[JAVA] Create Prototype Code Hierarchy (Implementation Phase 1)

[asfimport]

Reporter: Jacques Nadeau / @jacques-n
Assignee: Siddharth Teotia / @siddharthteotia

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #1164
• GitHub Pull Request #1198

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-1473. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Siddharth Teotia / @siddharthteotia:
Initial implementation merged to java-vector-refactor branch. Closing this subtask. The umbrella JIRA will remain open until everything is merged to master
Resolved with #1198 60a2ebd