See #7991 (comment) and the commented out test added in that PR.
It doesn't give any clarifying traceback or crash message, but it segfaults when closing the NativeFile returned from S3FileSystem.open_output_stream in ParquetWriter.close().
With gdb I get a bit more context:
Thread 1 "python" received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x00007fa1a39df8f2 in arrow::fs::(anonymous namespace)::ObjectOutputStream::UploadPart (this=0x5619a95ce820, data=0x7fa197641ec0, nbytes=15671, owned_buffer=...) at ../src/arrow/filesystem/s3fs.cc:806
806 client_->UploadPartAsync(req, handler);
Another S3 crash in the parquet tests: ARROW-9814 (although it doesn't seem fully related)
Reporter: Joris Van den Bossche / @jorisvandenbossche
Assignee: Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou
PRs and other links:
Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-9906. Please see the migration documentation for further details.