[C++] Collapse Take APIs from 8 to 1 or 2

[asfimport]

There are currently 8 arrow::compute::Take functions with different function signatures. Fewer functions would make life easier for binding developers

Reporter: Wes McKinney / @wesm

Related issues:

• [C++] C++ array kernels framework and execution buildout (umbrella issue) (relates to)
• [C++] Add "DispatchBest" APIs to compute::Function that selects a kernel that may require implicit casts to invoke (is related to)

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-8905. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Wes McKinney / @wesm:
dup of ARROW-7009