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<div id="jb-print-docs-body" class="onlyprint">
<h1>Basic Syntax, Variables and Data Types</h1>
<!-- Table of contents -->
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<h2> Contents </h2>
</div>
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<ul class="visible nav section-nav flex-column">
<li class="toc-h2 nav-item toc-entry"><a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#representing-data-in-programs">Representing data in programs</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2 nav-item toc-entry"><a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#variable-types-dynamic-typing">Variable types - “dynamic typing”</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2 nav-item toc-entry"><a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#integers-and-floats">Integers and Floats</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2 nav-item toc-entry"><a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#booleans-and-boolean-operations">Booleans and Boolean Operations</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2 nav-item toc-entry"><a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#strings">Strings</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2 nav-item toc-entry"><a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#lists">Lists</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2 nav-item toc-entry"><a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#tuples">Tuples</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2 nav-item toc-entry"><a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#lists-vs-tuples">Lists vs Tuples</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2 nav-item toc-entry"><a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#dictionaries">Dictionaries</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2 nav-item toc-entry"><a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#sets">Sets</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2 nav-item toc-entry"><a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#fancier-structured-printing-via-f-strings">Fancier structured printing via f-strings</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2 nav-item toc-entry"><a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#type-conversions">Type Conversions</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2 nav-item toc-entry"><a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#complex-numbers">Complex Numbers</a></li>
</ul>
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<article class="bd-article">
<section class="tex2jax_ignore mathjax_ignore" id="basic-syntax-variables-and-data-types">
<h1>Basic Syntax, Variables and Data Types<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-syntax-variables-and-data-types" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h1>
<p>Python can do basic math straightaway, either at the python interpreter prompt:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">macbookpro</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">python</span>
<span class="n">Python</span> <span class="mf">3.13.3</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">packaged</span> <span class="n">by</span> <span class="n">conda</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">forge</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Apr</span> <span class="mi">14</span> <span class="mi">2025</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">46</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">04</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Clang</span> <span class="mf">18.1.8</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">on</span> <span class="n">darwin</span>
<span class="n">Type</span> <span class="s2">"help"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"copyright"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"credits"</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="s2">"license"</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">more</span> <span class="n">information</span><span class="o">.</span>
<span class="o">>>></span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">3</span>
<span class="mi">6</span>
<span class="o">>>></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>or in a Jupyter notebook cell:</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">3</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>6
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>In addition to code that Python will execute, one can add “comments” to clarify what the code is doing. This is done with a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#</span></code> symbol. Anything written after a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#</span></code> on a given line is ignored.</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># This is a comment</span>
<span class="mi">9</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">9</span> <span class="c1"># Here I double 9, my favorite number</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>18
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>However the value of writing computer <strong>programs</strong> is that they are more than simple calculators
performing operations on specific data types. They can generalize beyond specific numbers and
represent more complex algorithms and operations on data.</p>
<section id="representing-data-in-programs">
<h2>Representing data in programs<a class="headerlink" href="#representing-data-in-programs" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>So how do we generalize over data? From mathematics we talk about different sets of numbers that we might
want to represent in programs:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>integers (positive, negative and zero)</p></li>
<li><p>real numbers (including both rational and irrational numbers)</p></li>
</ul>
<p>We also talk about other kinds of things we might want to represent:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>text - i.e. “HSF India” or your name</p></li>
<li><p>boolean values {True, False}</p></li>
</ul>
<p>We usually want to represent these things within our programs, but often we don’t
know the actual value, or it may change during the program. Thus in the program
we give values we want to represent <strong>names</strong>, and because they may change during
the execution of the program we refer to them as “variable names”.</p>
</section>
<section id="variable-types-dynamic-typing">
<h2>Variable types - “dynamic typing”<a class="headerlink" href="#variable-types-dynamic-typing" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>In other programming languages, e.g. C++ (C, FORTRAN, …) one has to declare the variable types (tell
the compiler what kind of thing each variable is) before you actually run the program. This is
called <strong>static typing</strong> as it is set and fixed in the program:</p>
<p><strong>C++</strong></p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="nb">int</span> <span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nb">int</span> <span class="n">myInt</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nb">float</span> <span class="n">myFloat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">3.14</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o"><<</span> <span class="s2">"Integer: "</span> <span class="o"><<</span> <span class="n">myInt</span> <span class="o"><<</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o"><<</span> <span class="s2">"Float: "</span> <span class="o"><<</span> <span class="n">myFloat</span> <span class="o"><<</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>PYTHON</strong></p>
<p>In Python it is not required to tell the interpreter the type for a given variable. It is inferred from
