diff --git a/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/DifferentNamespaceKafkaTest.java b/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/DifferentNamespaceKafkaTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..41026ddfd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/DifferentNamespaceKafkaTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package io.streamnative.pulsar.handlers.kop;
+
+/**
+ * test topics in different namespaces with `entryFormat=kafka`.
+ */
+public class DifferentNamespaceKafkaTest extends DifferentNamespaceTestBase {
+
+    public DifferentNamespaceKafkaTest() {
+        super("kafka");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/DifferentNamespacePulsarTest.java b/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/DifferentNamespacePulsarTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b77640fe2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/DifferentNamespacePulsarTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package io.streamnative.pulsar.handlers.kop;
+
+/**
+ * test topics in different namespaces with `entryFormat=pulsar`.
+ */
+public class DifferentNamespacePulsarTest extends DifferentNamespaceTestBase {
+
+    public DifferentNamespacePulsarTest() {
+        super("pulsar");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/DifferentNamespaceTest.java b/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/DifferentNamespaceTestBase.java
similarity index 95%
rename from tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/DifferentNamespaceTest.java
rename to tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/DifferentNamespaceTestBase.java
index 52d56dd50e..be8016c414 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/DifferentNamespaceTest.java
+++ b/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/DifferentNamespaceTestBase.java
@@ -43,32 +43,23 @@
 import org.testng.annotations.AfterClass;
 import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
 import org.testng.annotations.DataProvider;
-import org.testng.annotations.Factory;
 import org.testng.annotations.Test;
 
 /**
  * test topics in different namespaces.
  */
 @Slf4j
-public class DifferentNamespaceTest extends KopProtocolHandlerTestBase {
+public abstract class DifferentNamespaceTestBase extends KopProtocolHandlerTestBase {
 
     private static final String DEFAULT_TENANT = "public";
     private static final String DEFAULT_NAMESPACE = "default";
     private static final String ANOTHER_TENANT = "my-tenant";
     private static final String ANOTHER_NAMESPACE = "my-ns";
 
-    public DifferentNamespaceTest(final String entryFormat) {
+    public DifferentNamespaceTestBase(final String entryFormat) {
         super(entryFormat);
     }
 
-    @Factory
-    public static Object[] instances() {
-        return new Object[] {
-                new DifferentNamespaceTest("pulsar"),
-                new DifferentNamespaceTest("kafka")
-        };
-    }
-
     @DataProvider(name = "topics")
     public static Object[][] topics() {
         return new Object[][] {
diff --git a/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/PulsarAuthEnabledKafkaTest.java b/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/PulsarAuthEnabledKafkaTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..73fa423af9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/PulsarAuthEnabledKafkaTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package io.streamnative.pulsar.handlers.kop;
+
+/**
+ * Test authentication enabled with `entryFormat=kafka`.
+ */
+public class PulsarAuthEnabledKafkaTest extends PulsarAuthEnabledTestBase {
+
+    public PulsarAuthEnabledKafkaTest() {
+        super("kafka");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/PulsarAuthEnabledPulsarTest.java b/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/PulsarAuthEnabledPulsarTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e05f3f87ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/PulsarAuthEnabledPulsarTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package io.streamnative.pulsar.handlers.kop;
+
+/**
+ * Test authentication enabled with `entryFormat=pulsar`.
+ */
+public class PulsarAuthEnabledPulsarTest extends PulsarAuthEnabledTestBase {
+
+    public PulsarAuthEnabledPulsarTest() {
+        super("pulsar");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/PulsarAuthEnabledTest.java b/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/PulsarAuthEnabledTestBase.java
similarity index 94%
rename from tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/PulsarAuthEnabledTest.java
rename to tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/PulsarAuthEnabledTestBase.java
index aac84277f5..ba6786df25 100644
--- a/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/PulsarAuthEnabledTest.java
+++ b/tests/src/test/java/io/streamnative/pulsar/handlers/kop/PulsarAuthEnabledTestBase.java
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@
 import org.apache.pulsar.common.policies.data.AuthAction;
 import org.apache.pulsar.common.policies.data.TenantInfo;
 import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
-import org.testng.annotations.Factory;
 import org.testng.annotations.Test;
 
 /**
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@
  * This is similar to SaslPlainTest, but the KoP SASL is not enabled.
  */
 @Slf4j
-public class PulsarAuthEnabledTest extends KopProtocolHandlerTestBase {
+public abstract class PulsarAuthEnabledTestBase extends KopProtocolHandlerTestBase {
     private static final String TENANT = "PulsarAuthEnabledTest";
     private static final String ADMIN_USER = "admin_user";
     private static final String NAMESPACE = "ns2";
@@ -58,18 +57,10 @@ public class PulsarAuthEnabledTest extends KopProtocolHandlerTestBase {
     private static final String TOPIC = "persistent://" + TENANT + "/" + NAMESPACE + "/" + SHORT_TOPIC;
     private String adminToken;
 
-    public PulsarAuthEnabledTest(final String entryFormat) {
+    public PulsarAuthEnabledTestBase(final String entryFormat) {
         super(entryFormat);
     }
 
-    @Factory
-    public static Object[] instances() {
-        return new Object[] {
-                new PulsarAuthEnabledTest("pulsar"),
-                new PulsarAuthEnabledTest("kafka")
-        };
-    }
-
     @BeforeClass
     @Override
     protected void setup() throws Exception {