Add support for tabs (and other UX components) to docs

[josh-fell]

This PR introduces the sphinx-design extension which provides numerous UX components such as tabs, cards, and dropdowns for documentation.

There are different ways or flavors of implementing or achieving the same result in Airflow whether that be in configuration, DAG authoring, etc. The current documentation explicitly lists these options as they appear which can lead to some lengthy doc pages as well as inconsistency in their presentation. Adding the ability to render these different options as tabs should combat both the verboseness and inconsistencies.

Closes: #29267

[josh-fell]

An example of using tabs to display both the TaskFlow API and operator-style in the Python how-to doc:

Screen.Recording.2023-12-03.at.10.51.52.PM.mov

[BasPH]

This will be a great addition to the docs! One minor comment

[potiuk]

Oh.. Fantastic ! :) . And you can also rebase now, after the pytest-asyncio test collection has been solved (0.23.2 relased with a fix after I raised an issue to them).

[eladkal]

I noticed that when you change tab the URL stays fixed.
so is it not possible to send deep link that will view a specific tab?

[BasPH]

I noticed that when you change tab the URL stays fixed. so is it not possible to send deep link that will view a specific tab?

Don't think it's currently possible. Found this PR: executablebooks/sphinx-design#104 but it's still open

[josh-fell]

I noticed that when you change tab the URL stays fixed. so is it not possible to send deep link that will view a specific tab?

I agree with @BasPH. It's not entirely obvious, but maybe it's possible with the other attributes you can set on each item like class-container? I don't know CSS at all though.

[josh-fell]

The latest and greatest version of the Python operators doc. I ended up splitting the example_python_operator DAG into the example_python_operator and example_python_decorator pattern with other operators that have TaskFlow equivalents. I also tried to make each chapter consistent, although not a total deep-dive.

Screen.Recording.2023-12-04.at.7.00.17.PM.mov