TVM

Repository which represents sparkVM(official implementation of Theia Virtual Machine)

VM Opcodes

num	name	args	arg types	arg limits	args{.cond}	arg types{.cond}	arg limits{.cond}	flags available	flags	description	description for usage with flags	example	example with flags	Stack [before]→[after]
0	stop	0	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	stop execution of the program	N/A	stop	N/A	* → [empty]
1	bl	1	offset	0-2**64	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	goes to another instruction at branchoffset	N/A	bl @32	N/A	[no change]
2	swap	2	size, size	2**[0-8], 2**[0-8]	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	swap two values on top of the stack	N/A	swap 32, 64	N/A	value1,value2→value2,value1
3	add{.cond}	2	size, size	2**[0-8], 2**[0-8]	2	operationOffset,operationOffset	#<0-∞>,#<0-∞>	1	v	sum up two values on top of the stack	sum up two values by operationOffset	add 32, 32	add.v #2, #3	value1,value2→value1+value2
4	sub{.cond}	2	size, size	2**[0-8], 2**[0-8]	2	operationOffset,operationOffset	#<0-∞>,#<0-∞>	1	v	substract two values from top of the stack	substract two values by operationOffset	sub 32, 32	sub.v #2, #4	value1,value2→value1-value2
5	div{.cond}	2	size, size	2**[0-8], 2**[0-8]	2	operationOffset,operationOffset	#<0-∞>,#<0-∞>	1	v	devide two values from top of the stack	devide two values by operationOffset	div 32, 32	div.v #2, #5	value1,value2→value1/value2
6	mul{.cond}	2	size, size	2**[0-8], 2**[0-8]	2	operationOffset,operationOffset	#<0-∞>,#<0-∞>	1	v	multiply two values from top of the stack	multiply two values by operationOffset	mul 32, 32	mul.v #2, #6	value1,value2→value1*value2
7	mod{.cond}	2	size, size	2**[0-8], 2**[0-8]	2	operationOffset,operationOffset	#<0-∞>,#<0-∞>	1	v	find mod of two values on top of the stack	find mod of two values by operationOffset	mod 32, 32	mod.v #2, #7	value1,value2→value1%value2
8	or{.cond}	2	size, size	2**[0-8], 2**[0-8]	2	operationOffset,operationOffset	#<0-∞>,#<0-∞>	1	v	bitwise inclusive OR of two values on top of the stack	bitwise inclusive OR of two values by operationOffset	or 32, 32	or.v #2, #8	value1, value2→value1|value2
9	and{.cond}	2	size, size	2**[0-8], 2**[0-8]	2	operationOffset,operationOffset	#<0-∞>,#<0-∞>	1	v	bitwise AND of two values on top of the stack	bitwise AND of two values by operationOffset	and 32, 32	and.v #2, #9	value1, value2→value1&value3
10	xor{.cond}	2	size, size	2**[0-8], 2**[0-8]	2	operationOffset,operationOffset	#<0-∞>,#<0-∞>	1	v	bitwise exclusive OR of two values on top of the stack	bitwise exclusive OR of two values by operationOffset	xor 32, 32	xor.v #2, #10	value1,value2→value1^value2
11	lshift{.cond}	2	size, size	2**[0-8], 2**[0-8] : 2	2	operationOffset,operationOffset	#<0-∞>,#<0-∞>	1	v	logical shift left value1 by value2	logical shift left value1 by value2 by operationOffset	lshift 32, 16	lshift.v #2, #11	value1, value2→value1<<value2
12	rshift{.cond}	2	size, size	2**[0-8], 2**[0-8] : 2	2	operationOffset,operationOffset	#<0-∞>,#<0-∞>	1	v	logical shift right value1 by value2	logical shift right value1 by value2 by operationOffset	rshift 32, 16	rshift.v #2, #12	value1, value2→value1>>value2
13	pop	1	size	2**[0-8]	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	pop value from top of the stack	N/A	pop 32	N/A	value1, value2→value2
14	pop2	2	size,size	2**[0-8]	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	pop 2 values from top of the stack	N/A	pop 32, 64	N/A	value1, value2→
15	dup	1	size	2**[0-8]	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	duplicate value from top of the stack	N/A	dup 32	N/A	value1 → value1, value1
16	libcall	1	libname	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	loads library's bytecode to be included into project	N/A	vmcall sha3	N/A	[no change]
17	cnst_0	1	size	2**[0-8] : 2	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	push int value 0 onto the stack.	N/A	cnst_0 32	N/A	→ 0
18	cnst_1	1	size	2**[0-8] : 2	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	push int value 0 onto the stack.	N/A	cnst_0 64	N/A	→ 1
19	cnst_2	1	size	2**[0-8] : 2	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	push int value 0 onto the stack.	N/A	cnst_0 128	N/A	→ 2
20	cnst_3	1	size	2**[0-8] : 2	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	push int value 0 onto the stack.	N/A	cnst_0 256	N/A	→ 3
21	cnst_4	1	size	2**[0-8] : 2	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	push int value 0 onto the stack.	N/A	cnst_0 16	N/A	→ 4
22	astorea	1	size	2**64	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	store reference into array by array reference and index * size on top of the stack	N/A	astorea	N/A	arrayref, index → value
23	aloada	1	size	2**64	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	load reference onto the stack by array reference and index * size on top of the stack	N/A	aloada	N/A	arrayref, index → value
24	str	1	value	0-2**64	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	load value from register onto the stack	N/A	str 64	N/A	→ value
25	ldr	1	size	0-2**[0-6]	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	load value from top of the stack into register	N/A	ldr 64	N/A	value →
26	strp	2	objectNameSize, objectName	0-2**8, [ A-Z, a-z, _, (, ) ]	N/A	operationOffset,operationOffset,offset	N/A	0	N/A	loads object address from constant pool(ASM like) on top of the stack	N/A	ldr 4, _arr	N/A	→ address
27	cmp_eq{.cond}	3	size,size, offset	2**[0-8] : 2, 2**[0-8] : 2, 0-2**64	3	operationOffset,operationOffset,offset	N/A	1	v	compare two values on top of the stack if first == second. jumps to the offset if true	compare two values by operationOffset if first == second. jumps to the offset if true	cmp_eq 32, 32, 2	cmp_eq.v #2, #3, @7	[no change]
28	cmp_ne{.cond}	3	size,size, offset	2**[0-8] : 2, 2**[0-8] : 2, 0-2**64	3	operationOffset,operationOffset,offset	N/A	1	v	compare two values on top of the stack if first != second. jumps to the offset if true	compare two values by operationOffset if first != second. jumps to the offset if true	cmp_ne 32, 32, -2	cmp_eq.v #2, #3, @8	[no change]
29	cmp_ge{.cond}	3	size,size, offset	2**[0-8] : 2, 2**[0-8] : 2, 0-2**64	3	operationOffset,operationOffset,offset	N/A	1	v	compare two values on top of the stack if first >= second. jumps to the offset if true	compare two values by operationOffset if first >= second. jumps to the offset if true	cmp_ge 32, 32, -3	cmp_eq.v #2, #3, @9	[no change]
30	cmp_le{.cond}	3	size,size, offset	2**[0-8] : 2, 2**[0-8] : 2, 0-2**64	3	operationOffset,operationOffset,offset	N/A	1	v	compare two values on top of the stack if first <= second. jumps to the offset if true	compare two values by operationOffset if first <= second. jumps to the offset if true	cmp_le 32, 32, -4	cmp_eq.v #2, #3, @10	[no change]
31	cmp_gt{.cond}	3	size,size, offset	2**[0-8] : 2, 2**[0-8] : 2, 0-2**64	3	operationOffset,operationOffset,offset	N/A	1	v	compare two values on top of the stack if first > second. jumps to the offset if true	compare two values by operationOffset if first > second. jumps to the offset if true	cmp_gt 32, 32, -5	cmp_eq.v #2, #3, @11	[no change]
32	cmp_lt{.cond}	3	size,size, offset	2**[0-8] : 2, 2**[0-8] : 2, 0-2**64	3	operationOffset,operationOffset,offset	N/A	1	v	compare two values on top of the stack if first < second. jumps to the offset if true	compare two values by operationOffset if first < second. jumps to the offset if true	cmp_lt 32, 32, 3	cmp_eq.v #2, #3, @12	[no change]
33	nop	0	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	performs no operation	N/A	nop	N/A	[no change]
34	call	2	functionNameSize, functionName	0-2**8, [ A-Z, a-z, _, (, ) ]	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	calls the function	N/A	call foo	N/A	→ return_address/link_register_value/[no change]
35	ret	1	size, operationOffset	2**[0-8], #<0-∞>	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	return from subroutine	N/A	ret 32, #3	N/A	[no change]
36	virtualcall	1	VC_ID	0-2**16	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	calls virtual system call	N/A	virtualcall 0x0	N/A	depends on non-virtual systemcall
37	align	1	int	1-2**[0-8] : 2	N/A	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	set alignment for next segment till next align instruction	N/A	align 4	N/A	[no change]

