Useful links:

1. https://habr.com/ru/post/269621/
2. https://habr.com/ru/post/269707/
3. https://habr.com/ru/post/269863/
4. https://habr.com/ru/post/680038/

This repository will be moved into main repository(link is under) cause it's a part of unit-chain

Main repository

ToDo:

Move VM to BYTECODE

Program structure:
{ "functions":[{"test":"<bytecode_here>", "preferences":[stack_size,locals_quantity], "unique_pool":"<bytecode_structures_here(each symbol has length = 2, each value separated by 35-th symbol: #)>"}]
When program is executing - should be build  an array consists of bytes - it will allow to load each value by index(new value will starts with even 35-th symbol)

For double

double a;
std::sstream stringstream;
build_double:{
    if(*it_symbol == 35)
       goto end_build_double;
    stringstream << symbol;
    ++it_symbol;
    goto build_double;
};

end_build_double:{
    a = std::stod(stringstream.str());
};

Installing(Unit-chain)

1. Firstly, install rocksdb library
2. Secondly, install nlohmann_json library
3. Thirdly, build with cmake program in rocksdb_uvm_support:
4. cd rocksdb_uvm_support
5. mkdir build
6. cd build
7. cmake ..
8. make
9. After building, need to run it: ./rocksdb_uvm_support. It will create column families which UVM needed
10. After column families were created - need to build UVM.

ToDo:

• BIP32 & BIP44
• Pseudonymous
• VM
• ZK-STARK || ZK-SNARK
• DECENTRALIZATION
• GPU counting Proof of Knowledge

Tests(Unit-chain)

Recent tests show that current blockhain is able to operate on ten thousand transaction easily.
UVM proccess with 10.000 transactions consumed:
- 22 Megabytes memory usage
The block with 10,000 transactions was counted in 40 minutes with one thread on the Apple M1.

Dependencies(VM && Unit-chain)

