[C++] Add an Append method to the time builders which validates the input range

[asfimport]

Seems like we don't have a method which validates the input value range for time types. It would be handy to do the validation after converting from a python object.

Reporter: Krisztian Szucs / @kszucs

Related issues:

• [C++][Python] Refactor python to arrow conversions based on a reusable conversion API (relates to)

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-10005. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[github-actions]

This issue has been marked as stale because it has had no activity in the past 365 days. Please remove the stale label or comment below, or this issue will be closed in 14 days. If this improvement is still desired but has no current owner, please add the 'Status: needs champion' label.