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Here's the code health analysis summary for commits Analysis Summary
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| pass # busy wait | ||
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| def create_temp_file(): | ||
| fname = '/tmp/poc_temp.txt' |
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Variable fname with hardcoded path used for temp file in create_temp_file()
The variable fname is assigned a hardcoded path '/tmp/poc_temp.txt' on line 14 within create_temp_file(). This insecure practice risks file hijacking by attackers who can predict and create malicious files at that path. Use tempfile.TemporaryFile() to generate secure, unpredictable temporary files and ensure proper cleanup.
| return fname # file not closed properly | ||
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| def insecure_op(): | ||
| os.system('echo vulnerable') # command injection risk if extended |
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Use of partial executable path in os.system() call in insecure_op() function
The os.system() function is invoked with a partial command string on line 20 inside insecure_op(). Using partial paths or commands risks executing unintended programs if PATH is manipulated, creating a security vulnerability. Replace with fully qualified executable paths or use safer modules like subprocess.run() with absolute paths to mitigate risk.
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| def perform_calculation(config_str): | ||
| # pretend to parse config | ||
| secret = "default-secret-123" # hardcoded fallback secret |
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Variable secret contains hardcoded sensitive data in perform_calculation()
The variable secret on line 10 inside the perform_calculation() function holds a hardcoded sensitive string. This practice exposes secrets to anyone with source code access, risking security breaches and complicating secret rotation. To fix this, move secret to environment variables or external configuration files and load it securely at runtime.
| def perform_calculation(config_str): | ||
| # pretend to parse config | ||
| secret = "default-secret-123" # hardcoded fallback secret | ||
| digest = hashlib.md5(secret.encode()).hexdigest() |
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Function perform_calculation uses insecure hashlib.md5 for hashing on line 11
The function perform_calculation uses hashlib.md5 on line 11 to hash the hardcoded secret, which is vulnerable to collision attacks. This compromises data integrity and security by allowing attackers to forge hash signatures. Replace hashlib.md5 with a secure algorithm like hashlib.sha256 or hashlib.sha512 to strengthen cryptographic security.
src/app/utils.py
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Function eval used insecurely on line 14 for expression evaluation risking code injection
The function uses eval on line 14 to evaluate string expressions, which can execute arbitrary code if manipulated. This presents a security risk allowing possible malicious code execution. Replace eval with safer alternatives like ast.literal_eval to safely parse expressions without executing code.
duplicate_bases_class.py
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Module abc imported but not used in the module containing class Base
The abc module is imported on line 2 but not utilized anywhere in the module, including within the Base class. Unused imports add unnecessary clutter, increase module load time, and confuse maintainers about dependencies. Remove the abc import to improve code clarity and maintainability.
duplicate_bases_class.py
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Statement x = 1 after return in unreachable() method is never executed
In the unreachable() method at line 30, the statement x = 1 follows a return statement, making it unreachable during execution. This leads to dead code, which reduces code clarity and can confuse maintainers. Remove or reposition the x = 1 statement after return to ensure code is reachable and meaningful.
| return fname # file not closed properly | ||
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| def insecure_op(): | ||
| os.system('echo vulnerable') # command injection risk if extended |
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Use of partial executable path in os.system() call at line 20 risks security breach
The call to os.system() at line 20 uses a partial executable path with the command string echo vulnerable. Invoking external executables without fully qualified paths can let attackers insert malicious executables via PATH manipulation, risking privilege escalation or unauthorized actions. Replace such calls with the full absolute path to the executable or use safer libraries like subprocess.run() with explicit paths to prevent exploitation.
| pass # busy wait | ||
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| def create_temp_file(): | ||
| fname = '/tmp/poc_temp.txt' |
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Variable fname uses hardcoded path in create_temp_file() causing security risks
The variable fname is assigned the hardcoded path '/tmp/poc_temp.txt' on line 14 within the create_temp_file() function, where it is opened for writing and not properly closed. This insecure practice allows attackers to predict and potentially hijack the temporary file, risking data corruption or malicious file execution. Use the tempfile.TemporaryFile() function to create secure, unpredictable temporary files that automatically clean up after use.
