Feat!: Introduce Model linting

[VaggelisD]

Fixes #3753

This PR introduces a new interface for a general purpose Model linter:

• Each Rule checks for a specific lint error; If a violation is found, a RuleViolation is created with the proper context
• Rules are grouped in RuleSets; Each RuleSet is a mapping from Rule class name -> Rule class.
• The Linter applies the RuleSets on the model and outputs warnings / raises errors depending on their severity

The linter configuration along with the default values is the following:

gateways:
 ...

default_gateway: dev

model_defaults:
  ...

linter:
  enabled: False
  
  # Can be overridden with "ALL" or ["rule0", "rule1", ...., "ruleN"]
  rules: []
  warn_rules:
  ignored_rules: ["noselectstar", "ambiguousorinvalidcolumn", "invalidselectstarexpansion"]

This is to preserve the behavior of QueryRenderer today; For this matter, validate_query is deprecated and instead the corresponding checks are implemented as rules in the Linter.

On a model granularity, rules can be ignored by the new ignored_rules attribute:

MODEL (
  name sqlmesh_example.test_model,
  kind FULL,
  ignored_rules ["noselectstar"]
);

SELECT ...;

Users can implement their own lint rules in a linter/ directory by subclassing Rule; These will be automatically picked up at load time:

# linter/user.py

import typing as t

from sqlmesh.core.linter.rule import Rule, RuleViolation
from sqlmesh.core.model import Model

class NoMissingOwner(Rule):
    """Model owner always should be specified."""

    def check_model(self, model: Model) -> t.Optional[RuleViolation]:
        return self.violation() if not model.owner else None 

[VaggelisD]

PS: v0071 is also defined here, I suspect Iaroslav's PR will be merged much sooner.

[georgesittas]

Exciting stuff!

[izeigerman]

Let's move violated_rules into the QueryRenderer. LGTM otherwise 👍 Let's make sure to follow-up with docs. Great work!

[georgesittas]

Nice!