[C++][FlightRPC] Expose bulk parameter binding in Flight SQL client

[asfimport]

Also fix various issues noticed as part of ARROW-17661

Reporter: David Li / @lidavidm
Assignee: David Li / @lidavidm

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #14266

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-17867. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

David Li / @lidavidm:
Issue resolved by pull request 14266
#14266