• rocksdb
• boost

VM Opcodes

hex num	name	args	note	examples	Stack [before]→[after]	exception	Implemented(true/false)
000	stop	-	stop execution of the contract	stop	[no change]	-	true
001	go_to	int	goes to another instruction at branchoffset	go_to 2	[no change]	-	true
002	swap_references	int,int	swaps two references. indexing starts from top of stack	swap 1 3	value1,value2→value2,value1	-	true
003	iadd	num, num	adding value		value1,value2→result	-	true
004	isub	num, num	subtract value		value1,value2→result	-	true
005	idivide	num, num	devide value		value1,value2→result	-	true
006	imul	num, num	multiply value		value1,value2→result	-	true
007	imod	int, int	a % b		value1,value2→result	-	true
008	ixor	int, int	a ^ b		value1,value2→result	-	true
009	iinv	num	!a		value→!value	-	true
010	ilshift	int, int	a << val		value1,value2→result	second parameter < int32 max value	true
011	irshift	int	a >> val		value1,value2→result	-	true
012	pop	Object	pop value		value→	-	true
013	-	-	-	-	-	-	false
014	dup	Object	duplicate from top of the stack		value→value1,value1	-	true
015	ior	num	a || b		value1,value2→result	-	true
016	iand	int	a & b		value1,value2→result	-	true
017	-	-	-	-	-	-	false
018	osha3	Object	sha3_256 value on top of the stack.		value→sha3(value)	-	false
019	balance	string	get balance of address		→value	-	false
020	timestamp	-	get timestamps		→value	-	false
021	blockhash	-	get blockhash		→value	-	false
022	chainid	-	returns chain_id		→value	-	false
023	create	-	create contract		[no change]	-	false
024	destruct	string	destruct contract and returns all holdings to their holders		[no change]	-	false
025	address	-	address of current contract		→value	-	false
026	invalid	-	invalid			-	false
027	iconst_0	int	push int value 0 onto the stack.	i_const	→ 0	-	true
028	iconst_1	int	push int value 1 onto the stack		→ 1	-	true
029	iconst_2	int	push int value 2 onto the stack		→ 2	-	true
030	iconst_3	int	push int value 3 onto the stack		→ 3	-	true
031	iconst_4	int	push int value 4 onto the stack		→ 4	-	true
032	u64const_0	-	push uint64_t value 0 onto the stack		→ 0	-	true
033	u64const_1	-	push uint64_t value 1 onto the stack		→ 1	-	true
034	u64const_2	-	push uint64_t value 2 onto the stack		→ 2	-	true
035	u64const_3	-	push uint64_t value 3 onto the stack		→ 3	-	true
036	u64const_4	-	push uint64_t value 4 onto the stack		→ 4	-	true
037	u128const_0	-	push uint128_t value 0 onto the stack		→ 0	-	true
038	u128const_1	-	push uint128_t value 1 onto the stack		→ 1	-	true
039	u128const_2	-	push uint128_t value 2 onto the stack		→ 2	-	true
040	u128const_3	-	push uint128_t value 3 onto the stack		→ 3	-	true
041	u128const_4	-	push uint128_t value 4 onto the stack		→ 4	-	true
042	u256const_0	-	push uint256_t value 0 onto the stack.		→ 0	-	true
043	u256const_1	-	push uint256_t value 1 onto the stack		→ 1	-	true
044	u256const_2	-	push uint256_t value 2 onto the stack		→ 2	-	true
045	u256const_3	-	push uint256_t value 3 onto the stack		→ 3	-	true
046	u256const_4	-	push uint256_t value 4 onto the stack		→ 4	-	true
047	ostore_0	int	push object value into local 0		[no change]	-	true
048	ostore_1	int	push object value into local 1		[no change]	-	true
049	ostore_2	int	push object value into local 2		[no change]	-	true
050	ostore_3	int	push object value into local 3		[no change]	-	true
051	ldc	int index	load #index from blockhain data. If program looks like: [60, 1], it'll load first value from blockchain data1 onto the stack. If program looks like: [60, 2], it'll load second value from blockchain data1onto the stack.		→ value	-	true
052	oload_0	int index	load value from local_#index onto top of stack	iload 1	→ value	-	true
053	oload_1	int index	load value from local_#index onto top of stack	iload 1	→ value	-	true
054	oload_2	int index	load value from local_#index onto top of stack	iload 1	→ value	-	true
055	oload_3	int index	load value from local_#index onto top of stack	iload 1	→ value	-	true
056	swap	-	swaps two top elements	swap	value1,value2→value2,value1	-	true
057	if_acmpeq	Object ,Object	checks if two values (Object or string) on top of the stack are equal. next index - index of next instruction. (a == b)	if_acmpeq 23	[no change]	-	true