the data the first time a variable is set. Variables in Python are said to be <strong>dynamically typed</strong> and that type can change as the program evolves.</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="c1"># Python will recognize that 3 is an integer</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'HSF India'</span> <span class="c1"># Python will recognize that x now represents a string</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>3
HSF India
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>You can use the type(varname) function to check the type of a variable.</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="c1"># Python will recognize that 3 is an integer</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">3.14</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'HSF India'</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span> <span class="c1"># Alternative is False (note capitalization)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>3
<class 'int'>
3.14
<class 'float'>
HSF India
<class 'str'>
True
<class 'bool'>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="integers-and-floats">
<h2>Integers and Floats<a class="headerlink" href="#integers-and-floats" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">42</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>42
<class 'int'>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">3.14</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>3.14
<class 'float'>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>And as planned, one can do math with numeric data types, including setting other variables:</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">j</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">12</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">k</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">j</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>52
54
54
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">7</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>16.8596
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>In addition to operations like addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*) and division (/), we also can do things like get the “quotient” and “remainder” when doing integer division via the “floor division” operator (//) and “mod(ulus)” operator (%):</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Integer division of 7 by 2 = 2 * 3 + 1'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="k">2</span>)
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Integer division of 7 by 4 = 1 * 4 + 1'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="k">4</span>)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>Integer division of 7 by 2 = 2 * 3 + 1
3
1
Integer division of 7 by 4 = 1 * 4 + 1
1
3
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="booleans-and-boolean-operations">
<h2>Booleans and Boolean Operations<a class="headerlink" href="#booleans-and-boolean-operations" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>Often in a program we will need to represent whether something is <strong>True</strong> or <strong>False</strong>. Note that Python expects those to be capitalized.</p>
<p>In addition boolean operations in Python familiar from math exist, such as <strong>and</strong>, <strong>or</strong> and <strong>not</strong>:</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">False</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>False
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>True
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>True
False
False
True
False
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="strings">
<h2>Strings<a class="headerlink" href="#strings" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>Text is represented by string variables. The actual text must be included in between quotes.</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Hello World!'</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>Hello World!
<class 'str'>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Note that both single and double quotes can be used, as long as you are consistent for a given string.</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">s2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"Goodbye Cruel World!"</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s2</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>Goodbye Cruel World!
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>And multi-line strings are possible when demarcated with triple-quotes, e.g.</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">s3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'''Hello</span>
<span class="s1">World!</span>
<span class="s1">'''</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s3</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>Hello
World!
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>A number of functions are available for strings, for example:</p>
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<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">s4</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Hello World!'</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s4</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lower</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s4</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">upper</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s4</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">swapcase</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s4</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lower</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">capitalize</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="c1"># strip() removes leading and trailing whitespace </span>
<span class="c1"># [lstrip() will remove only leading whitespace, rstrip() will remove only training whitespace]</span>
<span class="n">s5</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">' Hello! '</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s5</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">s6</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s5</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strip</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s6</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># We can also replace substrings</span>
<span class="n">s7</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s5</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">' '</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'#'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s7</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">s8</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s7</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ll'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'--'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s8</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># We can split a string (default delimiter is space, but can be changed)</span>
<span class="n">s9</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s4</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s9</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">s10</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'alpha|beta|gamma'</span>
<span class="n">s11</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s10</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'|'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s11</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># And we can join lists of strings back together, using a specified delimiter (here '-')</span>
<span class="n">s12</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'-'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s11</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s12</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>hello world!
HELLO WORLD!
hELLO wORLD!
Hello world!
Hello!
Hello!
##Hello!#
##He--o!#
['Hello', 'World!']
