[Java] Enhance TransferPair related parameters check and tests

[asfimport]

TransferPair related param checks in different classes have potential problems:

i. copyValueSafe do not check from index, if from > valueCount, no error is shown.

ii. splitAndTansfer has no indices check in classes like VarcharVector

iii. splitAndTranser indices check in classes like UnionVector is not correct (Preconditions.checkArgument(startIndex + length <= valueCount)), should check params separately.

iv. some assert usages should be replaced with Preconditions.

v. should add more UT to cover corner cases.

Reporter: Ji Liu / @tianchen92
Assignee: Ji Liu / @tianchen92

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #5645

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-6871. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Liya Fan / @liyafan82:
+1 for adding more UT to test corner cases.

Please note that some of the operations are performance critical, so please pay attention to the performance impacts.

[asfimport]

Ji Liu / @tianchen92:
Thanks for your reminder, I will also add a benchmark, if there's no much regression, params check is needed/corrected to avoid potential problems.

[asfimport]

Micah Kornfield / @emkornfield:
Issue resolved by pull request 5645
#5645