diff --git a/.claude/sweep-api-consistency-state.csv b/.claude/sweep-api-consistency-state.csv
index 75e332a3..fbac2b12 100644
--- a/.claude/sweep-api-consistency-state.csv
+++ b/.claude/sweep-api-consistency-state.csv
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 module,last_inspected,issue,severity_max,categories_found,notes
-geotiff,2026-05-12,1654,MEDIUM,3,"Filed type-annotation drift #1654 (MEDIUM Cat 3): public window/path/on_gpu_failure annotations missing on some siblings while others carry them. Fixed on deep-sweep-api-consistency-geotiff-2026-05-12 with PR (TBD): added tuple|None on open_geotiff/read_vrt window, str|BinaryIO on to_geotiff/write_geotiff_gpu path, str on open_geotiff/read_geotiff_gpu on_gpu_failure plus the deprecated gpu alias. Regression test test_signature_annotations_1654.py pins each annotation. Prior drifts surveyed: chunks default 512 vs None (intentional, read_geotiff_dask is dask-only); crs vs crs_wkt on write_vrt (VRT is WKT-only); write_vrt returns str (intentional backward-compat); nodata float|None vs unannotated (LOW, prior sweep). cuda-validated."
+geotiff,2026-05-12,1683;1684;1685,MEDIUM,3;5,"Sweep v2 (deep-sweep-api-consistency-geotiff-2026-05-12-v2). 3 MEDIUM findings filed and fixed: #1683 bigtiff docstring gap on to_geotiff (Cat 3, PR #1686); #1684 write_vrt nodata float|None widened to float|int|None (Cat 3, PR #1687); #1685 open_geotiff silent overview_level/on_gpu_failure drop on VRT sources (Cat 5, PR #1689). Prior v1 fix (#1654) covered type-annotation parity across window/path/on_gpu_failure. cuda-validated."
 reproject,2026-05-10,1570,HIGH,2;5,"Filed cross-module attrs['vertical_crs'] type collision (string vs EPSG int) vs xrspatial.geotiff. Fixed in PR (TBD): reproject now writes EPSG int and preserves friendly token under vertical_datum. MEDIUM kwarg-order drift (transform_precision vs chunk_size) and missing type hints vs geotiff documented but not fixed (cosmetic, kwarg-only)."
diff --git a/xrspatial/geotiff/__init__.py b/xrspatial/geotiff/__init__.py
index fffd1869..0ff104f4 100644
--- a/xrspatial/geotiff/__init__.py
+++ b/xrspatial/geotiff/__init__.py
@@ -3421,7 +3421,7 @@ def _sentinel_for_dtype(nodata_val, dtype):
 def write_vrt(vrt_path: str, source_files: list[str], *,
               relative: bool = True,
               crs_wkt: str | None = None,
-              nodata: float | None = None) -> str:
+              nodata: float | int | None = None) -> str:
     """Generate a VRT file that mosaics multiple GeoTIFF tiles.
 
     Parameters
@@ -3435,8 +3435,11 @@ def write_vrt(vrt_path: str, source_files: list[str], *,
     crs_wkt : str or None, optional
         CRS as a WKT string. If None, the CRS is taken from the first
         source GeoTIFF.
-    nodata : float or None, optional
+    nodata : float, int, or None, optional
         NoData value. If None, taken from the first source GeoTIFF.
+        Integer sentinels (e.g. ``65535`` for uint16, ``-9999`` for
+        int32) are accepted so the surface lines up with the
+        ``nodata`` kwarg on ``to_geotiff`` and ``write_geotiff_gpu``.
 
     Returns
     -------
diff --git a/xrspatial/geotiff/_vrt.py b/xrspatial/geotiff/_vrt.py
index a9d35458..5319d4a8 100644
--- a/xrspatial/geotiff/_vrt.py
+++ b/xrspatial/geotiff/_vrt.py
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ def read_vrt(vrt_path: str, *, window=None,
 def write_vrt(vrt_path: str, source_files: list[str], *,
               relative: bool = True,
               crs_wkt: str | None = None,
-              nodata: float | None = None) -> str:
+              nodata: float | int | None = None) -> str:
     """Generate a VRT file that mosaics multiple GeoTIFF tiles.
 