058	if_acmpne	Object , Object	checks if two values (Object or string) on top of the stack are not equal. next index - index of next instruction. (a != b)	if_acmpne 23	[no change]	-	true
059	if_icmpeq	Object, Object	checks if two integers (int32, uint64, uint128, uint256) on top of the stack are equal. next index - index of next instruction. (a == b)	if_icmpeq 23	[no change]	-	true
060	if_icmpge	num,num	checks if two integers (int32, uint64, uint128, uint256) on top of the stack are greater than or equal. next index - index of next instruction. (a >= b)	if_icmpge 23	[no change]	-	true
061	if_icmpgt	num,num	checks if two integers (int32, uint64, uint128, uint256) on top of the stack are greater than. next index - index of next instruction. (a > b)	if_icmpgt 23	[no change]	-	true
062	if_icmple	num,num	checks if two integers (int32, uint64, uint128, uint256) on top of the stack are less than or equal. next index - index of next instruction. (a <= b)	if_icmple 23	[no change]	-	true
063	if_icmplt	num,num	checks if two integers (int32, uint64, uint128, uint256) on top of the stack are less. next index - index of next instruction. (a < b)	if_icmplt 23	[no change]	-	true
064	if_icmpne	num,num	checks if two integers (int32, uint64, uint128, uint256) on top of the stack are not equal. next index - index of next instruction. (a != b)	if_icmpne 23	[no change]	-	true
065	ifeq	num	checks if integer (int32, uint64, uint128, uint256) on top of the stack are 0. next index - index of next instruction. (a == 0)	ifeq 23	[no change]	-	true
066	ifge	num	checks if integer (int32, uint64, uint128, uint256) on top of the stack greater than or equal to 0. next index - index of next instruction. (a >= 0)	ifge 23	[no change]	-	true
067	ifgt	num	checks if integer (int32, uint64, uint128, uint256) on top of the stack greater than 0. next index - index of next instruction. (a > 0)	ifgt 23	[no change]	-	true
068	ifle	num	checks if integer (int32, uint64, uint128, uint256) on top of the stack less than or equal to 0. next index - index of next instruction. (a <= 0)	ifle 23	[no change]	-	true
069	iflt	num	checks if integer (int32, uint64, uint128, uint256) on top of the stack less than 0. next index - index of next instruction. (a < 0)	iflt 23	[no change]	-	true
070	ifne	num	checks if integer (int32, uint64, uint128, uint256) on top of the stack not equals 0. next index - index of next instruction. (a != 0)	ifne 23	[no change]	-	true
071	ifnonnull	Object	checks if value (Object or string) on top of the stack are not null. next index - index of next instruction. (a != null)	ifnonnull 23	[no change]	-	true
072	ifnull	Object	checks if value (Object or string) on top of the stack are not null. next index - index of next instruction. (a == null)	ifnull 23	[no change]	-	true
073	nop	-	perform no operation	nop	[no change]	-	true
074	collectionlength	collection	push array length on top of the stack by getting length of collection which is on top of the stack	collectionlength	collection→collection,length(uint64)	-	true
075	dconst_0	-	push int value 0.0 onto the stack.	dconst_0	→ 0.0	-	true
076	dconst_1	-	push int value 1.0 onto the stack.	dconst_1	→ 1.0	-	true
077	u64add	num, num	adding value		value1,value2→value1+value2	-	true
078	u128add	num, num	adding value		value1,value2→value1+value2	-	true
079	u256add	num, num	adding value		value1,value2→value1+value2	-	true
080	dadd	num, num	adding value		value1,value2→value1+value2	-	true
081	u64sub	num, num	substract value		value1,value2→value1-value2	-	true
082	u128sub	num, num	substract value		value1,value2→value1-value2	-	true
083	u256sub	num, num	substract value		value1,value2→value1-value2	-	true
084	dsub	num, num	substract value		value1,value2→value1-value2	-	true
085	u64divide	num, num	devide value		value1,value2→value1/value2	-	true
086	u64mul	num, num	multiply value		value1,value2→value1*value2	-	true
087	u64mod	int, int	a % b		value1,value2→value1%value2	double	true
088	u64xor	int, int	a ^ b		value1,value2→value1^value2	double	true
089	u64inv	num	!a		value→!value	-	true
090	u64lshift	int, int	a << val		value1,value2→value1<<value2	second parameter < int32 max value	true
091	u128divide	num, num	devide value		value1,value2→value1/value2	-	true
092	u128mul	num, num	multiply value		value1,value2→value1*value2	-	true
