clib.converison._to_numpy: Add tests for pandas.Series with pandas numeric dtypes

[seisman]

This PR adds tests for pandas.Series with pandas/pyarrow numeric dtypes (in 7222db2).

Tests pass with pandas 2.2 but fail with pandas 2.1. Check https://github.com/GenericMappingTools/pygmt/actions/runs/11714111582/job/32628172796?pr=3584 for details.

The failures are due to upstream pandas v2.2 changes. Previously, all pandas nullable dtypes are converted to np.object_ dtype. Since pandas v2.2, the new rules are (source: https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/whatsnew/v2.2.0.html#to-numpy-for-numpy-nullable-and-arrow-types-converts-to-suitable-numpy-dtype):

• float dtypes are cast to NumPy floats
• integer dtypes without missing values are cast to NumPy integer dtypes
• integer dtypes with missing values are cast to NumPy float dtypes and NaN is used as missing value indicator
• boolean dtypes without missing values are cast to NumPy bool dtype
• boolean dtypes with missing values keep object dtype
• datetime and timedelta types are cast to Numpy datetime64 and timedelta64 types respectively and NaT is used as missing value indicator

Following the first three points, we add the workaround for pandas<2.2 to explicitly specify how to map pandas dtypes into numpy dtypes (a4f15cd). It is an improved version of PR #3505.

Here is the minimal example to understand the behavior change:

With pandas 2.1

In [1]: import numpy as np

In [2]: import pandas as pd

In [3]: x = pd.Series([1, 2, 3], dtype=pd.Int32Dtype())

In [4]: x.dtype
Out[4]: Int32Dtype()

In [5]: np.ascontiguousarray(x)
Out[5]: array([1, 2, 3], dtype=object)

In [6]: x = pd.Series([1, pd.NA, 3], dtype=pd.Int32Dtype())

In [7]: np.ascontiguousarray(x)
Out[7]: array([1, <NA>, 3], dtype=object)

With pandas 2.2

In [1]: import numpy as np

In [2]: import pandas as pd

In [3]: x = pd.Series([1, 2, 3], dtype=pd.Int32Dtype())

In [4]: np.ascontiguousarray(x)
Out[4]: array([1, 2, 3], dtype=int32)

In [5]: x = pd.Series([1, pd.NA, 3], dtype=pd.Int32Dtype())

In [6]: np.ascontiguousarray(x)
Out[6]: array([ 1., nan,  3.])

Related to #3581, #2848, #3513, #3583.

Wait for #3583.

[seisman]

As explained in the top post, currently this PR does two things:

• Add tests for pandas dtypes
• Improve the pandas->numpy dtype conversion for pd.Series with NA values (pandas<2.2)

After finishing this PR, we have two options:

1. Change the PR title to something like "Improve the conversion of pandas dtypes with missing values for pandas<=2.1" and mark it as a "bug".
2. Cherry-pick the changes in a4f15cd, and open a separate PR so that we'll have two commits in the main branch, one for the new workaround, and one for the newly added tests.

I'm inclined to option 2.

[weiji14]

2. Cherry-pick the changes in a4f15cd, and open a separate PR so that we'll have two commits in the main branch, one for the new workaround, and one for the newly added tests.

I'm inclined to option 2.

Yeah, agree to option 2. Keep the unit tests here, and open a separate PR with the code changes from a4f15cd

[seisman]

@weiji14 I'm wondering if you have time to give this PR a final review.