[C++] Make type_name equal to options class name for all FunctionOptionTypes

[asfimport]

Follow up from ARROW-13025. This will let us get rid of the explicit lookup table in _compute.pyx. Also fix ArithmeticOptions.

Reporter: David Li / @lidavidm
Assignee: David Li / @lidavidm

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #10640

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-13235. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou:
Issue resolved by pull request 10640
#10640