[C++] Add debug mode check for compute kernel output type #29240
Description
As discovered in #10890, it's currently possible for a kernel to declare an output type and actually return another one.
It would be useful to add debug-mode check in the kernel or function execution machinery to validate the concrete output type returned by the kernel exec function.
Reporter: Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou
Assignee: Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou
PRs and other links:
Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-13595. Please see the migration documentation for further details.