diff --git a/sc/memiavl/multitree.go b/sc/memiavl/multitree.go
index 7f53865b..2789b913 100644
--- a/sc/memiavl/multitree.go
+++ b/sc/memiavl/multitree.go
@@ -339,19 +339,38 @@ func (t *MultiTree) Catchup(stream types.Stream[proto.ChangelogEntry], endVersio
 		return fmt.Errorf("target index %d is in the future, latest index: %d", endIndex, lastIndex)
 	}
 
+	var replayCount = 0
 	err = stream.Replay(firstIndex, endIndex, func(index uint64, entry proto.ChangelogEntry) error {
-		if err := t.apply(entry); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("apply rlog entry failed, %w", err)
+		if err := t.ApplyUpgrades(entry.Upgrades); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		updatedTrees := make(map[string]bool)
+		for _, cs := range entry.Changesets {
+			treeName := cs.Name
+			t.TreeByName(treeName).ApplyChangeSetAsync(cs.Changeset)
+			updatedTrees[treeName] = true
 		}
-		if _, err := t.SaveVersion(false); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("replay changeset failed to save version, %w", err)
+		for _, tree := range t.trees {
+			if _, found := updatedTrees[tree.Name]; !found {
+				tree.ApplyChangeSetAsync(iavl.ChangeSet{})
+			}
+		}
+		t.lastCommitInfo.Version = utils.NextVersion(t.lastCommitInfo.Version, t.initialVersion)
+		t.lastCommitInfo.StoreInfos = []proto.StoreInfo{}
+		replayCount++
+		if replayCount%1000 == 0 {
+			fmt.Printf("Replayed %d changelog entries\n", replayCount)
 		}
 		return nil
 	})
+
+	for _, tree := range t.trees {
+		tree.WaitToCompleteAsyncWrite()
+	}
+
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-
 	t.UpdateCommitInfo()
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/sc/memiavl/tree.go b/sc/memiavl/tree.go
index 18647f60..f498ca61 100644
--- a/sc/memiavl/tree.go
+++ b/sc/memiavl/tree.go
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import (
 var _ types.Tree = (*Tree)(nil)
 var emptyHash = sha256.New().Sum(nil)
 
-// verify change sets by replay them to rebuild iavl tree and verify the root hashes
+// Tree verify change sets by replay them to rebuild iavl tree and verify the root hashes
 type Tree struct {
 	version uint32
 	// root node of empty tree is represented as `nil`
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ type Tree struct {
 
 	// sync.RWMutex is used to protect the tree for thread safety during snapshot reload
 	mtx *sync.RWMutex
+
+	pendingChanges chan iavl.ChangeSet
+	pendingWg      *sync.WaitGroup
 }
 
 // NewEmptyTree creates an empty tree at an arbitrary version.
@@ -43,8 +46,9 @@ func NewEmptyTree(version uint64, initialVersion uint32) *Tree {
 		version:        uint32(version),
 		initialVersion: initialVersion,
 		// no need to copy if the tree is not backed by snapshot
-		zeroCopy: true,
-		mtx:      &sync.RWMutex{},
+		zeroCopy:  true,
+		mtx:       &sync.RWMutex{},
+		pendingWg: &sync.WaitGroup{},
 	}
 }
 
@@ -62,10 +66,11 @@ func NewWithInitialVersion(initialVersion uint32) *Tree {
 // NewFromSnapshot mmap the blob files and create the root node.
 func NewFromSnapshot(snapshot *Snapshot, zeroCopy bool, _ int) *Tree {
 	tree := &Tree{
-		version:  snapshot.Version(),
-		snapshot: snapshot,
-		zeroCopy: zeroCopy,
-		mtx:      &sync.RWMutex{},
+		version:   snapshot.Version(),
+		snapshot:  snapshot,
+		zeroCopy:  zeroCopy,
+		mtx:       &sync.RWMutex{},
+		pendingWg: &sync.WaitGroup{},
 	}
 
 	if !snapshot.IsEmpty() {
@@ -116,6 +121,31 @@ func (t *Tree) ApplyChangeSet(changeSet iavl.ChangeSet) {
 	}
 }
 
+func (t *Tree) ApplyChangeSetAsync(changeSet iavl.ChangeSet) {
+	if t.pendingChanges == nil {
+		t.StartBackgroundWrite()
+	}
+	t.pendingChanges <- changeSet
+}
+
+func (t *Tree) StartBackgroundWrite() {
+	t.pendingWg.Add(1)
+	t.pendingChanges = make(chan iavl.ChangeSet, 1000)
+	go func() {
+		defer t.pendingWg.Done()
+		for nextChange := range t.pendingChanges {
+			t.ApplyChangeSet(nextChange)
+			_, _, _ = t.SaveVersion(false)
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+func (t *Tree) WaitToCompleteAsyncWrite() {
+	close(t.pendingChanges)
+	t.pendingWg.Wait()
+	t.pendingChanges = nil
+}
+
 func (t *Tree) Set(key, value []byte) {
 	t.mtx.Lock()
 	defer t.mtx.Unlock()
@@ -270,6 +300,9 @@ func (t *Tree) Close() error {
 		err = t.snapshot.Close()
 		t.snapshot = nil
 	}
+	if t.pendingChanges != nil {
+		close(t.pendingChanges)
+	}
 	t.root = nil
 	return err
 }
diff --git a/ss/pebbledb/db.go b/ss/pebbledb/db.go
index ee0269b0..cd51f0f4 100644
--- a/ss/pebbledb/db.go
+++ b/ss/pebbledb/db.go
@@ -160,7 +160,6 @@ func (db *Database) SetLatestVersion(version int64) error {
 	var ts [VersionSize]byte
 	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(ts[:], uint64(version))
 	err := db.storage.Set([]byte(latestVersionKey), ts[:], defaultWriteOpts)
-	fmt.Printf("SetLatestVersion: version=%d, err=%v, latestVersionKey=%s\n", version, err, latestVersionKey)
 	return err
 }