Improve error handling of `Table`

[lars-reimann]

Is your feature request related to a problem?

In some cases, error handling is not ideal (see solution for details).

Desired solution

• Validate inputs of a function as the first step
• Raise an appropriate exception with an appropriate message if issues are found
• Document in the docstring that the exception is raised and under which condition
• Test that the correct exception with the correct message is raised

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