     Each source file is placed in the virtual raster based on its
@@ -611,8 +611,11 @@ def write_vrt(vrt_path: str, source_files: list[str], *,
         Store source paths relative to the VRT file.
     crs_wkt : str or None
         CRS as WKT string. If None, taken from the first source.
-    nodata : float or None
-        NoData value. If None, taken from the first source.
+    nodata : float, int, or None
+        NoData value. If None, taken from the first source. Integer
+        sentinels (e.g. ``65535`` for uint16, ``-9999`` for int32) are
+        accepted so the surface lines up with the ``nodata`` kwarg on
+        ``to_geotiff`` and ``write_geotiff_gpu``.
 
     Returns
     -------
diff --git a/xrspatial/geotiff/tests/test_write_vrt_int_nodata_1684.py b/xrspatial/geotiff/tests/test_write_vrt_int_nodata_1684.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9bf5132
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xrspatial/geotiff/tests/test_write_vrt_int_nodata_1684.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+"""Regression test for #1684: ``write_vrt`` nodata annotation rejected ints.
+
+The api-consistency sweep on 2026-05-12 flagged that
+``xrspatial.geotiff.write_vrt`` annotated ``nodata`` as ``float | None``
+even though the sibling writers ``to_geotiff`` and ``write_geotiff_gpu``
+accept ``float``, ``int``, or ``None``.  Integer sentinels (``65535`` for
+uint16, ``-9999`` for int32) flow through the rest of the I/O surface
+unchanged, so the float-only hint forced callers either to cast (losing
+the exact sentinel) or to ignore the static-type complaint.
+
+This module pins the widened annotation and confirms an integer nodata
+round-trips through ``write_vrt`` -> ``read_vrt`` losslessly.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+import typing
+
+import numpy as np
+import xarray as xr
+
+from xrspatial.geotiff import to_geotiff, write_vrt
+from xrspatial.geotiff import _vrt as _vrt_module
+
+
+def _nodata_annotation(fn):
+    sig = inspect.signature(fn)
+    return sig.parameters["nodata"].annotation
+
+
+def test_write_vrt_public_nodata_accepts_int_annotation():
+    """The public wrapper widens the annotation to include int."""
+    ann = _nodata_annotation(write_vrt)
+    # Allow either typing.Union[float, int, None] or float | int | None.
+    if isinstance(ann, str):
+        # Forward-referenced string annotation (rare here; defensive).
+        assert "int" in ann, ann
+        return
+    if hasattr(typing, "get_args"):
+        args = set(typing.get_args(ann))
+        if args:
+            assert int in args, args
+            return
+    # Fallback: stringify the annotation.
+    assert "int" in str(ann), str(ann)
+
+
+def test_write_vrt_internal_nodata_accepts_int_annotation():
+    """The internal helper in `_vrt.py` mirrors the public surface."""
+    ann = _nodata_annotation(_vrt_module.write_vrt)
+    if isinstance(ann, str):
+        assert "int" in ann, ann
+        return
+    if hasattr(typing, "get_args"):
+        args = set(typing.get_args(ann))
+        if args:
+            assert int in args, args
+            return
+    assert "int" in str(ann), str(ann)
+
+
+def test_write_vrt_int_nodata_round_trips(tmp_path):
+    """An int nodata renders to ``<NoDataValue>`` and parses back the same."""
+    # Build a tiny uint16 tile so the sentinel makes sense.
+    arr = np.array([[100, 200, 65535],
+                    [300, 400, 500]], dtype=np.uint16)
+    da = xr.DataArray(
+        arr,
+        dims=["y", "x"],
+        coords={
+            "y": np.array([0.5, 1.5]),
+            "x": np.array([0.5, 1.5, 2.5]),
+        },
+        attrs={"crs": 4326},
+    )
+    tif_path = tmp_path / "source.tif"
+    to_geotiff(da, str(tif_path))
+
+    vrt_path = tmp_path / "mosaic.vrt"
+    # Passing an int sentinel must not raise; the surface should match
+    # to_geotiff's "float, int, or None" contract.
+    write_vrt(str(vrt_path), [str(tif_path)], nodata=65535)
+
+    # Confirm the int round-trips through the parser back into a VRT band.
+    parsed = _vrt_module.parse_vrt(
+        vrt_path.read_text(), vrt_dir=str(tmp_path))
+    band_nodata = parsed.bands[0].nodata
+    assert band_nodata == 65535, band_nodata