[MATLAB] Implement `featherread` in terms of `arrow.internal.io.feather.Reader`

[kevingurney]

Describe the enhancement requested

Similar to #37045, once #37044 is merged, we can re-implement featherread in terms of the new arrow.internal.io.feather.Reader class. Once this change is made, we can delete the legacy build infrastructure and featherread MEX code.

Component(s)

MATLAB

[kevingurney]

I will work on this after #37049 has been addressed.

[kevingurney]

For reference, #37049 was addressed in #37052.