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| def perform_calculation(config_str): | ||
| # pretend to parse config | ||
| secret = "default-secret-123" # hardcoded fallback secret |
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Variable secret contains hardcoded sensitive data in perform_calculation() function
The variable secret is assigned a hardcoded string on line 10 inside the perform_calculation() function. This exposes sensitive data in the source code, compromising security and making secret rotation difficult. Use environment variables or external configuration files to securely manage sensitive data instead.
| def perform_calculation(config_str): | ||
| # pretend to parse config | ||
| secret = "default-secret-123" # hardcoded fallback secret | ||
| digest = hashlib.md5(secret.encode()).hexdigest() |
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Function perform_calculation() uses insecure MD5 hash on line 11 for secret processing
The function perform_calculation() on line 11 uses hashlib.md5() to hash the secret string, which is insecure due to MD5's vulnerability to collision attacks. This weakens cryptographic security by making it easier for an attacker to produce matching hashes and spoof data. Replace hashlib.md5() with a stronger algorithm like hashlib.sha256() or hashlib.sha512() to enhance security.
src/app/utils.py
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Function eval used insecurely on line 14 risking code injection in evaluation context
The code uses the eval function on line 14 to evaluate the expression "1 + 2", which risks arbitrary code execution if input is untrusted. Using eval can lead to severe security vulnerabilities such as code injection. Replace eval with safer alternatives like ast.literal_eval for evaluating literals only, or otherwise sanitize inputs strictly.
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| # write a local cache file with permissive permissions (insecure) | ||
| try: | ||
| cache_path = "/tmp/myapp_cache.json" |
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Hardcoded temp path /tmp/myapp_cache.json risks file hijacking and misuse
Using the hardcoded temporary file path /tmp/myapp_cache.json allows attackers to predict and manipulate the file before it is created, potentially hijacking the file operations or injecting malicious data. This leads to security vulnerabilities like data corruption or unauthorized access.
Replace the manual file creation with tempfile.TemporaryFile() from the tempfile module, which generates unpredictable temporary files that are cleaned up securely.
| cache_path = "/tmp/myapp_cache.json" | ||
| with open(cache_path, "w") as cf: | ||
| cf.write(cfg) | ||
| os.chmod(cache_path, 0o666) |
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os.chmod(0o666) grants world-readable and writable permissions to file
The os.chmod call sets permissions of the file at /tmp/myapp_cache.json to 0o666, allowing all users to read and write the file. This can lead to information disclosure or modification vulnerabilities by unauthorized users. Use more restrictive permissions to avoid unintended access.
Replace os.chmod(cache_path, 0o666) with a restrictive mode such as 0o600 to permit only the owner read/write access, reducing exposure to other users on the system.
| # risky: evaluating an expression coming from config | ||
| expr = cfg.get("expression", "0") | ||
| # intentionally using eval to simulate plugin/extension evaluation | ||
| value = eval(expr) |
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eval() executes unchecked expressions risking code injection
The use of eval() on untrusted input (expr) allows arbitrary code execution, enabling attackers to run malicious code in the application's context. Silently catching exceptions may hide exploit attempts or errors impacting security.
Replace eval() with ast.literal_eval() for safe evaluation of literals or use a well-defined parser for the expected expressions.
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| # create a temp filename in an insecure way (deprecated mktemp) | ||
| try: | ||
| tmp = tempfile.mktemp(prefix="myapp_") |
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Using tempfile.mktemp() risks insecure temporary file creation
The tempfile.mktemp() function generates temporary filenames insecurely, allowing race conditions where attackers can pre-create or manipulate these files. This can lead to unauthorized data access or corruption, as shown in the snippet where tmp is used after mktemp() generates the name.
Replace tempfile.mktemp() with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() or tempfile.mkstemp() to securely create and open temporary files atomically, preventing this race condition.
| cmd = cfg.get("cmd") | ||
| if cmd: | ||
| import subprocess | ||
| subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True) |
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subprocess.call() with shell=True risks command injection
The code uses subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True) which spawns a shell and executes cmd as-is. This allows attackers to inject arbitrary shell commands if cmd contains unsanitized input, potentially compromising the system or accessing unauthorized data.
