[C++][Compute] Add support for string binary transforms

[asfimport]

Add kernel exec generator for string binary functions (similar to StringTransformExecBase) that always expect the first parameter to be of string type and the second parameter is generic. It should also support scalar and array inputs for the following common cases:

• Scalar, Scalar

• Array, Scalar - scalar is broadcasted and paired with all values from array

• Array, Array - process arrays element-wise

  The Scalar, Array case is not necessary as it is difficult to generalize, and there are not many functions with this pattern.

Reporter: Eduardo Ponce / @edponce
Assignee: Eduardo Ponce / @edponce

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #11082

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-13898. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}