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@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
---
layout: default
title: Content Production & Contribution
parent: Network APIs
nav_order: 0
has_children: true
---

<img src="../../../assets/images/Banner_API.png" />

{: .warning }
This documentation is currently **under development and subject to change**. It reflects outcomes elaborated by 5G-MAG members. If you are interested in becoming a member of the 5G-MAG and actively participating in shaping this work, please contact the [Project Office](https://www.5g-mag.com/contact)

# Introduction: Content Production and Contribution over Mobile Networks

Wireless connectivity plays a key role in content production and contribution scenarios such as production in studios, coverage of live in-venue (a football match) or on-the-move (the Tour-de-France) events, commentary stands (in a convention), newsgathering (breaking news in the street),...

These different setups may have unique infrastructure and equipment needs, and may benefit from the provision of connectivity with variyng QoS requirements.

The use of wireless connectivity may differ as a trade-off between quality (or importance) of the content and connection reliability.

The choice to use wireless connectivity is not limited to specific scenarios or production levels. Instead, it is a strategic trade-off, balancing cost, tolerance for technical glitches, risk of failure, and the quality and importance of the content. Examples are given below.

## Diversity in connectivity needs in the same deployment scenario

<table>
<tr>
<td markdown="span" align="center" width="20%"><figure><img src="./images/figure_footballmatch.jpeg" width="100%"></figure></td>
<td markdown="span" align="left">Media production scenarios often require a mix of connectivity solutions to meet a variety of needs. For example, during a football match, a production team uses high-quality cameras for the main broadcast, while a commentator stand might have additional wireless cameras for pre-game interviews. Wireless cameras are also deployed outside the stadium to capture interviews with the crowd at the entrance of the stadium. Similarly, a major event like the coronation of King Charles III brought together numerous TV producers. They used a combination of dedicated, high-quality streams for the main ceremony and various other setups for newsgathering and interviews from journalists deployed around the site. This demonstrates how a single event can have multiple connectivity needs, from high-bandwidth main broadcasts to more flexible, on-the-go reporting. This is independent of the overall cost or budget of the whole event.</td>
</tr>
</table>

## Immediacy Over Quality

<table>
<tr>
<td markdown="span" align="center" width="20%"><figure><img src="./images/figure_mobilejournalism.jpeg" width="100%"></figure></td>
<td markdown="span" align="left">When a sudden street event unfolds, the only way to cover it is with smartphones on a best-effort connection. Getting any live footage is far more valuable than dismissing the connection due to its unreliability. While the video might not be broadcast-quality, the immediate, raw footage from the scene is critical for covering the event as it happens.</td>
</tr>
</table>

## Agility over Cost

<table>
<tr>
<td markdown="span" align="center" width="20%"><figure><img src="./images/figure_breakingnews.jpeg" width="100%"></figure></td>
<td markdown="span" align="left">For both sudden and partially-planned events, cellular bonding systems have emerged as cost-effective solutions to eliminate the need for e.g. dedicated satellite feeds, making live reporting from a wider range of locations economically viable. The equipment itself may be a major investment. The backpacks, modems, and SIM cards are not inexpensive and the news organization has to pay for a data plan for each SIM card and a service fee to the external company that provides the bonding infrastructure. Cellular bonding is needed as a single best-effort public mobile network cannot guarantee reliability. The news organization will plan where to send the different journalists that will provide reports from remote locations during the news programme. Covering sudden events with cellular bonding equipment is also usual, which may achieve better reliability that the connectivity via a single smartphone.</td>
</tr>
</table>

## Dynamic Footage over Signal Stability

<table>
<tr>
<td markdown="span" align="center" width="20%"><figure><img src="./images/figure_tourdefrance.jpeg" width="100%"></figure></td>
<td markdown="span" align="left">High-mobility cameras introduce the unique challenge of seamlessly mixing their footage (generally highly engaging) into a high-quality production that includes wired cameras with reliable connections. This means the wireless setup needs to be as stable as possible, whereas the nature of its constant motion, changing environments, and potential signal obstructions makes that challenging with frequent signal fades or brief drops in connectivity. Despite these issues, the value of the unique camera perspective is prioritized. A camera on a referee provides an on-field view of the action and is critical for live replays and enhancing the narrative of the game. A camera on a motorbike in the Tour de France provides up-close views of the riders that a stationary camera could never capture.</td>
</tr>
</table>

## Beyond best-effort connectivity: exposure of network capabilities

The fundamental trade-off in using wireless connectivity for media is that as a connection becomes more reliable, it enables more high-quality content to be delivered on it.
Historically, media was uplinked using highly reliable satellite and RF technologies. Today, the widespread availability of public mobile networks or LEO satellite constellations triggered a shift toward more agile tools like smartphones, cellular bonding packs or wireless modems.
The exposure of network capabilities to applications representes an opportunity to exploit advanced network features beyond best-effort connectivity. Examples of network capabilities maz include on-demand quality, user equipment (UE) management, precise time synchronization,... Accessing and utilizing the desired features can be intricate and inconsistent across different networks. Several initiatives are taking shape to explore the opportunities behind Network APIs (exposing network capabilities to API consumers), offering high-level abstractions of underlying network functionalities to simplify resource utilization for non-network experts.

