diff --git a/src/App.php b/src/App.php
index aa2249a..d041bc3 100755
--- a/src/App.php
+++ b/src/App.php
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ public static function error(): Hook
      * @param  string|null  $default
      * @return string|null
      */
-    public static function getEnv(string $key, string $default = null): ?string
+    public static function getEnv(string $key, ?string $default = null): ?string
     {
         return $_SERVER[$key] ?? $default;
     }
@@ -561,6 +561,11 @@ public function match(Request $request, bool $fresh = false): ?Route
         }
 
         $url = \parse_url($request->getURI(), PHP_URL_PATH);
+
+        if ($url === null || $url === false) {
+            $url = '/'; // Default to root path for malformed URLs
+        }
+
         $method = $request->getMethod();
         $method = (self::REQUEST_METHOD_HEAD == $method) ? self::REQUEST_METHOD_GET : $method;
 
diff --git a/src/Request.php b/src/Request.php
index b877920..2cd008e 100755
--- a/src/Request.php
+++ b/src/Request.php
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ public function getRawPayload(): string
      * @param  string|null  $default
      * @return string|null
      */
-    public function getServer(string $key, string $default = null): ?string
+    public function getServer(string $key, ?string $default = null): ?string
     {
         return $_SERVER[$key] ?? $default;
     }
diff --git a/src/Response.php b/src/Response.php
index 470097e..0bc4d08 100755
--- a/src/Response.php
+++ b/src/Response.php
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ public function getHeaders(): array
      * @param  bool  $httponly
      * @param  string  $sameSite
      */
-    public function addCookie(string $name, string $value = null, int $expire = null, string $path = null, string $domain = null, bool $secure = null, bool $httponly = null, string $sameSite = null): static
+    public function addCookie(string $name, ?string $value = null, ?int $expire = null, ?string $path = null, ?string $domain = null, ?bool $secure = null, ?bool $httponly = null, ?string $sameSite = null): static
     {
         $name = strtolower($name);
 
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ protected function write(string $content): void
      * @param  string  $content
      * @return void
      */
-    protected function end(string $content = null): void
+    protected function end(?string $content = null): void
     {
         if (!is_null($content)) {
             echo $content;
diff --git a/tests/AppTest.php b/tests/AppTest.php
index 5242e83..7a3c4f2 100755
--- a/tests/AppTest.php
+++ b/tests/AppTest.php
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ public function testCanExecuteRoute(): void
             ->param('x', 'x-def', new Text(1, min: 0), 'x param', false)
             ->param('y', 'y-def', new Text(1, min: 0), 'y param', false)
             ->action(function ($x, $y) {
-                echo $x . '-', $y;
+                echo $x . '-' . $y;
             });
 
         \ob_start();
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ public function providerRouteMatching(): array
     /**
      * @dataProvider providerRouteMatching
      */
-    public function testCanMatchRoute(string $method, string $path, string $url = null): void
+    public function testCanMatchRoute(string $method, string $path, ?string $url = null): void
     {
         $url ??= $path;
         $expected = null;
@@ -497,6 +497,58 @@ public function testCanMatchRoute(string $method, string $path, string $url = nu
         $this->assertEquals($expected, $this->app->getRoute());
     }
 
+    public function testMatchWithNullPath(): void
+    {
+        // Create a route for root path
+        $expected = App::get('/');
+
+        // Test case where parse_url returns null (malformed URL)
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'GET';
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] = '?param=1'; // This will cause parse_url to return null for PATH component
+
+        $matched = $this->app->match(new Request());
+        $this->assertEquals($expected, $matched);
+    }
+
+    public function testMatchWithEmptyPath(): void
+    {
+        // Create a route for root path
+        $expected = App::get('/');
+
+        // Test case where URI has no path component
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'GET';
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] = 'https://example.com'; // No path component
+
+        $matched = $this->app->match(new Request());
+        $this->assertEquals($expected, $matched);
+    }
+
+    public function testMatchWithMalformedURL(): void
+    {
+        // Create a route for root path
+        $expected = App::get('/');
+
+        // Test case where parse_url returns false (severely malformed URL)
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'GET';
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] = '#fragment'; // Malformed scheme
+
+        $matched = $this->app->match(new Request());
+        $this->assertEquals($expected, $matched);
+    }
+
+    public function testMatchWithOnlyQueryString(): void
+    {
+        // Create a route for root path
+        $expected = App::get('/');
+
+        // Test case where URI has only query string (no path)
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'GET';
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] = '?param=value'; // Only query string, no path
+
+        $matched = $this->app->match(new Request());
+        $this->assertEquals($expected, $matched);
+    }
+
     public function testNoMismatchRoute(): void
     {
         $requests = [
diff --git a/tests/e2e/ResponseTest.php b/tests/e2e/ResponseTest.php
index ecbb976..64ebfef 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/ResponseTest.php
+++ b/tests/e2e/ResponseTest.php
@@ -57,6 +57,23 @@ public function testEarlyResponse()
         $this->assertEquals('Init response. Actioned before: no', $response['body']);
     }
 
+    public function testNullPathHandling()
+    {
+        // Test that malformed URLs default to root path
+        $response = $this->client->call(Client::METHOD_GET, '/');
+        $this->assertEquals('Hello World!', $response['body']);
+        $this->assertEquals(200, $response['headers']['status-code']);
+    }
+
+    public function testRootPathFallback()
+    {
+        // Test that when path parsing fails, it falls back to root
+        // This is tested by ensuring the root route works correctly
+        $response = $this->client->call(Client::METHOD_GET, '/');
+        $this->assertEquals('Hello World!', $response['body']);
+        $this->assertEquals(200, $response['headers']['status-code']);
+    }
+
     public function testAliasWithParameter(): void
     {
         $response = $this->client->call(Client::METHOD_POST, '/functions/deployment', [