['alpha', 'beta', 'gamma']
alpha-beta-gamma
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>And there are a number of functions to examine the nature of strings:</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">ss1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'ABC'</span>
<span class="n">ss2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Abc'</span>
<span class="n">ss3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'abc'</span>
<span class="n">ss4</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'123'</span>
<span class="n">ss5</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Abc123'</span>
<span class="n">ss6</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Abc-123'</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ss1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">islower</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">islower</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">islower</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss4</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">islower</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss5</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">islower</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss6</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">islower</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ss1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isupper</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isupper</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isupper</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss4</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isupper</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss5</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isupper</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss6</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isupper</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ss1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isalpha</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isalpha</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isalpha</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss4</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isalpha</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss5</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isalpha</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss6</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isalpha</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ss1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isnumeric</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isnumeric</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isnumeric</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss4</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isnumeric</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss5</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isnumeric</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss6</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isnumeric</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ss1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isalnum</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isalnum</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isalnum</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss4</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isalnum</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss5</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isalnum</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">ss6</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isalnum</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="c1"># But be careful, numeric means in [0123456789]</span>
<span class="n">ss7</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'12.3'</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ss7</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isnumeric</span><span class="p">())</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>False False True False False False
True False False False False False
True True True False False False
False False False True False False
True True True True True False
False
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>It is also possible to perform other types of operations with strings:</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Hello'</span>
<span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'World!'</span>
<span class="n">z</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s1">' '</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">y</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">z</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>Hello World!
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>However there are better ways to do this, especially as the resulting string (or printout) gets more complicated. (See f-strings below.)</p>
</section>
<section id="lists">
<h2>Lists<a class="headerlink" href="#lists" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>Lists are one of the most and flexible data types in basic Python. They are ordered and mutable and duplicates are allowed. The elements of a list do not need to be all of the same data type. One can append items to a list, and remove items from the list.</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">l1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'Paris'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Mumbai'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Paris'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">l1</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>['Paris', 42, 'Mumbai', 'Paris']
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">l1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">3.14</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">l1</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>['Paris', 42, 'Mumbai', 'Paris', 3.14]
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">l1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Paris'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># removes the first match</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">l1</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[42, 'Mumbai', 'Paris', 3.14]
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The (ordered) elements of a list can be accessed by indices. They are numbered starting with 0. It is possible to change the individual elements (including their type).</p>
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<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">l1</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">l1</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">l1</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Lyon'</span> <span class="c1"># changes 'Paris' to 'Lyon'</span>
<span class="n">l1</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'London'</span> <span class="c1"># changes 3.14 to 'London'</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">l1</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>42
Paris
[42, 'Mumbai', 'Lyon', 'London']
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="tuples">
<h2>Tuples<a class="headerlink" href="#tuples" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>Tuples are ordered like a list, but are immutable. The elements are not required to be of the same type and, like lists, can also be accessed via indices.</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">t1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">3.14</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'Foo'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">t1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">t1</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>(1, 2, 3.14, 'Foo')
3.14
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Because they are immutable one cannot change them:</p>
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<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-ipython3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">t1</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">7</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output traceback highlight-ipythontb notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gt">---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
<span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="g g-Whitespace"> </span>Traceback (most recent call last)
<span class="n">Cell</span> <span class="n">In</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">24</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="ne">----> </span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="n">t1</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">7</span>
<span class="ne">TypeError</span>: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="lists-vs-tuples">
<h2>Lists vs Tuples<a class="headerlink" href="#lists-vs-tuples" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>So when to use a list, a tuple a dict or a set?</p>
<p>Lists are more dynamic and useful when the elements (and their number) may change. For example, a list could represent the list of orders for a cook in a restaurant kitchen.</p>
<p>Tuples are useful when fixing the elements and their number makes sense in the program context. For example, RGB colors are often represented as 3 integer numbers between 0 and 255, e.g. rgb = (255, 128, 0) is a shade of orange.</p>
</section>
<section id="dictionaries">
<h2>Dictionaries<a class="headerlink" href="#dictionaries" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>A dictionary (“dict”) is a a set of key-value pairs. It is unordered and is mutable. One accesses a dictionary using the “key” to obtain the associated “value”. Keys are unique.</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
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