# What we are doing

At 5G-MAG we’re investigating the possibility of using network APIs to meet certain requiremnts for Content Production and Contribution scenarios over mobile networks.

Please go to the following sections:
* [Reference Scenarios](./Production_Contribution_Scenarios.html)
* [Workflows](./Production_Contribution_Workflows.html)
* [Using Network APIs](./Production_Contribution_UsingCAMARAAPIs.html)
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
---
layout: default
title: Content Production & Contribution
parent: Network APIs
title: Reference Scenarios
grand_parent: Network APIs
parent: Content Production & Contribution
nav_order: 0
has_children: true
---
Expand All @@ -11,79 +12,13 @@ has_children: true
{: .warning }
This documentation is currently **under development and subject to change**. It reflects outcomes elaborated by 5G-MAG members. If you are interested in becoming a member of the 5G-MAG and actively participating in shaping this work, please contact the [Project Office](https://www.5g-mag.com/contact)

# Scenarios and Use Cases: Content Production and Contribution over Mobile Networks
# Scenarios & Use Cases: Content Production and Contribution over Mobile Networks

This section contains information on:
* [**A general introduction about the context**](#introduction)
* [**Reference Scenarios**](#reference-scenarios), including:
* **Reference Scenarios**, including:
* [**Single-device Connectivity**](#single-device-connectivity-single-camera-live-video-production-mobile-journalism-mojo-newsgathering-uplink-video)
* [**Multi-device Connectivity**](#multi-device-connectivity-outside-broadcast-small-scale-video-production-remote-production)

## Introduction

Wireless connectivity plays a key role in content production and contribution scenarios such as production in studios, coverage of live in-venue (a football match) or on-the-move (the Tour-de-France) events, commentary stands (in a convention), newsgathering (breaking news in the street),...

These different setups may have unique infrastructure and equipment needs, and may benefit from the provision of connectivity with variyng QoS requirements.

The use of wireless connectivity may differ as a trade-off between quality (or importance) of the content and connection reliability.

The choice to use wireless connectivity is not limited to specific scenarios or production levels. Instead, it is a strategic trade-off, balancing cost, tolerance for technical glitches, risk of failure, and the quality and importance of the content. Examples are given below.

### Diversity in connectivity needs in the same deployment scenario

<table>
<tr>
<td markdown="span" align="center" width="20%"><figure><img src="./images/figure_footballmatch.jpeg" width="100%"></figure></td>
<td markdown="span" align="left">Media production scenarios often require a mix of connectivity solutions to meet a variety of needs. For example, during a football match, a production team uses high-quality cameras for the main broadcast, while a commentator stand might have additional wireless cameras for pre-game interviews. Wireless cameras are also deployed outside the stadium to capture interviews with the crowd at the entrance of the stadium. Similarly, a major event like the coronation of King Charles III brought together numerous TV producers. They used a combination of dedicated, high-quality streams for the main ceremony and various other setups for newsgathering and interviews from journalists deployed around the site. This demonstrates how a single event can have multiple connectivity needs, from high-bandwidth main broadcasts to more flexible, on-the-go reporting. This is independent of the overall cost or budget of the whole event.</td>
</tr>
</table>

### Immediacy Over Quality

<table>
<tr>
<td markdown="span" align="center" width="20%"><figure><img src="./images/figure_mobilejournalism.jpeg" width="100%"></figure></td>
<td markdown="span" align="left">When a sudden street event unfolds, the only way to cover it is with smartphones on a best-effort connection. Getting any live footage is far more valuable than dismissing the connection due to its unreliability. While the video might not be broadcast-quality, the immediate, raw footage from the scene is critical for covering the event as it happens.</td>
</tr>
</table>

### Agility over Cost

<table>
<tr>
<td markdown="span" align="center" width="20%"><figure><img src="./images/figure_breakingnews.jpeg" width="100%"></figure></td>
<td markdown="span" align="left">For both sudden and partially-planned events, cellular bonding systems have emerged as cost-effective solutions to eliminate the need for e.g. dedicated satellite feeds, making live reporting from a wider range of locations economically viable. The equipment itself may be a major investment. The backpacks, modems, and SIM cards are not inexpensive and the news organization has to pay for a data plan for each SIM card and a service fee to the external company that provides the bonding infrastructure. Cellular bonding is needed as a single best-effort public mobile network cannot guarantee reliability. The news organization will plan where to send the different journalists that will provide reports from remote locations during the news programme. Covering sudden events with cellular bonding equipment is also usual, which may achieve better reliability that the connectivity via a single smartphone.</td>
</tr>
</table>

