[Packaging][C++] Formalize distribution through vcpkg

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Currently there is a port of Arrow on vcpkg [1] that is maintained by folks outside the core Arrow developer community. We should consider formalizing distribution of Arrow releases through vcpkg, in collaboration with the existing maintainers of the Arrow vcpkg port if they are interested in staying involved.

[1] https://github.com/microsoft/vcpkg/tree/master/ports/arrow

Reporter: Ian Cook / @ianmcook
Assignee: Ian Cook / @ianmcook

Related issues:

• Add vcpkg installation instructions (relates to)
• [C++] Add vcpkg.json manifest to cpp project root (relates to)

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #10378

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-11581. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

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Ian Cook / @ianmcook:
The primary maintainer of the Arrow vcpkg port is Tanguy Fautré at G-Research, who also maintains a .NET Parquet library which uses the Arrow vcpkg port: https://github.com/G-Research/ParquetSharp

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Ian Cook / @ianmcook:
Draft PR at microsoft/vcpkg#17975

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Ian Cook / @ianmcook:
Version 4.0.0 of the Arrow C++ library is now available through vcpkg.

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Ian Cook / @ianmcook:
This was discussed in this email thread in the dev list: https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r9b21fbe8d8f5f5cbd02dc031244f7082ab91f788cbba424d551f623d%40%3Cdev.arrow.apache.org%3E

The Release Management Guide now includes updating vcpkg port as a post-release task. Following the 5.0.0 release, I will update the guide to include some additional details.

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Ian Cook / @ianmcook:
A PR is open to update the arrow vcpkg port to 5.0.0 at microsoft/vcpkg#19229. 5.0.0 is the first Arrow release for which we have treated the vcpkg port update as a formal Arrow post-release task.

The Release Management Guide now includes detailed instructions for updating the vcpkg port: https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/ARROW/Release+Management+Guide#ReleaseManagementGuide-Updatingthevcpkgport