subclass definition.
-This must be set to a positive integer and specifies the maximum alignment for the fields.
-This is what ``#pragma pack(n)`` also does in MSVC.
+Structure/union layout, alignment and byte order
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+By default, Structure and Union fields are laid out in the same way the C
+compiler does it.  It is possible to override this behavior entirely by specifying a
+:attr:`~Structure._layout_` class attribute in the subclass definition; see
+the attribute documentation for details.
+
+It is possible to specify the maximum alignment for the fields by setting
+the :attr:`~Structure._pack_` class attribute to a positive integer.
+This matches what ``#pragma pack(n)`` does in MSVC.
+
 It is also possible to set a minimum alignment for how the subclass itself is packed in the
 same way ``#pragma align(n)`` works in MSVC.
 This can be achieved by specifying a ::attr:`~Structure._align_` class attribute
@@ -2540,6 +2544,31 @@ fields, or any other data types containing pointer type fields.
       the structure when being packed or unpacked to/from memory.
       Setting this attribute to 0 is the same as not setting it at all.
 
+   .. attribute:: _layout_
+
+      An optional string naming the struct/union layout. It can currently
+      be set to:
+
+      - ``"ms"``: the layout used by the Microsoft compiler (MSVC).
+        On GCC and Clang, this layout can be selected with
+        ``__attribute__((ms_struct))``.
+      - ``"gcc-sysv"``: the layout used by GCC with the System V or “SysV-like”
+        data model, as used on Linux and macOS.
+        With this layout, :attr:`~Structure._pack_` must be unset or zero.
+
+      If not set explicitly, ``ctypes`` will use a default that
+      matches the platform conventions. This default may change in future
+      Python releases (for example, when a new platform gains official support,
+      or when a difference between similar platforms is found).
+      Currently the default will be:
+
+      - On Windows: ``"ms"``
+      - When :attr:`~Structure._pack_` is specified: ``"ms"``
+      - Otherwise: ``"gcc-sysv"``
+
+      :attr:`!_layout_` must already be defined when
+      :attr:`~Structure._fields_` is assigned, otherwise it will have no effect.
+
    .. attribute:: _anonymous_
 
       An optional sequence that lists the names of unnamed (anonymous) fields.

Doc/whatsnew/3.13.rst

@@ -656,6 +656,18 @@ copy
   any user classes which define the :meth:`!__replace__` method.
   (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`108751`.)
 
+ctypes
+------
+
+* The layout of :ref:`bit fields <ctypes-bit-fields-in-structures-unions>` in
+  :class:`~ctypes.Structure` and :class:`~ctypes.Union` was improved to better
+  match platform defaults (GCC/Clang or MSC). In particular, fields no longer
+  overlap.
+  (Contributed by Matthias Görgens in :gh:`97702`.)
+* A :attr:`ctypes.Structure._layout_` class attribute can be set
+  to help match a non-default ABI.
+  (Contributed by Petr Viktorin in :gh:`97702`.)
+
 dbm
 ---
 

Include/internal/pycore_global_objects_fini_generated.h

@@ -256,6 +256,7 @@ struct _Py_global_strings {
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(_initializing)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(_io)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(_is_text_encoding)
+        STRUCT_FOR_ID(_layout_)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(_length_)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(_limbo)
         STRUCT_FOR_ID(_lock_unlock_module)