093	u128mod	int, int	a % b		value1,value2→value1%value2	double	true
094	u128xor	int, int	a ^ b		value1,value2→value1^value2	double	true
095	u128inv	num	!a		value→!value	-	true
096	u256divide	num, num	devide value		value1,value2→value1/value2	-	true
097	u256mul	num, num	multiply value		value1,value2→value1*value2	-	true
098	u256mod	int, int	a % b		value1,value2→value1%value2	double	true
099	u256xor	int, int	a ^ b		value1,value2→value1^value2	double	true
100	u256inv	num	!a		value→!value	-	true
101	u256lshift	int, int	a << val		value1,value2→value1<<value2	second parameter < int32 max value	true
102	dinv	num	!a		value→!value	-	true
103	ddivide	num, num	devide value		value1,value2→value1/value2	-	true
104	dmul	num, num	multiply value		value1,value2→value1*value2	-	true
105	u64or	num	a || b		value1,value2→value1||value2	-	true
106	u64and	int	a & b		value1,value2→value1&value2	double	true
107	u128or	num	a || b		value1,value2→value1||value2	-	true
108	u128and	int	a & b		value1,value2→value1&value2	double	true
109	u256or	num	a || b		value1,value2→value1||value2	-	true
110	u256and	int	a & b		value1,value2→value1&value2	double	true
111	dor	num	a || b		value1,value2→value1||value2	-	true
112	iinc	int, num	a + increasing_value(e.g 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 etc). First parameter - is index of local(e.g 1,2,3,4), second - increasing value. In example we're increasing value in local#1 by 4, so if we have in local#1, for example value 6, it'll become 10 after instruction	iinc 1 4	[No change]	-	true
113	i2d	num,num	convert int to double (two top values from stack)	i2d	value→result	-	true
114	i2u64	num,num	convert int to uint64 (two top values from stack)	i2u64	value→result	-	true
115	i2u128	num,num	convert int to uint128 (two top values from stack)	i2u128	value→result	-	true
116	i2u256	num,num	convert int to uint256 (two top values from stack)	i2u256	value→result	-	true
117	d2i	num,num	convert double to int (two top values from stack)	d2i	value→result	-	true
118	d2u64	num,num	convert double to uint64 (two top values from stack)	d2u64	value→result	-	true
119	d2u128	num,num	convert double to uint128 (two top values from stack)	d2u128	value→result	-	true
120	d2u256	num,num	convert double to uint256 (two top values from stack)	d2u256	value→result	-	true
121	u64_2u128	num,num	convert uint64 to uint128 (two top values from stack)	u64_2u128	value→result	-	true
122	u64_2u256	num,num	convert uint64 to uint256 (two top values from stack)	u64_2u256	value→result	-	true
123	u128_2u256	num,num	convert uint128 to uint256 (two top values from stack)	u128_2u256	value→result	-	true
124	u128lshift	int, int	a << val		value1,value2→value1<<value2	second parameter < int32 max value	true
125	u64rshift	int, int	a << val		value1,value2→value1<<value2	second parameter < int32 max value	true
125	u128rshift	int, int	a << val		value1,value2→value1<<value2	second parameter < int32 max value	true
126	u256rshift	int, int	a << val		value1,value2→value1<<value2	second parameter < int32 max value	true
127	iconst_5	-	-	iconst_5	→ 5	-	true
128	u64const_5	-	-	u64const_5	→ 5	-	true
129	u128const_5	-	-	u128const_5	→ 5	-	true
130	u256const_5	-	-	u256const_5	→ 5	-	true
131	u64inc	int,int	a + increasing_value(e.g 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 etc). First parameter - is index of local(e.g 1,2,3,4), second - increasing value. In example we're increasing value in local#1 by 4, so if we have in local#1, for example value 6, it'll become 10 after instruction	u64inc 1 4	[No change]	-	true
131	u128inc	int,int	a + increasing_value(e.g 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 etc). First parameter - is index of local(e.g 1,2,3,4), second - increasing value. In example we're increasing value in local#1 by 4, so if we have in local#1, for example value 6, it'll become 10 after instruction	u128inc 1 4	[No change]	-	true
132		int,int	a + increasing_value(e.g 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 etc). First parameter - is index of local(e.g 1,2,3,4), second - increasing value. In example we're increasing value in local#1 by 4, so if we have in local#1, for example value 6, it'll become 10 after instruction	u256inc 1 4	[No change]	-	true