Constant pool

num	key-word	description	example
0	.ascii	a string contained in double quotes	.ascii "Hello"
1	.asciz	a 0-byte terminated ascii string	.asciz "Hello\0"
2	.double	Double-precision floating-point values	.double 0.0001
3	.float	floating-point values	.float 0.0001
4	.i1	1-byte integers	.i1 1
5	.i2	2-byte integers	.i2 2
6	.i4	4-byte integers	.i4 3
7	.i8	8-byte integers	.i8 4
8	.i16	16-byte integers	.i16 5
9	.i32	32-byte integers	.i32 5
10	.arr	key-word for arrays	.arr: .i16 1 .i16 2

Other Key-words

num	key-word	args	arg types	description	example
0	fn	N/A	N/A	function key-word	fn main():
1	inline	N/A	N/A	used for inlining function	fn inline test():

IR(intermediate representation) Examples

№ 1

fn _main():
#1 	align 4
#3 	cnst_2 32
#4 	cnst_2 32
#5 	add 32, 32
#6 	cnst_2 32
@7: ; offset
#8 	cmp_ge 32, 32, @12
#9 	cnst_2 32
#10	add 32, 32
#11	bl @7
@12:
#5 	ret 0, 0 ; 0, 0 means nothing to be returned, second argument not important in this case

C analogue of code above is:

int main() {
  int c = 2 + 2;
  int d = 2;
  while(d < c) {
   	d += 2;
  }
  return 0;
}

№ 2

fn _test():
#1 	align 4
#2	cnst_1 32
#3	cnst_2 32
#4	add 32, 32
#5	ret 32, #4

fn _main():
#1 	align 4
#2 	call 4, _test
#3 	ret 0, 0
	

C analogue of code above is:

int test() {
	return 1 + 2;
}
int main() {
	int a = test();
	return 0;
}