AIP-72: Handling execution_timeout for tasks in task SDK

[amoghrajesh]

closes: #45307

Testing results

DAG:

from time import sleep

from airflow import DAG
from airflow.providers.standard.operators.python import PythonOperator
from datetime import datetime, timedelta


def print_hello():
    print("Going to sleep 100 seconds")
    sleep(100)

with DAG(
    dag_id="tasktimeout",
    schedule=None,
    catchup=False,
) as dag:
    hello_task = PythonOperator(
        task_id="ttimemout",
        execution_timeout=timedelta(seconds=10),
        python_callable=print_hello,
    )

Legacy

1. No retries
   

2. With timeouts
   

Task sdk

1. No retries

2. With retries

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[jscheffl]

Looks good for me.

[amoghrajesh]

Will merge this PR with one approval as it is functional. Can handle any issues or shortcomings, if any, in follow ups.