Vm Data Structures

num	name	sizeof(class name)	note
1	i32	40 bytes
2	u64	8 bytes
3	u128	80 bytes
4	u256	96 bytes
5	d64	40 bytes	number of decimal places is 4(due c++'s converting from string to double)
6	boolean	40 bytes
7	collection	sum of sizes all structures inside
8	str	1 byte * length (ASCII)
9	Object	40 bytes

VM Technical Structures

Num	name	note
1	UniqueConstantPool	Contains functions and values to be loaded(unique for each program).
2	SharedConstatnPool	Contains precompiled functions, values(e.g SHA3 in the future, uint256 max value etc)(shared between programs)

Examples of programs

Test №1

Time: 0 ms

std::string code = R"({"functions": [{"test": [28, 28, 3, 0]}], "values": [{"value":"test","type":0}]})";
UniqueConstantPool uniqueConstantPool = UniqueConstantPool(code);
std::string function = "test";
VM vm = VM(10, code);
boost::json::array test = uniqueConstantPool.loadFunction(function).value();
VM::VMRun(&vm, test);
std::cout << vm.stack.back(); // 2

Test №2

Time: 0 ms

std::string code = R"({"functions": [{"test": [29, 29, 128, 29, 6, 6, 6, 0]}], "values": [{"value":"test","type":0}]})";
UniqueConstantPool uniqueConstantPool = UniqueConstantPool(code);
std::string function = "test";
VM vm = VM(10, code);
boost::json::array test = uniqueConstantPool.loadFunction(function).value();
VM::VMRun(&vm, test);
std::cout << vm.stack.back(); // 40

Test №3

Time: 0 ms

std::string code = R"({"functions": [{"test": [29, 29, 128, 29, 6, 6, 6, 29, 29, 128, 29, 6, 6, 6, 29, 59, 18, 6, 0]}], "values": [{"value":"test","type":0}]})";
UniqueConstantPool uniqueConstantPool = UniqueConstantPool(code);
std::string function = "test";
VM vm = VM(10, code);
boost::json::array test = uniqueConstantPool.loadFunction(function).value();
VM::VMRun(&vm, test);
std::cout << vm.stack.back() << std::endl; // 2
// values on top of stack are not equal(e.g 40, 2)

// if program looks like this
std::string code = R"({"functions": [{"test": [29, 29, 128, 29, 6, 6, 6, 29, 29, 128, 29, 6, 6, 6, 59, 17, 6, 0]}], "values": [{"value":"test","type":0}]})";
UniqueConstantPool uniqueConstantPool = UniqueConstantPool(code);
std::string function = "test";
VM vm = VM(10, code);
boost::json::array test = uniqueConstantPool.loadFunction(function).value();
VM::VMRun(&vm, test);
std::cout << vm.stack.back() << std::endl; // 1600
// values on top of stack are equal(e.g 40, 40)

Test №4

Time: 0 ms

std::string code = R"({"functions": [{"test": [27, 48, 53, 29, 62, 13, 112, 1, 1, 1, 3, 0]}], "values": [{"value":"test","type":0}]})";
UniqueConstantPool uniqueConstantPool = UniqueConstantPool(code);
std::string function = "test";
VM vm = VM(10, code);
boost::json::array test = uniqueConstantPool.loadFunction(function).value();
VM::VMRun(&vm, test);
std::cout << vm.stack.back() << std::endl; // 2
// [27, 48, 53, 29, 62, 13, 112, 1, 1, 1, 3, 0] is equivalent to 
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {}

Tests (without program code examples)

Test #1

In this test was used only two operations: 76(dconst_1) and 80(dadd). Both of them was invoked one million times. First million was dconst_1, second million - dadd.

CPU: Apple M1(arm64) Time: 1556 ms(including all constructors and desctructors)

Memory usage: 43Mb

Test #2

In this test was used only two operations: 28(iconst_1) and 3(iadd). Both of them was invoked one million times. First million was iconst_1, second million - iadd.

CPU: Apple M1(arm64) Time: 1472 ms(including all constructors and desctructors)

Memory usage: 48Mb

Footnotes

1. values array ↩ ↩²