### Dynamic Footage over Signal Stability

<table>
<tr>
<td markdown="span" align="center" width="20%"><figure><img src="./images/figure_tourdefrance.jpeg" width="100%"></figure></td>
<td markdown="span" align="left">High-mobility cameras introduce the unique challenge of seamlessly mixing their footage (generally highly engaging) into a high-quality production that includes wired cameras with reliable connections. This means the wireless setup needs to be as stable as possible, whereas the nature of its constant motion, changing environments, and potential signal obstructions makes that challenging with frequent signal fades or brief drops in connectivity. Despite these issues, the value of the unique camera perspective is prioritized. A camera on a referee provides an on-field view of the action and is critical for live replays and enhancing the narrative of the game. A camera on a motorbike in the Tour de France provides up-close views of the riders that a stationary camera could never capture.</td>
</tr>
</table>

### Beyond best-effort connectivity: exposure of network capabilities

The fundamental trade-off in using wireless connectivity for media is that as a connection becomes more reliable, it enables more high-quality content to be delivered on it.
Historically, media was uplinked using highly reliable satellite and RF technologies. Today, the widespread availability of public mobile networks or LEO satellite constellations triggered a shift toward more agile tools like smartphones, cellular bonding packs or wireless modems.

The exposure of network capabilities to applications representes an opportunity to exploit advanced network features beyond best-effort connectivity. Examples of network capabilities maz include on-demand quality, user equipment (UE) management, precise time synchronization,... Accessing and utilizing the desired features can be intricate and inconsistent across different networks. Several initiatives are taking shape to explore the opportunities behind Network APIs (exposing network capabilities to API consumers), offering high-level abstractions of underlying network functionalities to simplify resource utilization for non-network experts.

### Considerations on Devices

The devices in these scenarios may involve the following:

- A **single UE (e.g. a smartphone or any piece of equipment with a single UE)** equipped with a single SIM card (or eSIM) connected to the mobile network.

- A **single device (e.g. a smartphone) equipped with 2 UEs** each with 1 SIM card (or eSIM) connected to a different carrier of the same mobile network or different mobile networks. Note that multi-SIM devices enable users to utilize multiple cellular connections simultaneously. Dual-SIM Dual-Active (DSDA) enable this use case with two SIM cards. This is different to Dual-SIM Dual-Standby (DSDS), which allows only one SIM to stay connected with active data at a time. DSDA enhances data performance for end users by enabling the use of two data connections concurrently across SIM1 and SIM2, with the option to choose the best of them or aggregate both, if necessary, to reach higher data throughput.

- A **device with multiple UEs (e.g. a cellular bonding backpack)** equipment with multiple SIM cards each one connected to a different carrier of the same mobile network or connected to different mobile networks.

# Reference Scenarios

## Single-device Connectivity (Single Camera Live Video Production, Mobile Journalism (MoJo), Newsgathering, Uplink Video)

A media producer (e.g. journalist in the field or at a venue) is interested in connectivity for capturing and contributing (uplinking) content to an application server located in the cloud or remote premises. This is a small-size Live Video Production, where practical equipment for immediacy is used e.g. mobile devices (SmartPhones) or camera connected to backpack solutions (specialized devices).
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -152,3 +87,13 @@ The network functions and applications involved are:
- **Aggregator API Platform (optional)**, located in the path between the Network API Platforms and the API Invoker. It grants access to Network API Platforms from different Network Providers.
- **API Consumer / Invoker**, used by the Production equipment (functions) to interact with the Network API Platform of a Network Provider.
- **Media Servers**, typically located in the Studio Production Hub (operated by the Production Manager) and interact with the production devices, e.g. receiving video or audio streams.

## Considerations on Devices

The devices in these scenarios may involve the following:

- A **single UE (e.g. a smartphone or any piece of equipment with a single UE)** equipped with a single SIM card (or eSIM) connected to the mobile network.

- A **single device (e.g. a smartphone) equipped with 2 UEs** each with 1 SIM card (or eSIM) connected to a different carrier of the same mobile network or different mobile networks. Note that multi-SIM devices enable users to utilize multiple cellular connections simultaneously. Dual-SIM Dual-Active (DSDA) enable this use case with two SIM cards. This is different to Dual-SIM Dual-Standby (DSDS), which allows only one SIM to stay connected with active data at a time. DSDA enhances data performance for end users by enabling the use of two data connections concurrently across SIM1 and SIM2, with the option to choose the best of them or aggregate both, if necessary, to reach higher data throughput.

- A **device with multiple UEs (e.g. a cellular bonding backpack)** equipment with multiple SIM cards each one connected to a different carrier of the same mobile network or connected to different mobile networks.
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