[C++] Add profiling / tracing for exec plan

[asfimport]

At a minimum we should be able to see how much time is spent in each node.

Other nice reports to see:

• Bandwidth vs. time for each operator

• Some visualization of threading / parallelism

  This should be done in tandem with / on top of ARROW-12671

Reporter: Weston Pace / @westonpace

Related issues:

• [C++] Add logging for kernel functions and exec plan nodes (is related to)
• [C++] Add basic visibility into execution engine performance (is related to)

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-14000. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

David Li / @lidavidm:
I mean to get back to ARROW-12671 when I can find time, I really need to carve out some time and figure out the last issue (why Jaeger and the other reporting tools just don't work) unless we're ok maintaining our own visualizations (which may not necessarily be a bad choice depending on what we need from them).