[C++] Fix crashes on corrupt IPC input (OSS-Fuzz)

[asfimport]

Reporter: Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou
Assignee: Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #34
• GitHub Pull Request #7644

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-9330. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Wes McKinney / @wesm:
Issue resolved by pull request 7644
#7644