[C++] Fix crashes on invalid IPC file (OSS-Fuzz)

[asfimport]

Some additional crash cases were discovered by OSS-Fuzz.

Reporter: Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou
Assignee: Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #63
• GitHub Pull Request #11059

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-13846. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou:
Issue resolved by pull request 11059
#11059