Replace subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True) with subprocess.call(cmd) using a list-form argument without shell=True. Use shlex.quote() to sanitize dynamic input if a shell is absolutely required.
| cfg_json = json.loads(cfg) | ||
| # call into utils to execute command specified in config | ||
| from .utils import execute_command_from_config | ||
| execute_command_from_config(cfg_json) |
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User-controlled config data is used to execute a shell command
The function execute_command_from_config is called with cfg_json, which is derived from a user-provided configuration file. This function executes a command using subprocess.call with shell=True, leading to a command injection vulnerability allowing arbitrary command execution.
Avoid using shell=True. Pass command arguments as a list to prevent shell interpretation. If shell functionality is necessary, ensure any user-provided values are sanitized with shlex.quote().
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…e dynamic imports, env logging; add tests
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| def unsafe_deserialize(data): | ||
| """Deserialize untrusted data (unsafe).""" | ||
| return pickle.loads(data) |
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Function unsafe_deserialize() uses pickle.loads() on untrusted input at line 73
The function unsafe_deserialize() calls pickle.loads() on line 73 without validating the data input. This risks executing arbitrary malicious code due to insecure deserialization. Replace pickle with safer libraries like yaml or ensure data authenticity via encryption and signing before deserialization.
| return pickle.loads(data) | ||
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| def mutable_default(arg=[]): |
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Function mutable_default uses mutable default arg causing state retention across calls
The function mutable_default defined on line 76 uses a mutable default argument arg=[], which preserves modifications across function calls. This can lead to unexpected behaviors where the list accumulates values unintentionally, causing potential bugs. To fix this, use arg=None default and initialize inside the function with arg = [] if it is None.
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| def open_and_return_handle(path): | ||
| # resource leak: returns an open file handle | ||
| return open(path, "r") |
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Function open_and_return_handle() uses user-controlled path in open() at line 92 risking file access
The function open_and_return_handle() on line 92 returns a file handle by directly calling open() with the user-supplied path parameter. Without validation, this allows attackers to specify arbitrary file paths, leading to potential unauthorized file access or information disclosure. To fix, validate or sanitize path inputs or restrict file operations to a safe directory.
| cache_path = "/tmp/myapp_cache.json" | ||
| with open(cache_path, "w") as cf: | ||
| cf.write(cfg) | ||
| os.chmod(cache_path, 0o666) |
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World-writable cache file at predictable path
The application creates a cache file at a predictable path /tmp/myapp_cache.json and sets its permissions to 0o666. This is insecure because the path is vulnerable to symlink attacks and the world-writable permissions allow any user on the system to read or modify its content, potentially leading to data tampering or denial of service.
Use the tempfile module to create temporary files with secure, unpredictable names. For a persistent cache, create it in a user-specific, non-world-writable directory with secure permissions (0o600).
| plugin = cfg_json.get("plugin") | ||
| if plugin: | ||
| # imports a module named in config (unsafe if untrusted) | ||
| load_plugin = __import__(plugin) |
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__import__ on external input enables remote code execution
The __import__() function is used to dynamically load a module based on a name from a configuration file. If an attacker can control the configuration, they can specify any module to be imported, including standard library modules that can execute code (os, subprocess), leading to RCE.
Avoid dynamic imports based on external input. If a plugin system is needed, use a secure mechanism that maps trusted plugin names to actual module imports, preventing arbitrary module loading.
| cmd = cfg.get("cmd") | ||
| if cmd: | ||
| import subprocess | ||
| subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True) |
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subprocess.call with shell=True enables command injection
The execute_command_from_config function executes a command from a configuration object using subprocess.call with shell=True. An attacker who can control the cmd value can execute arbitrary shell commands, leading to system compromise.
Avoid shell=True. If the command is fixed and only arguments are variable, pass the command and arguments as a list (e.g., subprocess.call(['ls', '-l'])). Otherwise, use shlex.split() to safely parse the command string.
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