Add ExtensionType trait and CanonicalExtensionType enum

[mbrobbel]

• closes Add support for Arrow Extension Types #4472?

Rationale for this change

It would be nice to better support reading and writing the Arrow canonical uuid and json extension types with the arrow and parquet crate i.e. mapping between the arrow extension type and the parquet logical uuid and json types.

What changes are included in this PR?

This adds an ExtensionType trait, some impls for canonical extension types and a CanonicalExtensionType enum for canonical extension types.

Are there any user-facing changes?

Users can now annotate their fields with extension types, and for uuid and json they are propagated via the arrow writer to map to the parquet uuid and json logical types.