feat: stabilize Table class

[lars-reimann]

Closes #875
Closes #877
Closes partially #977

Summary of Changes

Stabilize the API of the Table class. This PR introduces several breaking changes to this class:

• All optional parameters are now keyword-only, so we can reposition them later.
• The data parameter of __init__ is now required.
• Rename remove_columns_except to select_columns
  • The new method can also be called with a callback that determines which columns to select.
• Rename add_table_as_columns to add_tables_as_columns
  • Multiple tables can now be passed at once.
• Rename add_table_as_rows to add_tables_as_rows
  • Multiple tables can now be passed at once.

It also adds new functionality throughout the library:

• New method Table.add_index_column to add a new column with auto-incrementing integer values to a table.
• New method Table.filter_rows to keep only the rows matched by some predicate.
• New method Table.filter_rows_by_column to keep only the rows that have a value in a specific column that matches some predicate.
• New parameter random_seed for Table.shuffle_rows and Table.split_rows to control the pseudorandom number generator. Previously, the methods were deterministic, but the seed was hidden.
• New parameter missing_value_ratio_threshold of Table.remove_columns_with_missing_values to be able to keep columns with only a few missing values.
• Various static factory methods under ColumnType to instantiate column types. This prepares for Overwrite specified schema (selectively) #754.

Finally, the methods Table.summarize_statistics and Column.summarize_statistics are now considerably faster.

[github-actions]

🦙 MegaLinter status: ✅ SUCCESS

Descriptor	Linter	Files	Fixed	Errors	Elapsed time
✅ JSON	jsonlint	3		0	0.17s
✅ JSON	npm-package-json-lint	yes		no	0.34s
✅ JSON	prettier	3	0	0	1.22s
✅ JSON	v8r	3		0	2.94s
✅ PYTHON	black	277	0	0	5.96s
✅ PYTHON	mypy	277		0	6.33s
✅ PYTHON	ruff	277	0	0	0.33s
✅ REPOSITORY	git_diff	yes		no	0.38s

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 96.08939% with 21 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 94.99%. Comparing base (29fdefa) to head (c973ead).
Report is 23 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/safeds/ml/classical/regression/_regressor.py	0.00%	6 Missing ⚠️
.../safeds/ml/classical/classification/_classifier.py	16.66%	5 Missing ⚠️
src/safeds/ml/classical/_supervised_model.py	50.00%	4 Missing ⚠️
src/safeds/ml/nn/_model.py	50.00%	2 Missing ⚠️
src/safeds/_validation/_check_schema_module.py	98.03%	1 Missing ⚠️
...ds/data/tabular/transformation/_one_hot_encoder.py	80.00%	1 Missing ⚠️
src/safeds/ml/metrics/_classification_metrics.py	50.00%	1 Missing ⚠️
src/safeds/ml/metrics/_regression_metrics.py	50.00%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #979      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   94.42%   94.99%   +0.57%     
==========================================
  Files         121      123       +2     
  Lines        7459     7696     +237     
==========================================
+ Hits         7043     7311     +268     
+ Misses        416      385      -31     

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[lars-reimann]

🎉 This PR is included in version 0.30.0 🎉

The release is available on:

• v0.30.0
• GitHub release

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